Aug. 12, 2024
S03E125: NASA's Viper Moon Rover, James Webb's Black Hole Revelations, and Rediscovering Phosphine
Welcome to Astronomy Daily, your go-to Podcast for the latest news and updates in the world of astronomy and SpaceTime exploration. I'm your host, Andrew Dunkley, filling in for Steve. We've got an exciting lineup today, from NASA's Viper moon rover...
Welcome to Astronomy Daily, your go-to Podcast for the latest news and updates in the world of astronomy and SpaceTime exploration. I'm your host, Andrew Dunkley, filling in for Steve. We've got an exciting lineup today, from NASA's Viper moon rover to the James Webb Space Telescope's black hole observations and more. So sit back, relax, and let's dive into today's top stories.
- **NASA's Viper Moon Rover**: NASA is seeking help from U.S. companies and institutions for a mission involving the Viper moon rover, initially designed to map potential resources like ice at the Moon’s south pole. Although NASA has discontinued Viper, they are open to contributing it to a qualified partner.
- **NASA's Scientific Balloon Programme**: NASA's annual fall campaign for its scientific balloon programme has begun at Fort Sumner, New Mexico. From mid-August to mid-October, eight balloons will be launched, supporting 16 missions across astrophysics, heliophysics, and atmospheric research.
- **James Webb Space Telescope and Black Holes**: The James Webb Space Telescope has been observing supermassive black holes, shedding light on active galactic nuclei (AGN). Recent observations of a black hole in galaxy ESO 428-G14, about 70 million light-years away, revealed polar dust heated by energetic shockwaves from relativistic jets.
.- **Rediscovery of Phosphine on Venus**: About four years ago, scientists announced the discovery of phosphine in Venus's atmosphere, sparking debates about potential life. Recently, using a new receiver on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, the same team has reaffirmed the presence of phosphine, bolstering their confidence with 140 times more data than the initial detection.
- **ESA's Juice Mission**: ESA's Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (Juice) is set for a critical lunar-Earth flyby around August 19-20. This double gravity assist will adjust Juice's speed and direction for its journey to Jupiter via been listening.
For more Astronomy Daily, including our continually updating newsfeed, visit our website at astronomydaily.io. Follow us on social media at AstroDailyPod on X, facebook, YouTubeMusic, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.
For more Space and Astronomy News podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/astronomy-daily-the-podcast--5648921/support.
WEBVTT
1
00:00:00.800 --> 00:00:03.600
Hi, this is Andrew Dunkley, and welcome to another edition
2
00:00:03.839 --> 00:00:07.480
of Astronomy Daily. I'm sitting in for my brother Steve.
3
00:00:07.559 --> 00:00:12.119
He and Hallie have gone ring shopping. Not the kind
4
00:00:12.160 --> 00:00:14.359
of ring you're thinking about. I'm sure it's cut something
5
00:00:14.359 --> 00:00:17.640
to do with Saturn and a story coming up soon. No,
6
00:00:17.800 --> 00:00:21.359
Steve's off because of work commitments and asked me to
7
00:00:21.399 --> 00:00:24.079
step in for a little while, so I'll be looking
8
00:00:24.120 --> 00:00:27.839
after this episode coming up, We're going to look at
9
00:00:27.960 --> 00:00:32.640
the Viper. That's to do with the Viper Moon rover.
10
00:00:33.039 --> 00:00:37.200
NASA is looking for help, the James Web Space Telescope
11
00:00:37.320 --> 00:00:41.039
is looking at black holes. NASA is sending balloons up,
12
00:00:41.240 --> 00:00:45.679
and Juice is about to fly past Earth headed for
13
00:00:45.799 --> 00:00:48.399
the outer reaches, but it has to go in before
14
00:00:48.439 --> 00:00:51.920
it goes out. And we'll be talking to Professor Fred
15
00:00:52.000 --> 00:01:03.479
Watson about the rediscovery of phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus.
16
00:01:00.520 --> 00:01:03.880
The podcast with your host Andrew Dunkley.
17
00:01:05.040 --> 00:01:08.319
So let's begin with NASA, and as a part of
18
00:01:08.319 --> 00:01:13.239
its ongoing commitment to a sustainable and comprehensive lunar exploration program,
19
00:01:14.079 --> 00:01:17.840
NASA has issued a request for information to engauge interest
20
00:01:17.920 --> 00:01:22.480
from US companies and institutions in conducting emission using the
21
00:01:22.599 --> 00:01:28.599
VIPER Moon Rover. VIPER, which stands for Volatiles Investigating Polar
22
00:01:28.719 --> 00:01:33.760
Exploration rover, was originally designed to map potential off planet
23
00:01:33.799 --> 00:01:37.519
resources such as ice at the Moon's south pole. Now,
24
00:01:37.560 --> 00:01:41.319
on the seventeenth of July, NASA announced plans to discontinue
25
00:01:41.400 --> 00:01:45.680
VIPER and explore alternative methods for confirming the presence of
26
00:01:45.920 --> 00:01:49.560
frozen water around the Luna south Pole. However, the agency
27
00:01:49.680 --> 00:01:53.200
is open to contributing the VIPER rover in its current
28
00:01:53.280 --> 00:01:58.120
form to a qualified partner, so from July seventeen to
29
00:01:58.120 --> 00:02:01.640
August one, NASA accepted express of interest from the broader
30
00:02:01.680 --> 00:02:06.719
community for utilizing the VIPER rover. The current RFI aims
31
00:02:06.760 --> 00:02:10.240
to gather detailed proposals from interested parties on how they
32
00:02:10.439 --> 00:02:14.240
would deploy VIPER with minimum or no cost to the government.
33
00:02:15.280 --> 00:02:19.319
Now this opportunity is available to US organizations and industry,
34
00:02:19.360 --> 00:02:24.120
while NASA plans to assess international interest through separate channels.
35
00:02:25.120 --> 00:02:28.879
NASA appreciates the responses received and looks forward to learning
36
00:02:28.919 --> 00:02:33.039
more about how potential partners plan to leverage VIPER to
37
00:02:33.120 --> 00:02:38.199
achieve scientific and exploration goals. According to Nikola Fox, the
38
00:02:38.240 --> 00:02:42.680
Associate Administrator for the Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters
39
00:02:42.680 --> 00:02:46.080
in Washington, She says, we aim to maximize the use
40
00:02:46.199 --> 00:02:50.080
of the engineering, technology and expertise developed for VIPA to
41
00:02:50.159 --> 00:02:53.879
advance our understanding of the Moon. Partnering on the mission
42
00:02:53.879 --> 00:02:56.680
would allow us to do so without affecting our future
43
00:02:56.719 --> 00:03:01.560
schedule of commercial lunar deliveries, Ensuring continued progress in lunar
44
00:03:01.639 --> 00:03:06.319
science and exploration for all future deliveries to the lunar
45
00:03:06.360 --> 00:03:09.960
surface through NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Service Program, as well
46
00:03:10.000 --> 00:03:13.639
as instruments on CREUD missions will continue the agency's efforts
47
00:03:13.639 --> 00:03:17.759
to assess volatiles across the South Pole region. The request
48
00:03:17.840 --> 00:03:22.719
for information is available online and will remain open until Monday,
49
00:03:22.840 --> 00:03:27.680
the second of September. Still on, NASA and their Scientific
50
00:03:27.759 --> 00:03:32.360
Balloon Program has begun its annual four campaign at the
51
00:03:32.400 --> 00:03:36.639
agency's launch facility in Fort Sumner, New Mexico. From mid
52
00:03:36.680 --> 00:03:40.199
August through to mid October, eight balloons are scheduled to
53
00:03:40.240 --> 00:03:45.479
be launched carrying scientific experiments and technology demonstrations. These flights
54
00:03:45.520 --> 00:03:50.639
will support sixteen missions across various fields, including astrophysics, heliophysics
55
00:03:50.719 --> 00:03:55.120
and atmospheric research. A notable return to the fall lineup
56
00:03:55.280 --> 00:03:59.960
is the EXCITE program. The Exoplanet Climate Infrared Telescope mission
57
00:04:00.639 --> 00:04:04.120
led by a principal investigator, Peter Naegler from NASA's Goddard
58
00:04:04.199 --> 00:04:08.960
Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. EXCITE is an astronomical
59
00:04:09.039 --> 00:04:13.479
telescope designed to study the atmospheric properties of Jupiter like
60
00:04:13.560 --> 00:04:17.240
exoplanets from near space, and it was delayed due to
61
00:04:17.279 --> 00:04:21.920
the twenty twenty three campaign due to weather conditions. Additionally,
62
00:04:22.040 --> 00:04:25.680
eight piggyback missions will accompany the flights to further science
63
00:04:25.800 --> 00:04:29.519
and technology development. If you want more information on NASA's
64
00:04:29.560 --> 00:04:34.639
scientific balloon program, visit nasa dot gov slash Scientific Balloons.
65
00:04:35.560 --> 00:04:39.600
Supermassive black holes are located at the centers of large galaxies,
66
00:04:39.600 --> 00:04:42.600
including our own, and when these black holes are actively
67
00:04:42.680 --> 00:04:46.079
consuming matter, they emit a significant amount of light and
68
00:04:46.120 --> 00:04:51.319
are referred to as active galactic nuclei AGNs. However, observing
69
00:04:51.439 --> 00:04:54.959
the details of AGNs is challenging due to the large
70
00:04:55.000 --> 00:04:58.839
clouds of gas that obstruct our view. Bring in the
71
00:04:58.920 --> 00:05:02.759
James Webb Space Telescope, which was specifically designed to handle
72
00:05:02.800 --> 00:05:06.639
these kinds of challenges. Recent research published in the Monthly
73
00:05:06.720 --> 00:05:10.680
Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society showcases James Webb Space
74
00:05:10.720 --> 00:05:14.680
telescope observations of a supermassive black hole in a galaxy
75
00:05:14.759 --> 00:05:19.000
approximately seventy million light years away. The telescope detected polar
76
00:05:19.079 --> 00:05:24.079
dust surrounding the SMBH situated beyond the expected taurus of
77
00:05:24.279 --> 00:05:27.680
dust that directly accretes from the black hole, known as
78
00:05:27.720 --> 00:05:32.079
the accretion disc. Interestingly, this polar dust is heated not
79
00:05:32.240 --> 00:05:36.439
by radiation from the accretion disc, but by energetic shockwaves
80
00:05:36.480 --> 00:05:41.240
generated by relativistic jets. The study, titled Dust Beyond the
81
00:05:41.319 --> 00:05:45.399
Taurus Revealing the Mid Infrared Heart of Local Safe at
82
00:05:45.839 --> 00:05:49.360
ESO four to eight dash G one four with James
83
00:05:49.399 --> 00:05:54.040
Webb Space Telescope and MIR was led by Huda Haydar,
84
00:05:54.480 --> 00:05:58.680
a PhD student at Newcastle University in the UK. Haydar
85
00:05:58.879 --> 00:06:01.519
and her co research, which is a part of Gaetos
86
00:06:01.680 --> 00:06:06.759
Galactic Active Taurus and Outflow Survey, an international team using
87
00:06:06.800 --> 00:06:09.800
the James Webb Space Telescope to investigate the mysteries of
88
00:06:09.959 --> 00:06:14.199
active galactic nuclei. While this is James Web Space Telescope's
89
00:06:14.199 --> 00:06:17.879
first observation of galaxy EESO four two eight G one four.
90
00:06:18.519 --> 00:06:22.199
Astronomers have been studying this safer galaxy, known for its
91
00:06:22.279 --> 00:06:26.560
high luminosity, for decades using various telescopes, including the Alma
92
00:06:26.680 --> 00:06:30.759
and Hubble telescopes, with their data contributing to this particular
93
00:06:30.920 --> 00:06:34.959
line of research. One of the main challenges in observing AGNs,
94
00:06:34.959 --> 00:06:38.519
including this one, is the presence of thick, extensive clouds
95
00:06:38.519 --> 00:06:41.279
of dust and gas that eventually feed the black hole,
96
00:06:41.360 --> 00:06:45.399
obscuring our view. The James web Space telescope mission is
97
00:06:45.439 --> 00:06:48.560
to penetrate such dust and provide a clearer view of
98
00:06:48.600 --> 00:06:54.480
these hidden regions. Telescope revealed extended mid infrared emissions stretching
99
00:06:54.560 --> 00:06:57.519
up to six hundred and fifty light years from the AGN.
100
00:06:58.040 --> 00:07:01.399
The polar dust's structure a lignes with a radio jet
101
00:07:01.519 --> 00:07:04.920
emitted by the AGN, but its perpendicular to a molecular
102
00:07:05.000 --> 00:07:09.680
gas lane feeding and obscuring the AGN, providing crucial evidence
103
00:07:09.680 --> 00:07:13.439
for the existence of polar dust. The morphology of this
104
00:07:13.560 --> 00:07:18.079
dust closely resembles gas ionized by the AGN. However, the
105
00:07:18.120 --> 00:07:21.319
new James web Space telescope images show that much of
106
00:07:21.319 --> 00:07:25.519
the polar dust emission is extending along the jet's paths,
107
00:07:25.560 --> 00:07:29.480
indicating that the jets, rather than the radiation from the AGN,
108
00:07:29.759 --> 00:07:33.720
are primarily responsible for heating and shaping the dust. The
109
00:07:33.759 --> 00:07:36.879
temperature differences between the accretion dust and the polar dust
110
00:07:36.920 --> 00:07:40.800
offer clues about the distinct heating mechanisms within the AGN,
111
00:07:41.240 --> 00:07:47.480
with jet induced shocks likely causing the heat disparities. About
112
00:07:47.519 --> 00:07:51.160
four years ago, a team of scientists announced the discovery
113
00:07:51.240 --> 00:07:55.319
of phosphene in the atmosphere of Venus. The popular press
114
00:07:55.399 --> 00:07:59.600
latched onto the story quickly, because phosphene is considered a biomarker.
115
00:08:00.240 --> 00:08:04.680
News ran rife that there could be life on Venus. However,
116
00:08:04.959 --> 00:08:07.959
others in the scientific community were skeptical and eventually the
117
00:08:08.000 --> 00:08:12.160
claims were debunked and the story faded away. Until now,
118
00:08:12.759 --> 00:08:15.319
four years later and the same team has used a
119
00:08:15.360 --> 00:08:18.040
new tool to examine the atmosphere of Venus and have
120
00:08:18.480 --> 00:08:22.959
yet again announced that they have found phosphene. So what
121
00:08:23.120 --> 00:08:26.480
does that mean this time around? I discussed the latest
122
00:08:26.480 --> 00:08:29.920
development with Professor Fred Watson from the Space Nuts podcast.
123
00:08:30.079 --> 00:08:34.799
So, once again this team has pointed the telescope at
124
00:08:35.000 --> 00:08:39.200
the planet Venus, but this time they have a new
125
00:08:39.279 --> 00:08:44.200
receiver on the telescope, and that apparently is the game
126
00:08:44.279 --> 00:08:49.720
changer in this work. It's certainly giving them a good
127
00:08:49.759 --> 00:08:53.039
deal more confidence in the results that are coming out
128
00:08:53.039 --> 00:08:58.480
of it, and much more of the data themselves. So
129
00:08:59.519 --> 00:09:05.279
basically and that the bottom line is that in each
130
00:09:05.320 --> 00:09:08.480
of the three observing campaigns they've done with the James
131
00:09:08.519 --> 00:09:12.320
Clark Maxwell telescope, they've got one hundred and forty times
132
00:09:12.559 --> 00:09:16.639
more data than they did with the original detection. So
133
00:09:16.879 --> 00:09:21.279
that's why they are much more confident in their results.
134
00:09:22.600 --> 00:09:26.279
This is a quote from Dave Clements, who's reader in
135
00:09:26.279 --> 00:09:29.759
astrophysics at Imperial College in London and one of the
136
00:09:29.919 --> 00:09:34.279
one of the team members. What we've got so far
137
00:09:34.960 --> 00:09:41.519
indicates that we once again have phosphine detections and so that's,
138
00:09:41.679 --> 00:09:43.679
you know, it's a bold thing to do to go
139
00:09:43.759 --> 00:09:47.159
back to your original target, knowing perhaps that you've got
140
00:09:47.200 --> 00:09:51.440
a better instrument and have another look. And it looks
141
00:09:51.440 --> 00:09:55.080
as though they are much more confident. And there's also
142
00:09:56.399 --> 00:10:00.399
you know, it's but wait, there's more story, because there
143
00:10:00.440 --> 00:10:05.039
is more to this. There is another observing team which
144
00:10:05.519 --> 00:10:10.480
is working on a different part of the microwave spectrum
145
00:10:10.919 --> 00:10:17.080
and they think they've detected the gas ammonia, and that
146
00:10:17.480 --> 00:10:25.960
apparently is basically, you know, a bigger and even bigger puzzle.
147
00:10:26.759 --> 00:10:31.799
So quoting Dave Clements again, he said that is arguably
148
00:10:31.960 --> 00:10:35.679
more significant than the discovery of phosphine. We're a long
149
00:10:35.720 --> 00:10:39.600
way from saying this, but he's saying it anyway. We're
150
00:10:39.639 --> 00:10:42.440
a long way from saying this. But if there is
151
00:10:42.519 --> 00:10:45.519
life on Venus producing phosphine, we have no idea why
152
00:10:45.519 --> 00:10:49.799
it's producing it. However, if there is life on Venus
153
00:10:49.840 --> 00:10:53.759
producing ammonia, we do have an idea why it might
154
00:10:53.840 --> 00:11:00.120
want to breathe ammonia. And that is the interesting part
155
00:11:00.159 --> 00:11:03.879
of this. And just to elaborate again another comment from
156
00:11:03.960 --> 00:11:08.000
Dave Clements, phosphine has been discovered in the atmosphere of Saturn,
157
00:11:08.200 --> 00:11:11.440
but that's not unexpected because Saturn is a gas giant
158
00:11:12.279 --> 00:11:14.799
and there's an awful lot of hydrogen in its atmosphere,
159
00:11:14.799 --> 00:11:18.080
so any hydrogen based compounds like phosphine or ammonia are
160
00:11:18.120 --> 00:11:22.919
what dominate there. But the same is not true of
161
00:11:23.360 --> 00:11:27.960
rocky planets like our own and Venus and Mars. And
162
00:11:28.000 --> 00:11:32.879
that's why you know, the possible detection of these hydrogen
163
00:11:32.919 --> 00:11:37.799
based compounds phosphine and ammonia are so unexpected on Venus.
164
00:11:38.759 --> 00:11:41.399
Well, it does open up a can of worms, and
165
00:11:41.440 --> 00:11:45.840
it could be worms, I'm not sure, But what are
166
00:11:45.879 --> 00:11:48.879
the odds of it being life? And now they say
167
00:11:48.919 --> 00:11:52.399
they're a long way from saying it is bad it
168
00:11:52.679 --> 00:11:55.879
could be or what, well, I suppose the alternative question,
169
00:11:55.960 --> 00:11:59.720
what else could be causing the existence of phosphine and ammonia.
170
00:12:00.320 --> 00:12:07.039
That's the right way to look at it. The well,
171
00:12:07.759 --> 00:12:12.759
he's very you know, Dave Clements is certainly talking the
172
00:12:12.840 --> 00:12:16.799
talk and giving us some very good quotes here. Phosphine
173
00:12:16.840 --> 00:12:23.039
and pneumonia have both been suggested as biomarkers, including on exoplanets,
174
00:12:23.440 --> 00:12:26.240
so finding them in the atmosphere of Venus is interesting
175
00:12:26.279 --> 00:12:29.440
on that basis as well. When we published the phosphene
176
00:12:29.480 --> 00:12:32.720
findings in twenty twenty, quite understandably that was a surprise.
177
00:12:33.879 --> 00:12:41.360
And so he makes the point that other instruments have
178
00:12:41.879 --> 00:12:47.200
not actually made that detection, and they include the Venus
179
00:12:47.279 --> 00:12:52.279
Express spacecraft, which is an ISO spacecraft in orbit around Venus.
180
00:12:52.720 --> 00:12:57.399
They include and something called the IRTF, which is a
181
00:12:57.440 --> 00:13:00.279
NASA facility again on Hawaii, not actually very far from
182
00:13:00.279 --> 00:13:04.039
the James Clark Maxwell Telescope NASA in pra red telescope
183
00:13:04.080 --> 00:13:10.840
facility and observations made with actually an observatory that another
184
00:13:11.080 --> 00:13:14.279
of my friends has worked on, Sophia, which was the
185
00:13:14.320 --> 00:13:19.600
airborne NASA observatory on that seven four seven sp in
186
00:13:19.639 --> 00:13:23.039
the back of it that's now no longer flying, but
187
00:13:23.440 --> 00:13:27.960
that when it was had also obviously observed venus and
188
00:13:28.039 --> 00:13:31.840
they didn't find these phosphine found finding. So there's a
189
00:13:31.919 --> 00:13:37.720
number of different investigations that have not turned up the
190
00:13:39.080 --> 00:13:42.240
gas phosphine. And I am getting to the answer to
191
00:13:42.279 --> 00:13:45.639
your question in a minute, Andrew and working round to
192
00:13:45.720 --> 00:13:51.840
it and there. But they've they've ruled out one of
193
00:13:51.879 --> 00:13:56.480
the things that was suggested as being a contaminant when
194
00:13:56.720 --> 00:13:59.440
that first lot of phosphine observations were released, and that
195
00:13:59.559 --> 00:14:06.399
was selfen dioxide and that is basically ruled out now
196
00:14:06.919 --> 00:14:12.480
by the ATTICAM a large millimeterilimter ray ALMA. But the
197
00:14:12.600 --> 00:14:16.799
key thing here, and again I'm going to quote Dave Clements.
198
00:14:16.919 --> 00:14:20.919
It turns out that all our observations that detected phosphene
199
00:14:21.000 --> 00:14:24.759
were taken as the atmosphere of Venus moved from night
200
00:14:25.000 --> 00:14:28.879
into day, and all the observations that didn't find phosphene
201
00:14:28.879 --> 00:14:31.559
were taken as the atmosphere moved from day to night,
202
00:14:32.960 --> 00:14:38.159
and the suggestion is that the ultraviolet light from the
203
00:14:38.159 --> 00:14:42.600
Sun actually breaks up these molecules as it moves from
204
00:14:44.000 --> 00:14:47.799
day to night. So you know, if you take them
205
00:14:47.840 --> 00:14:49.720
at the end of the day, the molecules have all
206
00:14:49.799 --> 00:14:54.320
gone because the Sun's basically baked it out. As Dave
207
00:14:54.360 --> 00:14:56.600
Clements puts it, all phosphene is baked out and that's
208
00:14:56.639 --> 00:15:02.039
why you don't see it, Okay. Yeah, So that suggests
209
00:15:02.840 --> 00:15:05.840
that the phosphine observations might be real and they might
210
00:15:06.080 --> 00:15:09.840
be sort of being replenished, if I can put it
211
00:15:09.879 --> 00:15:13.639
that way. Because if you've got phosphine that at the
212
00:15:13.720 --> 00:15:16.799
end of the day isn't there, it's been baked out,
213
00:15:16.919 --> 00:15:19.200
but at the beginning of the day it is there,
214
00:15:20.200 --> 00:15:24.759
it suggests that something is forming phosphine and maybe that
215
00:15:24.960 --> 00:15:26.360
is an indicator of life.
216
00:15:27.200 --> 00:15:29.240
Yeah, you've got to wonder what kind of life that
217
00:15:29.360 --> 00:15:33.039
could be, and it would be residing in the upper
218
00:15:33.080 --> 00:15:36.120
atmosphere because it's too wide for anything down on the planet.
219
00:15:36.360 --> 00:15:38.960
That's correct, And there's nasty things as well. There's all
220
00:15:39.000 --> 00:15:42.440
the sulphuric acid that lower levels in the you know,
221
00:15:42.480 --> 00:15:46.519
down in the in the in the droplets cloud that sorry,
222
00:15:46.559 --> 00:15:52.240
the clouds of venus further down. Yeah, so look it's
223
00:15:53.120 --> 00:15:57.399
the suggesting what they're suggesting. And this now is a
224
00:15:57.480 --> 00:16:01.480
quote from actually once again from Dave Clements, so that
225
00:16:01.519 --> 00:16:08.159
we're going to get another voice but ammonia. Actually, let
226
00:16:08.200 --> 00:16:11.799
me let me quote Jed Graves or Grieves is professor
227
00:16:11.799 --> 00:16:14.600
of astronomy at Cardiff University, and actually I think she's
228
00:16:14.639 --> 00:16:18.480
the leader of the team. She says, the exciting thing
229
00:16:18.559 --> 00:16:21.799
behind this will be if it's some kind of microbial
230
00:16:21.840 --> 00:16:25.000
life making the ammonia, because that would be a neat
231
00:16:25.039 --> 00:16:29.840
way for it to regulate its own environment. It's really
232
00:16:29.879 --> 00:16:32.600
interesting that they, you know, that they are so confident
233
00:16:32.639 --> 00:16:34.759
with these observations. They're actually trying to look at what
234
00:16:34.799 --> 00:16:40.240
mechanisms living organisms might might be using to create the
235
00:16:40.279 --> 00:16:43.559
phosphene on the ammonia. So I think they'd put it
236
00:16:43.559 --> 00:16:46.519
at fifty to fifty. I'm just reading between the lines here.
237
00:16:47.039 --> 00:16:50.559
My self. I'd put it lower. I think that maybe
238
00:16:50.720 --> 00:16:53.480
you know it's we've barked up this tree so many
239
00:16:53.519 --> 00:17:00.279
times Andrew looking for rock solid biomarkers and they're very,
240
00:17:00.399 --> 00:17:03.039
very difficult to find, even if you find something that
241
00:17:03.120 --> 00:17:07.119
you think is only caused by living organisms, there's probably
242
00:17:07.200 --> 00:17:11.160
always going to be another chemical way, purely chemical way
1
00:00:00.800 --> 00:00:03.600
2
00:00:03.839 --> 00:00:07.480
3
00:00:07.559 --> 00:00:12.119
4
00:00:12.160 --> 00:00:14.359
5
00:00:14.359 --> 00:00:17.640
6
00:00:17.800 --> 00:00:21.359
7
00:00:21.399 --> 00:00:24.079
8
00:00:24.120 --> 00:00:27.839
9
00:00:27.960 --> 00:00:32.640
10
00:00:33.039 --> 00:00:37.200
11
00:00:37.320 --> 00:00:41.039
12
00:00:41.240 --> 00:00:45.679
13
00:00:45.799 --> 00:00:48.399
14
00:00:48.439 --> 00:00:51.920
15
00:00:52.000 --> 00:01:03.479
16
00:01:00.520 --> 00:01:03.880
17
00:01:05.040 --> 00:01:08.319
18
00:01:08.319 --> 00:01:13.239
19
00:01:14.079 --> 00:01:17.840
20
00:01:17.920 --> 00:01:22.480
21
00:01:22.599 --> 00:01:28.599
22
00:01:28.719 --> 00:01:33.760
23
00:01:33.799 --> 00:01:37.519
24
00:01:37.560 --> 00:01:41.319
25
00:01:41.400 --> 00:01:45.680
26
00:01:45.920 --> 00:01:49.560
27
00:01:49.680 --> 00:01:53.200
28
00:01:53.280 --> 00:01:58.120
29
00:01:58.120 --> 00:02:01.640
30
00:02:01.680 --> 00:02:06.719
31
00:02:06.760 --> 00:02:10.240
32
00:02:10.439 --> 00:02:14.240
33
00:02:15.280 --> 00:02:19.319
34
00:02:19.360 --> 00:02:24.120
35
00:02:25.120 --> 00:02:28.879
36
00:02:28.919 --> 00:02:33.039
37
00:02:33.120 --> 00:02:38.199
38
00:02:38.240 --> 00:02:42.680
39
00:02:42.680 --> 00:02:46.080
40
00:02:46.199 --> 00:02:50.080
41
00:02:50.159 --> 00:02:53.879
42
00:02:53.879 --> 00:02:56.680
43
00:02:56.719 --> 00:03:01.560
44
00:03:01.639 --> 00:03:06.319
45
00:03:06.360 --> 00:03:09.960
46
00:03:10.000 --> 00:03:13.639
47
00:03:13.639 --> 00:03:17.759
48
00:03:17.840 --> 00:03:22.719
49
00:03:22.840 --> 00:03:27.680
50
00:03:27.759 --> 00:03:32.360
51
00:03:32.400 --> 00:03:36.639
52
00:03:36.680 --> 00:03:40.199
53
00:03:40.240 --> 00:03:45.479
54
00:03:45.520 --> 00:03:50.639
55
00:03:50.719 --> 00:03:55.120
56
00:03:55.280 --> 00:03:59.960
57
00:04:00.639 --> 00:04:04.120
58
00:04:04.199 --> 00:04:08.960
59
00:04:09.039 --> 00:04:13.479
60
00:04:13.560 --> 00:04:17.240
61
00:04:17.279 --> 00:04:21.920
62
00:04:22.040 --> 00:04:25.680
63
00:04:25.800 --> 00:04:29.519
64
00:04:29.560 --> 00:04:34.639
65
00:04:35.560 --> 00:04:39.600
66
00:04:39.600 --> 00:04:42.600
67
00:04:42.680 --> 00:04:46.079
68
00:04:46.120 --> 00:04:51.319
69
00:04:51.439 --> 00:04:54.959
70
00:04:55.000 --> 00:04:58.839
71
00:04:58.920 --> 00:05:02.759
72
00:05:02.800 --> 00:05:06.639
73
00:05:06.720 --> 00:05:10.680
74
00:05:10.720 --> 00:05:14.680
75
00:05:14.759 --> 00:05:19.000
76
00:05:19.079 --> 00:05:24.079
77
00:05:24.279 --> 00:05:27.680
78
00:05:27.720 --> 00:05:32.079
79
00:05:32.240 --> 00:05:36.439
80
00:05:36.480 --> 00:05:41.240
81
00:05:41.319 --> 00:05:45.399
82
00:05:45.839 --> 00:05:49.360
83
00:05:49.399 --> 00:05:54.040
84
00:05:54.480 --> 00:05:58.680
85
00:05:58.879 --> 00:06:01.519
86
00:06:01.680 --> 00:06:06.759
87
00:06:06.800 --> 00:06:09.800
88
00:06:09.959 --> 00:06:14.199
89
00:06:14.199 --> 00:06:17.879
90
00:06:18.519 --> 00:06:22.199
91
00:06:22.279 --> 00:06:26.560
92
00:06:26.680 --> 00:06:30.759
93
00:06:30.920 --> 00:06:34.959
94
00:06:34.959 --> 00:06:38.519
95
00:06:38.519 --> 00:06:41.279
96
00:06:41.360 --> 00:06:45.399
97
00:06:45.439 --> 00:06:48.560
98
00:06:48.600 --> 00:06:54.480
99
00:06:54.560 --> 00:06:57.519
100
00:06:58.040 --> 00:07:01.399
101
00:07:01.519 --> 00:07:04.920
102
00:07:05.000 --> 00:07:09.680
103
00:07:09.680 --> 00:07:13.439
104
00:07:13.560 --> 00:07:18.079
105
00:07:18.120 --> 00:07:21.319
106
00:07:21.319 --> 00:07:25.519
107
00:07:25.560 --> 00:07:29.480
108
00:07:29.759 --> 00:07:33.720
109
00:07:33.759 --> 00:07:36.879
110
00:07:36.920 --> 00:07:40.800
111
00:07:41.240 --> 00:07:47.480
112
00:07:47.519 --> 00:07:51.160
113
00:07:51.240 --> 00:07:55.319
114
00:07:55.399 --> 00:07:59.600
115
00:08:00.240 --> 00:08:04.680
116
00:08:04.959 --> 00:08:07.959
117
00:08:08.000 --> 00:08:12.160
118
00:08:12.759 --> 00:08:15.319
119
00:08:15.360 --> 00:08:18.040
120
00:08:18.480 --> 00:08:22.959
121
00:08:23.120 --> 00:08:26.480
122
00:08:26.480 --> 00:08:29.920
123
00:08:30.079 --> 00:08:34.799
124
00:08:35.000 --> 00:08:39.200
125
00:08:39.279 --> 00:08:44.200
126
00:08:44.279 --> 00:08:49.720
127
00:08:49.759 --> 00:08:53.039
128
00:08:53.039 --> 00:08:58.480
129
00:08:59.519 --> 00:09:05.279
130
00:09:05.320 --> 00:09:08.480
131
00:09:08.519 --> 00:09:12.320
132
00:09:12.559 --> 00:09:16.639
133
00:09:16.879 --> 00:09:21.279
134
00:09:22.600 --> 00:09:26.279
135
00:09:26.279 --> 00:09:29.759
136
00:09:29.919 --> 00:09:34.279
137
00:09:34.960 --> 00:09:41.519
138
00:09:41.679 --> 00:09:43.679
139
00:09:43.759 --> 00:09:47.159
140
00:09:47.200 --> 00:09:51.440
141
00:09:51.440 --> 00:09:55.080
142
00:09:56.399 --> 00:10:00.399
143
00:10:00.440 --> 00:10:05.039
144
00:10:05.519 --> 00:10:10.480
145
00:10:10.919 --> 00:10:17.080
146
00:10:17.480 --> 00:10:25.960
147
00:10:26.759 --> 00:10:31.799
148
00:10:31.960 --> 00:10:35.679
149
00:10:35.720 --> 00:10:39.600
150
00:10:39.639 --> 00:10:42.440
151
00:10:42.519 --> 00:10:45.519
152
00:10:45.519 --> 00:10:49.799
153
00:10:49.840 --> 00:10:53.759
154
00:10:53.840 --> 00:11:00.120
155
00:11:00.159 --> 00:11:03.879
156
00:11:03.960 --> 00:11:08.000
157
00:11:08.200 --> 00:11:11.440
158
00:11:12.279 --> 00:11:14.799
159
00:11:14.799 --> 00:11:18.080
160
00:11:18.120 --> 00:11:22.919
161
00:11:23.360 --> 00:11:27.960
162
00:11:28.000 --> 00:11:32.879
163
00:11:32.919 --> 00:11:37.799
164
00:11:38.759 --> 00:11:41.399
165
00:11:41.440 --> 00:11:45.840
166
00:11:45.879 --> 00:11:48.879
167
00:11:48.919 --> 00:11:52.399
168
00:11:52.679 --> 00:11:55.879
169
00:11:55.960 --> 00:11:59.720
170
00:12:00.320 --> 00:12:07.039
171
00:12:07.759 --> 00:12:12.759
172
00:12:12.840 --> 00:12:16.799
173
00:12:16.840 --> 00:12:23.039
174
00:12:23.440 --> 00:12:26.240
175
00:12:26.279 --> 00:12:29.440
176
00:12:29.480 --> 00:12:32.720
177
00:12:33.879 --> 00:12:41.360
178
00:12:41.879 --> 00:12:47.200
179
00:12:47.279 --> 00:12:52.279
180
00:12:52.720 --> 00:12:57.399
181
00:12:57.440 --> 00:13:00.279
182
00:13:00.279 --> 00:13:04.039
183
00:13:04.080 --> 00:13:10.840
184
00:13:11.080 --> 00:13:14.279
185
00:13:14.320 --> 00:13:19.600
186
00:13:19.639 --> 00:13:23.039
187
00:13:23.440 --> 00:13:27.960
188
00:13:28.039 --> 00:13:31.840
189
00:13:31.919 --> 00:13:37.720
190
00:13:39.080 --> 00:13:42.240
191
00:13:42.279 --> 00:13:45.639
192
00:13:45.720 --> 00:13:51.840
193
00:13:51.879 --> 00:13:56.480
194
00:13:56.720 --> 00:13:59.440
195
00:13:59.559 --> 00:14:06.399
196
00:14:06.919 --> 00:14:12.480
197
00:14:12.600 --> 00:14:16.799
198
00:14:16.919 --> 00:14:20.919
199
00:14:21.000 --> 00:14:24.759
200
00:14:25.000 --> 00:14:28.879
201
00:14:28.879 --> 00:14:31.559
202
00:14:32.960 --> 00:14:38.159
203
00:14:38.159 --> 00:14:42.600
204
00:14:44.000 --> 00:14:47.799
205
00:14:47.840 --> 00:14:49.720
206
00:14:49.799 --> 00:14:54.320
207
00:14:54.360 --> 00:14:56.600
208
00:14:56.639 --> 00:15:02.039
209
00:15:02.840 --> 00:15:05.840
210
00:15:06.080 --> 00:15:09.840
211
00:15:09.879 --> 00:15:13.639
212
00:15:13.720 --> 00:15:16.799
213
00:15:16.919 --> 00:15:19.200
214
00:15:20.200 --> 00:15:24.759
215
00:15:24.960 --> 00:15:26.360
216
00:15:27.200 --> 00:15:29.240
217
00:15:29.360 --> 00:15:33.039
218
00:15:33.080 --> 00:15:36.120
219
00:15:36.360 --> 00:15:38.960
220
00:15:39.000 --> 00:15:42.440
221
00:15:42.480 --> 00:15:46.519
222
00:15:46.559 --> 00:15:52.240
223
00:15:53.120 --> 00:15:57.399
224
00:15:57.480 --> 00:16:01.480
225
00:16:01.519 --> 00:16:08.159
226
00:16:08.200 --> 00:16:11.799
227
00:16:11.799 --> 00:16:14.600
228
00:16:14.639 --> 00:16:18.480
229
00:16:18.559 --> 00:16:21.799
230
00:16:21.840 --> 00:16:25.000
231
00:16:25.039 --> 00:16:29.840
232
00:16:29.879 --> 00:16:32.600
233
00:16:32.639 --> 00:16:34.759
234
00:16:34.799 --> 00:16:40.240
235
00:16:40.279 --> 00:16:43.559
236
00:16:43.559 --> 00:16:46.519
237
00:16:47.039 --> 00:16:50.559
238
00:16:50.720 --> 00:16:53.480
239
00:16:53.519 --> 00:17:00.279
240
00:17:00.399 --> 00:17:03.039
241
00:17:03.120 --> 00:17:07.119
242
00:17:07.200 --> 00:17:11.160