Sept. 9, 2024
S03E149: Mars's Lost Water, Roman's Galactic Fossils, and Solar Wind Insights
Astronomy Daily - The Podcast: 9th September 2024
Welcome to another episode of Astronomy Daily with your host, Steve Dunkley. Today, we're diving into some of the most intriguing stories from the cosmos. From the mystery of Mars's lost water to the...
Astronomy Daily - The Podcast: 9th September 2024
Welcome to another episode of Astronomy Daily with your host, Steve Dunkley. Today, we're diving into some of the most intriguing stories from the cosmos. From the mystery of Mars's lost water to the latest updates on NASA's Parker Solar Probe and ESA's Solar Orbiter, we've got a stellar lineup for you. We'll also discuss the Roman Space Telescope's quest to uncover ancient galaxies, the fascinating journey of the Sinchengjung Atlas comet, and ESA's unique mission to bring down the Salsa satellite. Plus, we'll cover Boeing Starliner's successful return and what it means for future crewed missions. Stay tuned for a cosmic adventure!
Highlights:
- Mars's Lost Water: NASA's Hubble Space Telescope and Maven mission are on a quest to solve the mystery of where Mars's water went. By analyzing hydrogen and deuterium in the Martian atmosphere, scientists are uncovering the planet's watery past.
- Solar Wind Mystery: NASA's Parker Solar Probe and ESA's Solar Orbiter are investigating the mechanisms behind solar wind acceleration. New evidence points to magnetic switchbacks as a key factor.
- Roman Space Telescope: Set to launch in 2027, NASA's Roman Space Telescope aims to explore the dynamic universe and uncover the secrets of dark matter and galactic formation.
- Sinchengjung Atlas Comet: The Sinchengjung Atlas comet is making its way into our region, promising a spectacular celestial show. Despite rumors of disintegration, it remains a highly anticipated event for stargazers.
- ESA's Salsa Satellite: After 24 years of studying Earth's magnetic field, the Salsa satellite will undergo a targeted re-entry into the Pacific Ocean, marking a first for ESA in reducing space debris.
- Boeing Starliner: The Boeing Starliner spacecraft completed a successful three-month flight test to the ISS, providing crucial data for future crewed missions despite challenges like helium leaks and thruster issues.
For more space news, be sure to visit our website at astronomydaily.io. There you can sign up for our free Daily newsletter, read insightful blog posts, and catch up on all the latest space and Astronomy news with our constantly updating newsfeed.
Don't forget to listen to all our previous episodes as well. You can also follow us on social media. Just search for #AstroDailyPod on Facebook, X, YouTubeMusic, and TikTok to stay connected with our community and never miss an update.
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WEBVTT
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Well, hello and welcome to another episode. It's Astronomy Daily
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for another day. I'm your host, Steve Dunkley. It's the
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ninth of September twenty twenty four. The podcast would be
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a whole Steve Dunklu And there have been some really
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strange stories coming across our desk this week. I know
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you're going to be interested to check out the Astronomy
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Daily newsletter, which is where we get all our stories from.
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I'll tell you all about how to get a hold
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of that later on, but firstly, we're going to be
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talking about, well, where did Mars's water go? Did you
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know there used to be lots of water on Mars,
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so they say, And they're going to find out. Well,
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they're trying to find out where it went, and they're
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using the dynamic duo of NASA's Hubble and Maven to
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solve that one. And another dynamic duo Nassas Parker Solo
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Probe and ESA's Solar Orbiter are investigating another mystery of
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solar wind. Also, Roman Telescope is investigating ancient galaxies. The
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comet that he's going to be entering our region very
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shortly is the almost unpronounceable let me see if I
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can get this one right. Sin junctioning Sin Chin Chin
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Kroky Sin chunk ching Atlas comet. Oh please, I'm going
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to get so many letters about that one, so many emails. Anyway,
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it's coming very shortly and it looks like it's going
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to be fantastic. There are rumors that it's disintegrating, and
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I think we're going to be able to put that
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one to rest as well, So stay tuned for that one.
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And also, Hallie, did you know ESA is bringing down a.
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Satellite that's the salsa satellite, isn't it.
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Yes, that's the one. It's the salsa satellite.
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It's funny. They are going to bring salsa down into
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the Pacific Ocean near Chili.
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Uh huh. And why is that funny? Halle?
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I was just thinking about your dinner last name, of course,
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chili and salsa.
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Yeah. I figured that's where you were going with the
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fun Hallie.
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It's funny.
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No, it's a coincidence, is what it is? You silly?
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Go Holy guacamole. Human.
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Okay, I'm pretty sure they're having a bit of a
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giggle about at diver ATYSI Control as well.
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I bet they are I bet they.
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Get on with it, you malfunctioning motherboard.
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Oki, dokie, Here we go. What happened to the water
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that once covered Mars? Scientists knowed that some went deep underground,
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but where is the rest? Evidence shows that some water
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molecules broke into atoms, which rise through the Martian atmosphere
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and escape into space. By combining data from Hubble and MAVEN,
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a team measured the number and current rate of escaping
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hydrogen atoms MAVEN stands for Mars atmosphere and volatile evolution.
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They discovered that the escape rates of hydrogen and heavy
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hydrogen called deuterium change rapidly when Mars is close to
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the sun. This appended the classical picture that scientists previously had,
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where these atoms were thought to slowly diffuse upward through
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the atmosphere to a height where they could escape. Extrapolating
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the escape rate backward through time helped the team to
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understand the history of water on the red planet. Mars
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was once a very wet planet, as is evident in
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its surface geological features. NASA's Hubble Space Telescope and MAVEN
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missions are helping unlock the mystery of what happened to
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all the water. There are only two places water can go.
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It can freeze into the ground, where the water molecule
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can break into atoms, and the atoms can escape from
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the top of the atmosphere into space, explained study leader
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John Clark of the Center for Space Physics at Boston
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University in Massachusetts. To understand how much water there was
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and what happened to it, we need to understand how
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the atoms escape into space. Clark and his team combined
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data from Hubble and Maven to measure the number and
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current escape rate of the hydrogen atoms escaping into space.
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This information allowed them to extrapolate these escape rate backward
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through time to understand the history of water on the
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Red planet. Water molecules in the Martian atmosphere are broken
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apart by sunlight, into hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Specifically, the
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t measured hydrogen and deuterium, which is a hydrogen atom
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with a neutron in its nucleus. This neutron gives utium
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twice the mass of hydrogen. Because its mass is higher,
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deuterium escapes into space much more slowly than regular hydrogen
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over time, as more hydrogen was lost than deuterium, the
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ratio of deuterium to hydrogen built up in the atmosphere.
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Measuring the ratio today gives scientists seclue to how much
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water was present during the warm wet period on Mars.
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By studying how these atoms currently escape, they can understand
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the processes that determine the escape rates over the last
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four billion years, and thereby extrapolate back in time. The
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universe may seem static, only capable of being captured in
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still frames, but that is far from the truth. It
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is actually ever changing, just not on time scales clearly
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visible to humans. NASA's upcoming Roman space telescope will bridge
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this gap in time, opening the way to the dynamic universe. RINGS.
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The Roman Infrared Nearby Galaxy Survey, will specifically uncover the
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dynamic universe by searching galaxies for fossils of their formation history.
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RINGS will also lead scientists to clues about the true
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nature of dark matter, the mysterious substance that makes up
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the majority of the mass in our universe. Roman will
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launch in twenty twenty seven, prepare to revolutionize how scientists
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understand our universe and give them access to the vision
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of the universe as it truly is changing. The universe
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is a dynamic, ever changing place where galaxies are dancing
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and merging together and shifting appearance. Unfortunately, because these changes
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take millions or billions of years, telescopes can only provide
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snapshots squeezed into a human lifetime. However, galaxies leave behind
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clues to their history and how they came to be.
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NASA's upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will have the
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capacity to look for these fossils of galaxy formation with
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high resolution imaging of galaxies in the nearby universe. Astronomers
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through a grant from NASA, are designing a set of
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possible observations called RINGS the Roman Infrared Nearby Galaxy Survey
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that would collect these remarkable images, and the team is
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producing publicly available tools that the astronomy community can use
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once ROMAN launches and starts taking data. The RING Survey
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is a preliminary concept that may or may not be
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implemented during Roman science mission. Roman is uniquely prepared for
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RINGS due to its resolution akin to Nasa'shubble Space Telescope
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and its wide field of view two hundred times that
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of Hubble in the infrared, making it a sky survey
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telescope that complements Hubble's narrow field capabilities. Scientists can only
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look at brief instances in the lives of evolving galaxies
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that eventually lead to the fully formed galaxies around us today.
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As a result, galaxy formation can be difficult to track. Luckily,
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galaxies leave behind hints of their evolution in their stellar structures,
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almost like how organisms on Earth can leap behind imprints
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in rock. These galactic fossils are groups of ancient stars
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that hold the history of the galaxies formation and evolution,
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including the chemistry of the galaxy when those stars formed.
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Such cosmic fossils are of particular interest to Robin Sanderson,
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the deputy Principal investigator of rings at the University of
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Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. She describes the process of analyzing stellar
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structures in galaxies as like going through an excavation and
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trying to sort out bones and put them back together.
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Roman's high resolution will allow scientists to pick out these
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galactic fossils using structures ranging from long tidal tales on
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a galaxy's outskirts to stellar streams within the galaxy. These
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large scale structures, which Roman is uniquely capable of capturing
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can give clues to a galaxy's merger history. The goal,
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says Sandersen, is to reassemble these fossils in order to
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look back in time and understand how these galaxies came
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to be. For decades, scientists have wondered what accelerates solar
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wind particles as they move away from the Sun. New
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evidence points to magnetic switchbacks inside the solar system. Space
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isn't empty. The Sun sends out a constant flow of
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charged particles in every direction, called the solar wind. One
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of the enduring mysteries of this wind concerns how exactly
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it's energized. Now, using a unique alignment of two probes
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that orbit the Sun, a team of scientists might have
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figured it out. In a recent study published in Science,
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Eimi Rivera and Samuel Batman, both at Center for Astrophysics
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Harvard and Smithsonian, led a team that capitalized on an
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intersection in the observation windows of two different solar probes,
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NASA's Parker Solar Probe and eesa's Solar Orbiter. The spacecraft's
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alignment in space enabled them to measure the same stream
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of fast solar wind from two different viewpoints. The study
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concluded that alphane waves, which carry energy from the Sun
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along magnetic field lines, are powering the wind's heating and acceleration.
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There are two main types of solar wind, fast and slow.
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Slow solar wind particles move outward at only three hundred
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to five hundred kilometers per second or seven hundred thousand
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to more than one million miles per hour, while fast
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solar wind flows it up to eight hundred kilometers per
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second or almost two million miles per hour. The heat
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from the Sun's outermost atmosphere, known as the corona, is
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enough to drive the slow solar wind, but it can't
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fully explain the faster particles. For many years, scientists have
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suspected that alphane waves help power the fast solar wind.
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In this phenomenon, something sets charged plasma particles wiggling back
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and forth. Because they are charged, they strum magnetic field
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lines like guitar strings, causing them to oscillate. Two. Alphane
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waves could thus generate enough energy to accelerate the solar wind,
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but direct measurements were hard to come by. To quantify
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alphane waves contribution, Rivera's team utilized data from a unique
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event in February twenty twenty two, when the Parker and
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solar orbiter cross the same solar wind stream than two
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days of each other. Parker crossed the stream when it
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was near the outer edge of the corona, then solar
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Orbiter crossed the same stream near the orbit of Venus.
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That stream contained patches of switchbacks, where the Sun's magnetic
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field undergoes rapid reversals like the zigzagging pattern of a
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mountain road. These reversals carry the solar wind along with them,
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creating zigzags in the wind itself. Scientists think switchbacks originate
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in all vane waves. By measuring the change and the
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energy of alphane waves at subsequent points, the team showed
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that the motion and heat energy gained by the plasma
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over that span matched the energy lost by the alphane waves.
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The study demonstrates the first definitive connection between these switchback
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events and the acceleration of solar particles. However, we don't
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see nearly as many switchbacks at Earth as we do
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close to the Sun, and we don't yet understand how
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the zigzags ultimately relax and merge with the wind. The
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team intends to gather more data in this way to
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continue to study the forces driving the Solar wind. The
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team is also keen to emphasize that the potential of
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this research goes beyond better understanding space weather in the
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Solar System. Any star similar to our Sun will also
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have stellar wins, so improving our knowledge about the general
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mechanisms will help us understand the environments of other star systems.
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Thank you for joining us for this Monday edition of
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Astronomy Daily, where we offer just a few stories from
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and space space science. And the biggest story this week,
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of course is Boeing Starline as spacecraft completed a three month,
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three month flight test to the ISS, landing safely in
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New Mexico, and who would have expected that we all
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had a fingers crossed. This uncrewed mission provided NASA and
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Boeing with essential data for future crewed missions. Despite challenges
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like helium leaks and thruster issues, the spacecraft demonstrated its
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capability for safe space travel. The mission insights are crucial
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for advancing NASA's goals for space exploration and developing reliable,
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cost effective transportation to the ISS. NASA and Boeing safely
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returned the uncrewed star Liner spacecraft following its landing at
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ten PMMDT September six at White Sands Space Harbor in
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New Mexico, concluding a three month flight test to the
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International Space Station. I am extremely proud of the workout
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collective team put in this entire flight test, and we
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are pleased to see star Liners safe return, said Ken Bauersox,
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who is the Associate Administrative of Space Operations Mission Directorate
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at NASA Headquarters in Washington. Even though it was necessary
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to return the spacecraft uncrewed, NASA and Boeing learned an
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incredible amount about Starliner in the most extreme environment possible,
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He says. NASA looks forward to our continued work with
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the Boeing team to proceed toward certification of star Liner
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for crew rotation missions to the ISS. The flight on
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June five was the first time astronauts launched from the
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It was the third orbital flight of the spacecraft and
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the second return from the orbiting laboratory. Starliner will now
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ship to NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida for inspection
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and processing. NASA's Commercial Crew program requires a spacecraft flight
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a crew test flight to prove the system is ready
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for regular flights to and from the ISS. Following star
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Liner's return, the agency will review all mission related data.
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We are excited to have Starliner homes safely. This is
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an important test flight for NASA in setting us up
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for future missions on the star Liner system, said sie
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steve's Ditch, manager of NASA's Commercial Crew Program. There was
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