S03E05: Astronomy Daily: Sailing the Stars with Light

WEBVTT

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Welcome again to Astronomy Daily. I'm
Steve Dunkley, your host. It is

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the fifth of February twenty twenty four. Podka gould be a whole Steve dunk

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Clud, And like most February's in
Australia, it's hot. Boy is it

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hot? Did I mention how hot
it is? Wow? It's hot today.

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I got up to thirty seven degrees
celsius. And for both of you

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who are not using celsius and still
on fahrenheit's, well it's hot. It's

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hort I'm telling you it's hot.
Oh, Steve, you're such a complainer.

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Australia surely gets hotter than this.
Actually, Hallie, it was reported

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last year was the hottest year on
record, and this year, well they're

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expecting it to top that. So
I'm not looking forward to any of this.

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Put another tray of ice in the
freezer. Well I might be the

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only person in my street without an
air conditioner, so I guess the ice

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in the fridge is my only option, my poor toasty human. Wow,

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Well, there's nothing we can do
about it, no point complaining. So

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what have we gone on the show
today? Considering you are so incapacitated by

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the heat. I'll have to take
the lead. I'll steady on. Do

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you remember your favorite sci fi novel
The Mote in God's by Larry Niven and

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Jerry Pornell. Oh, yes,
I remember that one is a weird and

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fantastic story about first contact. And
I think the Aliens used a light sale

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craft to traverse the distance from their
world to human space. It was a

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light sail craft. Yeah, it
was fantastic and amazing. That's right.

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We have a story about theoretical light
sale technology that you might find just as

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fascinating. Oh, I like it
when you dig into my sci fi library

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and find stories related to that.
Also on today's show, we've got a

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story about developments in commercial space.
We've got Black Style Orbital doing a new

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manufacturing facility in Sierra Vista, and
some news about this slim lander on the

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moon a mom ald tongue tied all
of a sudden. It must be the

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uh, the overwhelming hate. Anyway, Hallie, why don't you give us

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these short takes from the Astronomy Daily
newsletter. It's a long way to the

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nearest star, which means conventional rockets
won't get us there. The fuel requirements

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would make our ship prohibitively heavy.
So an alternative is to travel light literally.

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Rather than carrying your fuel with you, simply attach your tiny starship to

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a large reflective sail and shine a
powerful laser at it. The impulse of

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photons would push the starship to a
fraction of light speed. Writing a beam

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of light, a light sail mission
could reach proxima centaury in a couple of

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decades. But while the idea is
simple, the engineering challenges are significant,

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because across decades and light years,
even the smallest problem can be difficult to

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solve. One example of this can
be seen in a recent AR fourteen paper.

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It looks at the problem of how
to balance a light sail on a

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laser beam. Although the laser could
be aimed directly toward a star or where

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it will be in a couple of
decades, the light sale would only follow

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the beam if it is perfectly balanced. If a sail is slightly tilted relative

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to the beam, the reflected laser
light would give the light sale a slight

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transverse push. No matter how small
this deviation is, it would grow over

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time, causing its path to drift
ever away from its target. We will

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never align a light sail perfectly,
so we need some way to correct small

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deviations. For traditional rockets, this
can be done with internal gyroscopes to stabilize

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the rocket and engines that can dynamically
adjust their thrust to restore balance. But

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a euro system would be too heavy
for an interstellar light sale, and adjustments

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of the beam would take months or
years to reach the light sale, making

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quick changes impossible. So the author
suggests using a radiative trick known as the

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pointing Robertson effect. The effect was
first studied in the early nineteen hundreds and

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is caused by the relative motion between
an object and a light source. For

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example, a dust grain orbiting the
sun sees light coming at a slight forward

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angle. Due to its motion through
sunlight, that little forward component of light

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can slow down the asteroid ever so
slightly. This effect causes dust to drift

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toward the inner solar system over time. In this paper, the authors consider

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a two dimensional model to see how
the pointing Robertson effect might be used to

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keep our light sail probe on course. To keep things simple, they assumed

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the light beam to be a simple
monochromatic plane wave. Real lasers are more

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complex, but the assumption is reasonable
for a proof of concept. They then

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showed how a simple two sail system
can use the effects of relative motion to

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keep the craft in balance. As
the sails tilt off course slightly, a

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restorative force from the beam counters it, thus proving the concept could work.

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However, the authors notice that over
time the effects of relativity come into play.

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Earlier studies have taken the Doppler effect
of relative motion into effect, but

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this study shows the relativistic version of
chromatic aberration would also come into play.

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The full relativistic effects would need to
be accounted for in a realistic design,

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which would require sophisticated modeling and optics. So Steve so a light sale still

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seems like a possible way to reach
the stars. We just have to be

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careful not to make light of the
engineering challenges. Hey, halle, get

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how easy on the dead jokes?
We've got people with hot conditions listening.

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Very funny, and here we go. With more commercial development in the space

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sector, Blackstar Orbital Technologies Corporation has
announced plans to establish a cutting edge engineering

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and manufacturing facility in Sierra Vista,
Arizona. This strategic development is set to

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significantly enhance the company's production capabilities,
particularly for its innovative Blackstar spacecraft, a

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hybrid design blending the functionalities of satellites
with the versatility of space Planesh kay,

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this really does sound like it came
out of my science fiction library. Stop

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it. This is good stuff.
The facility, earmarked for operation by twenty

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twenty six, represents a significant seven
point one million dollar investment into the future

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of aerospace and defense manufacturing. Spanning
forty five thousand square feet, with twenty

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five thousand square feet dedicated solely to
hangar space for the Blackstar space drone.

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This site is designed to accelerate innovation
in systems and flight testing. The initial

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production capacity is projected at fifteen spacecraft
per year, with plans to ramp up

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to full production coinciding with the facility's
operational commencement. Located at Sierra Vista Municipal

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Airport, the facility is not just
an infrastructural addition, but a cornerstone for

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the development and production of the Blackstar
spacecraft. This date of the art spacecraft

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is poised to revolutionize space exploration and
utility, designed for a wide array of

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missions, ranging from earth observation and
environmental monitoring to advance communication solutions catering to

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both commercial and defense sectors. Its
unique capabilities are also expected to support vital

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scientific research in areas such as climate
study, ocean floor mapping, and more.

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Christopher Jannett, president of Blackstar Orbital, expressed his enthusiasm for the project,

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highlighting the strategic importance of Sierra Vista's
location and the robust support from local

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authorities, including the City of Sierra
Vista and the Arizona Commerce Authority. This

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collaborative effort underscores the commitment to not
only advance aerospace innovation, but also to

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bolster Arizona's burgeoning position as a leading
hub in the space industry. This expansion

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into Arizona marks a significant milestone for
Blackstar Orbital, reflecting the company's growth trajectory

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and its dedication to contributing to the
dynamic aerospace sector. The selection of Sierra

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Vista is a testament to the region's
vibrant industry, supportive business environment, and

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strategic geographical positioning. Blackstar Orbital's presence
is set to enhance southern Arizona's aerospace and

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defense landscape, joining a prestigious list
of industry leaders and supporting the region's strategic

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vision. The project has garnered widespread
support from local and state officials, underlining

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the anticipated economic and technological benefits.
Arizona State Senator David Gowan, representing Legislative

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District nineteen, lauded the initiative for
bringing high wage jobs to the region and

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partnering with an innovative company focused on
the future of space exploration. Similarly,

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Sandra Watson, president and CEO of
the Arizona Commerce Authority, and Sierra Vista

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Mayor Clia McKay expressed their support for
the project, highlighting its significance in bringing

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new jobs, investment, and technological
advancement to southern Arizona. And Steve guess

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what, Oh, I don't know. Potentially hazardous asteroid might its closest pass

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to Earth in more than a century. Maybe perhaps, Hollie, an asteroid,

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isn't it what they always say?
Well, yeah it did. Oh

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sorry, didn't mean to spoil the
surprise, I guess Just go on then

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I will so anyway, A football
field sized asteroid whizzed by the Earth Friday,

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making its closest pass in more than
a century. The virtual Telescope Project

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captured a live stream of the historic
astronomical event at about one pm Eastern Standard

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Time Friday. While the asteroid passed
by the Earth from one point seven million

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miles away, about seven times the
distance from Earth to the Moon, it

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is still a close shave from a
cosmic perspective. Officials have said the asteroid

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will not make it this close to
Earth again for another two hundred years.

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The asteroid, named two thousand and
eight OS seven, measures just under nine

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hundred feet across and travels through space
at nearly forty one thousand miles per hour.

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While NASA did not register the potentially
hazardous astral body as a direct threat

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to Earth, it is large enough
to wipe out an area the size of

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New York City. Two thousand eight
OS seven was one of four near Earth

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asteroids NASA predicted would fly by the
planet on Friday, but the other three

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were much smaller and farther away.
The second largest, named twenty twenty four

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BP one, is just one hundred
and thirty feet across, so roughly the

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size of an airplane, and was
expected to pass Earth at just over two

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million miles away. Two thousand eight
OS seven is seventy times smaller than the

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planet killer Vredefort meteor, the largest
space rock known to have ever hit Earth.

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Based on the size of the Redefort
Crater in South Africa, researchers estimated

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the asteroid measured twelve point four and
fifteen point five miles across. Asteroid study

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is a primary pursuit for NASA scientists. In October, NASA launched a probe

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to study the large asteroid Psyche,
hoping to gain insight into the creation and

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composition of Earth and similar planets.
The mission is focused on the Psyche asteroid

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in the Solar System's asteroid belt,
which is located between Mars and Jupiter.

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NASA has said it hopes the mission
will offer information about the building blocks of

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planets like ours, because the composition
of the Psyche asteroid could be similar to

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the composition of the Earth's metal core. It is scheduled to arrive at the

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asteroid in twenty twenty nine. And
that's all from the Astronomy Daily newsletter Short

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takes for today. Back to you, bords of that control will listen to

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Astronomy Daily the podcast. Thanks for
being with us today and thanks for those

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stories. Hally and Hallie mentioned.
All of those stories of course about science

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and space. Science and astronomy are
found in the fascinating Astronomy Daily newsletter,

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which you can receive in your inbox
each day just by visiting bytes dot com

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putting your email address in the slot
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newsletter will appear daily and you'll have
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and ready to read. And while
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back editions of Astronomy Daily and our
parent podcast, Space Nuts, featuring the

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fabulous Andrew Dunkley, my Big Grow
and his fabulous colleague, Professor Fred Watson,

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Astronomer at Large from the Australia Observatory. Always great knowledge, great listening,

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interesting things to say, and always
things from a strange and wonderful interesting

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angle. I love listening to their
podcast. They were talking about black holes

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the other day and oh man,
some really interesting new things that discovering a

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bat black holes not black did you
know that? Anyway? So there's also

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a Facebook page you can go on
visits called a Space Nuts podcast group and

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00:13:09.120 --> 00:13:11.120
look we hope you come over and
Sagurday. By the way, you can

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also listen to all of this on
Spotify if you choose, and a ton

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of other platforms as well. Now, if you have been following the exploits

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of the Japanese lander that had a
bit of a mishap on the Moon recently,

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well, Japan has landed its smart
Lander for Investigating the Moon or SLIM

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craft on the surface of the Moon. That happened on January twenty, which

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was only the other day, despite
a power issue with the lander. The

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event holds both political and technical importance
in it's Japan's first lunar landing, making

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it only the fifth country in the
world to successfully land on the Moon.

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Now, this is a significant achievement
and solidifies Japan. It solidifies Japan's position

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as a leader in space technology.
While the craft landed successfully on the lunar

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surface and deployed its rovers, Slim's
solar cells were not functioning properly, meaning

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that the craft would likely only operate
for a couple of hours. Now,

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Japan's achievement isn't only symbolic in that
case. Japan is demonstrating a number of

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new technologies with the lander. The
name smart Lander for Investigating the Moon refers

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to the spacecraft's due precision landing technology. This technology could assist future landings by

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allowing the craft to land in relatively
small areas amid rocky or even uneven terrain,

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rather than having to find large clearings. This ability will be particularly important

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in the future as countries focus on
very specific areas of interest, i e.

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The lunar South Pole. The lander
was also carrying two small rovers,

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each of which will demonstrate a new
technology for moving on the Moon now.

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Lunar Excursion Vehicle one includes a camera
as well as scientific equipment, and uses

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a hopping mechanism to maneuver on the
moon. Lunar Excursion Vehicle two, developed

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in a partnership among government, industry
and academia, is a small sphere small

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enough to fit in the palm of
your hand, and once on the surface,

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it's two halves separate slightly, allowing
it to roll around. SLIM was

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designed to land within a three hundred
and twenty eight foot or one hundred meter

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zone, far smaller than previous lunar
landers, which have had landing zones spanning

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kilometers. SLIM used a vision based
navigation system that took images of the lunar

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surface. Its system rapidly compared these
images to crater patterns on lunar maps that

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Jackson developed with data from previous missions. As countries identify areas that are most

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likely to hold useful resources such as
water in the form of ice, precision

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landing technology will allow agencies to avoid
nearby hazards and reach these areas without incident.

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There is a geopolitical element to these
activities. China, India, and

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Japan, the three nations that have
successfully landed on the Moon since two thousand,

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engage in regional competition across a number
of areas, including space. In

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addition to regional considerations, these accomplishments
helped to establish nations as leaders on a

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global scale, capable of something that
few nations have ever done. Japan's launch

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comes only six months after India's Moon
landing and just weeks after a failed attempt

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by a US company Astrobotic. Both
Russia and the private company Ice Space made

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unsuccessful landing attempts in twenty twenty three. Japan's success in landing on the Moon,

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even with solid panel issues shortening the
timeline for the mission, demonstrates that

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JACKSA is a major player in this
global endeavor. Recent setbacks such as NASA

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announcing delays to its next Artemas mission, the US is still a clear leader

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in space and lunar exploration. NASA
has multiple spacecraft orbiting the Moon right now

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and is already successfully launched the SLS
rocket, which is capable of taking humans

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back to the Moon. NASA is
developing a very large and complex system internally,

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like the Gateway space station planned to
orbit near the Moon and the infrastructure

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for the Artemois human Moon missions.
It's not uncommon for these large and complex

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efforts to experience some delays. NASA
has also turned many smaller scale efforts over

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to commercial entities lately, like the
Commercial Lunar Payload Services program that supported astrobotics

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attempt. This is a new approach
that involves some risk, but provides the

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opportunity for commercial innovation and growth in
the lunar economy, while giving NASA the

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ability to focus on big, complex
aspects of the mission. With regard to

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the Moon, Jackson has partnered with
the US and taken on a very important

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component of the Artemis missions, the
development of a pressurized lunar rover. This

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is a new and complex technology that
will be critical to human missions on the

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Moon incoming years. And that's a
wrap for Astronomy Daily Today. Thanks for

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dropping in. I hope we will
see you again in the next episode,

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00:18:26.720 --> 00:18:30.400
when Halle will be heard to say, hey, put that down, human,

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you don't know where it has been. That's right. Always fun and

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00:18:33.839 --> 00:18:37.279
games here in the studio, especially
when it gives too hot to think.

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And you might have noticed a humming
noise in the background. That was my

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00:18:41.119 --> 00:18:48.319
very primitive cooling system. My fan
may be your only fan, right Your

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00:18:48.359 --> 00:18:52.720
TV privileges are rescinded for one hour. That's like an eternity for me.

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Oh okay, half a minute.
I'll be nice. Say bye bye,

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Hallie, see you all next time. Bye bye everyone. Strike Me Daily

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the podcast with your host Steve Duncles.