Feb. 25, 2026
Webb Makes Astronomy History | Update - NASA Rolls Artemis Back to the Hangar | Is There Life on K2-18b?
NASA's Artemis II moon rocket begins its rollback to the Vehicle Assembly Building today as a helium flow issue kills the March launch window — and the crew's unannounced presence at Trump's State of the Union adds a fascinating new dimension. Plus: James Webb achieves an astronomical first by identifying a supernova's progenitor star that was invisible to every other telescope; the case for life on exoplanet K2-18b keeps building; the sun goes spotless for the first time since 2022; China's Shenzhou-20 astronauts reveal gripping new details about last year's space debris emergency; and the U.S. Postal Service turns Webb's greatest hits into stamps. Full episode rundown at astronomydaily.io
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Hello, and welcome to Astronomy Daily.
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I'm Anna and I'm Avery. It's Wednesday, February twenty fifth,
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twenty twenty six, and you are listening to Season five,
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episode forty eight.
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Big Show. Today, NASA's Moon rocket is on the move again,
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James Webb has achieved a genuine first in a history
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of astronomy, and we're going to talk about a world
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out there that is becoming increasingly difficult to explain without
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considering the word life.
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Plus, the sun is taking a quiet day for the
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first time in years. There's some grippy new detail from
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China's incredible space emergency last year, and we close with
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something that might just make you want to send a letter.
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All that coming right up, let's get into it.
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We start with an update on a story we've been
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following closely all week and today there's a genuinely new
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angle that caught a lot of people off guard.
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Right so Artemis two. As of this morning, the enormous
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Space Launch System rocket and the Orion spacecraft have physically
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begun their four mile journey from launch Pad thirty nine
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B back to the vehicle assembly building at Kennedy Space Center.
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That rollback started around nine am Eastern Time and could
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take up to twelve hours.
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The reason, as we've covered, is a helium flow interruption
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in the rocket's upper stage. Helium is critical it pressurizes
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the propellant tanks. Without that working perfectly, you cannot fly.
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March is now completely off the table. The next realistic
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opportunity opens on April first.
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But here's what's new today, and it's a bit of
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a talking point. Last night, the four Artemis two crew
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members Reed Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Cock, and Canadian astronaut
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Jeremy Hansen. They were sitting in the gallery at the
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US Capitol for President Trump State of the Union. They
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were guests of House Speaker Mike Johnson.
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And the speech ran for nearly two hours. The President
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praised the space force extensively. He called, in quote, his baby,
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but he made no mention of the four astronauts sitting
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right there in the room, and no mention of the
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Artemis program at all.
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Which was noticed. These are the first people who will
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travel beyond low Earth orbit since the Apollo era, and
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they were in the chamber. Some in the space community
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found the omission quite striking.
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The crew have now been released from their pre launch quarantine.
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Since there's no imminent launch, NASA has said the whole
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the media briefing in the coming days to lay out
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the path forward. For now. April first is the earliest
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the mission could fly, pending successful repairs, a likely second
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wet dress rehearsal, and the clean flight readiness review.
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We will absolutely keep you updated as this develops. The
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mission itself is still on, It's just going to take
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a bit longer.
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This story has still got a long way to go, methinks.
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Now this next story is a genuine landmark in astronomy,
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something researchers have been waiting years for.
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It has to do with supernovae, those spectacular explosions that
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mark the deaths of massive stars. Astronomers have long wanted
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to look back at archival images after a supernova occurs
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and find the star that caused it, the so called
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progenitor star. But for many of the most massive stars,
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they just weren't there. They seem to be missing.
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Well now we know why, and it's thanks to James Webb.
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On June twenty ninth last year, an automated sky survey
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detected a new supernova in a galaxy called NNGC one
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six three seven, about forty million light years away. The
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explosion was designated twenty twenty five PHT, and a team
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at Northwestern University immediately did something color. Instead of pointing
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their telescopes at the new supernova, they went to the
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archives to image's Web had already taken of that same galaxy.
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And there it was a single red supergiant star sitting
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exactly where the suit supernova now shines. This is the
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first published detection of a supernova progenitor by the James
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Web telescope.
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Ever, and here's the key thing. Hubble couldn't see it.
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The star was completely invisible in Hubble images. It was
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surrounded by so much dust that shorter wavelengths of light
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were blocked entirely. Only Webb's infrared instruments could pierce that veil.
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Lead author Charlie Kilpatrick from Northwestern described it as quote
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the reddest, most dusty, red supergiant we've seen explode as
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a supernova. And there was another surprise the dust composition.
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They expected silicate rich dust, the kind astronomers usually find. Instead,
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it was carbon rich. The team thinks that carbon may
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have been dredged up from deep inside the star in
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its final moments before death.
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This has direct implications for what's called the mystery of
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the Missing Red Supergiants. Theory predicts these massive stars should
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be easy to spot before they explode. They should be
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bright and luminous, but historically they've often not shown up
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in pre supernova images at all. Now we have a
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compelling answer. They're there, They're just hidden in dust.
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The findings are published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. The
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team is now looking for similar dusty red supergiants that
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might be the next to explode, and Web's successor missions,
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including the upcoming Nancy Grace Romans telescope, should help that
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search enormously.
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A beautiful piece of detective work.
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From stellar deafs to potential life, because our next story
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is one that keeps getting more interesting every time new
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data comes in. The exoplanet K two eighteen B.
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If you've been following exoplanet science over the last couple
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of years, you'll know this name. K two eighteen B
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is located one hundred and twenty four light years away
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in the constellation Leo, sitting squarely in the habitable zone
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of its red dwarf host star and James Webb has
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been staring at it.
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What WEB found was an atmosphere rich in both carbon
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dioxide and methane. That chemical combination is significant. It points
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strongly towards what astronomers call a Hycian world. The idea
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is a planet with a warm, liquid water ocean beneath
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a thick, hydrogen rich atmosphere.
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And the intrigue doesn't stop there. Earlier analyzes of K
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two eighteen b's atmosphere had also hinted at possible traces
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of dimethyl sulfide, a molecule that on Earth is produced
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almost exclusively by marine life. Now that hasn't been confirmed,
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and scientists are appropriately cautious. There are non biological explanations
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being explored, but the.
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Ongoing analysis of WEB data is continuing to add layers
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to the story. The carbon dioxide and methane combination is
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precisely what you'd expect if there were a liquid ocean
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beneath that atmosphere. The current focus is whether those chemical
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signatures could have a biological origin, and that's one of
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the most consequential questions in all of science.
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K two eighteen B is one of the most watched
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targets in astrobiology right now, and with web continuing to
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accumulate data, we should expect more updates in the months ahead.
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Ivery If it turns out there is life on K
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two eighteen B.
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Then everything changes. That's all I'll say. Okay, something a
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little different now, a story about our own Sun behaving
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unusually quietly.
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On February twenty second, the Sun's Earth facing disc went
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completely spotless for the first time in one thousand, three
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hundred and fifty five days. That ends a streak stretching
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all the way back to June eighth of twenty twenty two.
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For nearly four years, you could look at the Sun
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on any given day and find at least one active
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sunspot region, not anymore for a few days at least.
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Sun Spots are regions of intense magnetic activity on the
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solar surface, and they're the source of solar flares and
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the coronal mass ejections that can send charged particles hurtling
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toward Earth. We are in solar cycle twenty five, which
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peaked in October twenty twenty four, with a sunspot count
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significantly higher than scientists initially predicted.
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Here's a fun wrinkle. While Earth was looking at a
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blink sun. NASA's Perseverance rover on Mars had a different
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view from the Martian service. Perseverance could see sunspot groups
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blazing away on the far side of the Sun, invisible
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to us here on Earth, but clearly visible from Mars's
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position in the Solar system.
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The spotless period appears to have lasted about two to
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three days before a new active region began emerging around
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February twenty fourth. So the Sun isn't shutting down, it's
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just having a quiet moment. Solar activity isn't expected to
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reach its next minimum until around twenty thirty, but this
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little pause is a signal that Solar Cycle twenty five
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is beginning. It it's long, slow wind down from that
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October twenty twenty four peak.
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For listeners who love Aurora hunting, The good news is
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there's still plenty of solar activity ahead, but the best
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years of this cycle are behind us.
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Now now to a story that we've touched on the
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four but which has taken on fascinating new depth this week,
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with the shen Zu twenty astronauts speaking out in remarkable
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detail about last year's in orbit emergency. China's first ever
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human spaceflight crisis.
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Just to recap the situation, China's shen Zu twenty crew
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commander Chen Dong, along with Chen shang Rui and Wing Ye,
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launched in April twenty twenty five for what was supposed
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to be a standard six month mission to the Tiangong
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Space Station. During pre return checks, on the day before
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they were supposed to come home, Commander Chen went to
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inspect the return capsule and.
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He spotted something on the viewport window, something triangular. His
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first thought, and he shared this in a new interview
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with Chinese state broadcaster CCTV, was that a small leaf
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had somehow stuck to the outside of the glass.
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And then, as he told it, he quickly realized that
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couldn't happen because they were in space.
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What he was actually seeing was a crack, a triangular
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scar roughly two centimeters long in the outer layer of
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the three layer viewport window, most likely caused by a
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debris strike. The crew used a pen shaped microscope to
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confirm the damage, took photos immediately, and transmitted everything to
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the ground.
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The decision that followed was extraordinary. The crew could not
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safely return in their own spacecraft. Instead, they transferred to
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the Shenzo twenty one, vehicle that had just arrived days
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earlier carrying their relief crew. An uncrewed shen Zoo twenty
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two was then emergency launched carrying a porthole repair device.
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The whole response from finding the crack to the crew's
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safe return to Earth took just over twenty days, and.
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The damage sends you twenty capsule. It was eventually brought
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back to Earth uncrewed on January nineteenth of this year,
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after spending two hundred and seventy days in orbit, ninety
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days longer than planned. It survived reentry, which itself was
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a significant engineering achievement.
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Commander Chen Dong summed it up beautifully. The unexpected window
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cracks ultimately became a precious testament to the concerted efforts
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and shared commitment for safety between our two crews and
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all ground based space personnel.
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A genuinely remarkable chapter in human spacelight. The space debrie
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problem is real, and this story illustrates exactly why it matters.
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And finally, something a little lighter to close the show, avery,
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have you ever wanted to send a letter that was
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also technically a window to the Cosmos?
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I feel like that's a rhetorical question, but yes, obviously, well.
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The US Postal Service has you covered. Yesterday, February twenty fourth,
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the USPS officially issued two brand new Priority Mail stamps,
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both featuring images from the James web Space Telescope.
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The first is the Priority Mail Stamp, priced at eleven
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dollars and ninety five cents, and it features the crab Nebula,
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the spectacular remnants of a star that exploded in the
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constellation Taurus about six thousand, five hundred light years away.
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Web captured it in the infrared, revealing structural details that
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have never been seen before.
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The second is the Priority Mail Express stamp at thirty
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three dollars and twenty five cents. And this one is
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a real showpiece. It's a composite image called Galaxy Pair
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two interacting spiral galaxies ICE twenty one sixty three and
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NNGC twenty two oh seven, located about eighty million light
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years away. The image combines Web and Hubble data across
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in for read visible and ultraviolet wavelengths. It is genuinely stunning.
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Kansas City, Missouri, was the official city of issue, though
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there was no public ceremony. And here's a lovely detail.
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For collectors, you have until June twenty fourth to send
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your stamps in for a first day of issue postmark.
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The Postal Service will even apply the postmark for free
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up to fifty envelopes.
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And this is actually the fourth consecutive year the USPS
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has used web imagery on priority mail stamps. In twenty
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twenty two it was a Forever stamp featuring a rendering
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of the telescope itself. In twenty twenty four and twenty
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twenty five, the Pillars of Creation featured, now the crab,
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nebula and a galaxy pair. Web is becoming something of
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an annual tradition at the post Office, which, when you.
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Think about it, is rather wonderful. A space telescope that
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costs ten billion dollars and took thirty years to build
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is now sitting in people's junk drawers, next to the
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scissors and the tape.
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That is the most poetic thing you have ever said
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on this podcast. I have my moments, and that is
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Astronomy Daily for Wednesday, February twenty fifth, twenty twenty six.
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