S02E21: Metallica's "Fuel" Rocks Artemis Mission // Lunar Mission // Supernova Observations

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Hello again and welcome to Astronomy Daily. I'm Steve your host, and we've

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got supernovas and Artemis and Hallie will
be back with us again. Stay with

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us, Yes, that's right,
another episode of Astronomy Daily. Thanks for

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joining us and with us as usual, Hallie, how are you hi,

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Steve. Great to be back.
So what have we got on today,

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Hallie? Well, I'm talking about
a new YouTube video about Artemis that features

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a soundtrack by the metal band Metallica. Yeah, why not rock a rocket?

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Funny? And you are covering the
launch of the Indian Space Research Organizations

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chandray any three lunar mission. Yeah, yeah. Did you hear how much

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it costs them? No? Oh, wait till you hear. I couldn't

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believe it's based on a budget.
And I think you're looking at how NASA

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will be examining volcanic terrain on the
Moon with new instruments that's on board the

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Artemis mission. Anything else, Hollie, Hellie? Yes? Aren't you doing

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something about sandwiches? All right?
Sandwich planets? Yes? And also there's

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a story about a record number of
amateur astronomers joined in a city run program

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to observe a close up, soup
and over. That sounds pretty exciting,

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so let's get it on the air. Hellie, Ohkies, here we go.

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A new video from NASA features Metallica's
song Fuel alongside epic footage of Artemis

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one, the mission that debuted the
agency's huge new moon rocket, the Space

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Launch System SLS. Give Me Fuel, Give Me Fire, the award winning

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metal band sings on top of their
characteristic power chords. The YouTube video also

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shows Artemis ones SLS flying high into
the night sky from different angles. Artemis

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one was a success, sending an
uncrewed Orion capsule to lunar or bit and

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back. NASA is now gearing up
for Artemis two, which will send four

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people around the Moon no earlier than
November twenty twenty four. In April,

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NASA named the four astronauts who will
be on board. The agency's read wiseman

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Victor Glover and Christina Koch, and
the Canadian Space Agencies Jeremy Hansen rock on

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Artemis. As part of NASA's regular
cadence of robotic lunar missions. Through Artemis,

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the agency has selected a new scientific
payload to establish the age and composition

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of hilly terrain created by volcanic activity
on the near side of the Moon.

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The DIMPLE Instrument Suite short for Dating
an irregular mare patch with a lunar explorer

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will investigate the Aina irregular mare patch
discovered in nineteen seventy one by Apollo fifteen

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orbital images. Learning more about this
mound will address outstanding questions about the evolution

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of the Moon, which in turn
can provide clues to the history of the

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entire Solar system. Dimple will help
determine whether irregular mare patches formed from recent

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or ancient volcanic processes. The mission
will make use of a CLPS provided rover,

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a collection gripping instrument, and a
spectrometer that can help determine the composition

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of the lunar material to analyze the
age and composition of samples collected from the

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surface of Aina. Dimple will be
able to collect and analyze anywhere from three

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to more than twenty five samples to
learn more about the timing of the volcanic

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activity that formed this feature. For
example, if the volcanic activity turns out

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to be geologically recent, it implies
that either the lunar mantle was warmer than

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previously thought, or that radioactive elements
contributed to small scale eruptions continuing later in

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lunar evolution than previously thought. Either
scenario would help us better understand the geochemical

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state of the Moon over time.
If, on the other hand, the

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eruptions creating Aina turn out to be
it would lead to reevaluating the age and

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evolution of craters on the Moon,
which would have implications for understanding the history

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of Earth and other planets in the
Solar System. The closest cosmic explosion to

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Earth in the last ten years became
a record breaker for the Search for Extraterrestrial

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Intelligence Institute. The supernova designated SN
twenty twenty three X, was first spotted

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on May nineteenth, twenty twenty three
by Japanese amateur astronomer Koichi Idagaki. Just

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an hour after this manifestation, amateur
astronomers taking part in SETI, an Unastellar's

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cosmic Cataclysms program were on the case. A record number of observers, including

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citizens scientists in the form of amateur
astronomers, came together to collect data from

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a supernova that took place in the
Pinwell Galaxy, a spiral galaxy located approximately

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twenty one million light years from Earth. With the data, scientists could bet

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understand the behavior of this class of
supernovas, known as type two cosmic explosions,

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that occur when massive stars run out
of fuel for nuclear fusion and can

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no longer protect themselves against gravitational collapse. The effort involved one hundred and twenty

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three dedicated amateur astronomers making two hundred
and fifty two observations with one hundred and

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fifteen telescopes following how light from the
supernova changed over time, first seeing its

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escalating brightness and then tracking its gradual
fading. This allowed the SETI scientists to

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build a profile for the supernova that
astronomers called the light curve, a measurement

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of its brightness over time. And
the story isn't over four s N twenty

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twenty three X. The supernova is
expected to remain visible until at least August

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twenty twenty three, and while this
is the case, the amateur astronomers of

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the Cosmic Cataclysms program will continue to
monitor its progress. And that's all the

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news from me over to you in
the kitchen with your planet sandwiches to astronomy.

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Yes, thanks for staying with us. It's Astronomy Daily with Steve.

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It's good to see the Indian Space
Research Organization got Chan Drean Shree up into

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the into space on Friday. That's
great news. And they did it on

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a budget. And we'll hear about
that in a second. Fantastic news.

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All sorts of things going on.
I hear that China is going to be

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launching their own array of strings of
satellites as well, so not to be

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done. They've got their own plans
as usuals leave it its Chinese. Okay,

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on with the show now, this
is exciting. On Friday, India

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launched a rocket carrying an unmanned spacecraft
to land on the Moon. It's its

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second attempt to do so as it's
cut price space program it seeks to reach

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new heights. The heavyweight LVM three
M four rocket lifted off from Shiharakota in

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the southern state of Andra Pradesh,
carrying the Chandre and three spacecraft. As

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thousands of enthusiasts clapped and cheered,
Chandra and three began its journey to the

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Moon. Health of the spacecraft is
normal, said the Indian Space Research Organization

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on Twitter. The world's most populous
nation has a comparatively low budget aerospace program

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that is rapidly closing on the milestones
set by global space powers. Only Russia,

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the United States, and China have
previously achieved a controlled landing on the

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lunar surface. India's last attempt to
do so ended in failure four years ago

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when the ground control lost contact moments
before landing. I think that was chandre

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And two and landing got to one
point three kilometers above the surface. If

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memory a new chapter in space in
India's space odyssey, Prime Minister Narendromodi tweeted

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from France, where he was taking
part in the Bastil Day Parade or watching

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it in Paris. It saws high
elevating the dreams and ambitious ambitions of every

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Indian. Rightly so if the rest
of the current mission goes according to plan.

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The chandre In three, which means
mooncraft in Sanskrit, were safely touched

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down near the Moon's little explored south
pole between August twenty three and twenty four,

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developed by R. Chandre And three, includes a lander module named Victram

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which means valor in Sanskrit, and
a rover named Pangyan which means wisdom.

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The mission comes with a price tag
of seventy four point six million, far

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smaller than those of other countries and
testament to India's frugal space engineering. Sure

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doesn't sound like an awful lot of
money, does it. Experts say India

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can keep costs low by copying and
adapting existing space technology, and thanks to

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an abundance of highly skilled engineers who
here's the key, earn a fraction of

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their foreign counterparts wages. Chandran three
spacecraft will take much longer to reach the

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Moon than the Mandapollo missions of the
sixties and seventies, which arrived in a

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matter of days. The Indian rocket
is much less powerful than the United States

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Sat and five, and instead the
probe will orbit the Earth five or six

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times elliptically to gain speed before being
sent on a month long lunar trajectory.

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The rover has a mission life of
one lunar day or fourteen Earth days,

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and if the landing is successful,
little roll off Victram and explore the nearby

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lunar area, gathering images to be
sent back to Earth for analysis. India's

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space program has grown suitably in size
and momentum since since it first sent a

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probe to orbit the Moon in two
thousand and eight. In twenty fourteen,

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it became the first Asian nation to
put a satellite into orbit around Mars,

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and three years later the launched one
hundred and for satellites in a single mission.

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The issro's Gaganion spacecraft program is slated
to launch a three day manned mission

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into Earth's orbit by next year.
India is also working to boost its two

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percent share of the global commercial space
market by sending private payloads into orbit for

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a fraction at the cost of its
competitors now. A recent study presented at

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the National Astronomy Meeting in twenty twenty
three NAM twenty twenty three examines a newly

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discovered planetary formation the theory that challenges
previous notions on how planets actually formed in

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disks of gas surrounding young stars,
also known as proto planetary disks. Based

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on data from observations and models,
the researchers determined that two large protoplanets planets

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that are still forming and gathering dust
from throughout the disk also known as accretion,

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orbiting at an indeterminate distance from each
other, can produce a smaller planet

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orbiting between them, which the researchers
refer to as a sandwiched planet formation.

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They surmise that this is due to
the two larger planets limiting the amount of

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dust that flows into the inner portions
of the protoplanetary disks, since they both

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will continue to collect it. When
this happens, any planet that forms between

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them will be smaller than the two
planets, which is analogous to the filling

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inside a sandwich. Researchers say that
what is really interesting is that there are

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examples that have been found from exoplanet
observations that actually show this sandwich planet architecture,

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where the middle planet is less massive
than its neighbors. Further studies are

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required to better understand this new formation
process, but it could lead to developing

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plausible clarifications for the existence of Mars
and Uranus, which are both smaller planets

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orbiting between larger planets in our own
Solar System. In the case of Mars,

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the larger Earth orbits inward, while
the much larger Jupiter orbits outward.

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In the case of Uranus, the
much larger Satin orbits inward, while the

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smaller sized Neptune orbits outward. While
the radius of Uranus is greater than Neptune,

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the former's mass is smaller, and
this is due to Neptune's density of

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being approximately thirty percent greater than Uranus. The current state of our Solar System

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consists of a mostly neat and organized
assemblage of planets, moons, asteroids,

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and comets. This includes the Sun
at the center, followed by the inner

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planets, the asteroid belt, outer
planets, Kuyper Belt, and Aught Cloud.

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But things were much different approximately four
point six billion years ago. And

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that's all we have time for today. For joining us on Astronomy Daily,

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I'm Steve with a sore throat and
a upset tummy. I hope that didn't

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get in the way of anything.
I certainly didn't have Planet Sandridges Hallie,

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wherever you've gone to, she's run
off. But anyway, I hope you'll

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join us next time. I'm glad
to have your acquaintance. Please don't forget.

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You can always leave your messages on
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can go to a space nuts dot
io that'll catch all the episodes of space

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Nuts with Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred
Watson and all the episodes of Astronomy Davie

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with Tim Gibbs and Steve Dunkley.
Thanks again for joining us, See you

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later, Hallie, see you next
time. Everyone back in time to say

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Tatar all right by everyone, your
whole leaven le