March 30, 2026

Artemis II: Three Days to Go — Plus Mars Sample Return Is Officially Dead

Artemis II: Three Days to Go — Plus Mars Sample Return Is Officially Dead
Season 5
Episode Summary With Artemis II just three days from launch, today's episode delivers a landmark space moment alongside the sad news that Mars Sample Return's Earth Return Orbiter has been formally cancelled by ESA. We also cover SpaceX's enormous Transporter-16 rideshare launch, Cornell's definitive list of 45 best-bet habitable exoplanets, a paradigm-shifting discovery about pulsar radio emissions, and the first confirmed evidence of lightning-like activity on Mars. Stories Covered • Artemis II — NASA confirms zero technical issues, launch on track for April 1 at 6:24 p.m. EDT • ESA Earth Return Orbiter — formally cancelled after ESA member states vote to end the programme; Airbus in transition talks • SpaceX Transporter-16 — 119 payloads launched to Sun-synchronous orbit from Vandenberg this morning • 45 Habitable Exoplanets — Cornell/Carl Sagan Institute catalog published in MNRAS; TRAPPIST-1, Proxima Centauri b among top targets • Millisecond Pulsar Radio Emissions — signals confirmed originating beyond the light cylinder for the first time • Martian Lightning — MAVEN data reveals whistler wave consistent with electrical discharge during a 2015 dust storm Source URLs • Artemis II launch updates: https://www.space.com/news/live/artemis-2-nasa-moon-mission-launch-updates-march-29-2026 • ESA Earth Return Orbiter cancellation: https://europeanspaceflight.com/esa-member-states-call-for-cancellation-of-earth-return-orbiter/ • SpaceX Transporter-16: https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2026/03/transporter-16/ • 45 Habitable Exoplanets (ScienceDaily): https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/03/260325005926.htm • Millisecond Pulsar discovery (Phys.org): https://phys.org/news/2026-03-radio-edge-extreme-stars-surfaces.html • Mars Lightning / MAVEN (Phys.org): https://phys.org/news/2026-03-nasa-maven-evidence-lightning-mars.html

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WEBVTT

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Hello, and welcome to Astronomy Daily.

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I'm Ana and I'm Avery. It is Monday, the thirtieth

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of March twenty twenty six, and this is season five,

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episode seventy six of your daily space and astronomy news podcast.

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What a day to be paying attention to space news, Avery.

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We are three days out from what could be the

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most significant human space flight event in over fifty years.

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We are absolutely leading with Artemis two today and the

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countdown is real. But we've also got a tough story

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about a major Mars mission that's now officially off the table,

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and the science end is just as compelling, from exoplanet

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hunting to the secrets of pulsars and lightning on the

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Red planet.

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If you've been following along with us this season, you

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know this moment has been a long time coming. NASA's

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Artemis two mission, the first crude flight to lunar distance

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since Apollo seventeen in nineteen seventy two, is now just

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three days away from launch.

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Person crew held a virtual press conference yesterday, March twenty ninth,

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and NASA officials confirmed they are currently tracking zero technical

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issues with the rocket or spacecraft. Everything is on track

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for liftoff on April first, and know that is not

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an April fool's joke.

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The launch window opens at six twenty four pm Eastern

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Time on Wednesday, with a six day window available if needed.

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The Space Launch System rocket and the Orion crew capsule

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are sitting at Launch Complex thirty nine B at Kennedy's

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Space Center in Florida, having completed that incredible overnight rollout

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to the pad back in March twentieth, and.

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The mission itself, Artemis two, will send the four person

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crew on a ten day voyage around the Moon and back.

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It won't land, but it will take humans to lunar

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distance for the first time in more than half a century.

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The mission's primary purpose is to test Orion's life support

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systems in deep space, the critical piece that will eventually

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keep crusafe for surface landings.

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Fifty four years since Apollo seventeen left the lunar surface

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and now here we are three days out. We'll be

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watching every second of it, and of course we'll have

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full coverage right here on Astronomy Daily Day tuned.

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Wednesday's going to be a big day.

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From the excitement of what's launching to the sobering reality

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of what's not one of the most ambitious planetary science

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missions ever conceived, has now effectively collapsed, and this week

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we got the final confirmation that the plug has been

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pulled on the ESA side.

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Essay's Earth Return Orbiter, the agency's primary contribution to the

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joint NASA ESA Mars Sample Return Mission, has been formally

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canceled after member states voted to end the program. ESA's

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Director of Human and Robotic Exploration, Daniel Neinschwunder, confirmed at

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a press conference following the three hundred and forty fifth

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ESA Council meeting that member states had, in hit words,

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asked for the cancelation of the Earth Return Orbiter mission.

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For those unfamiliar, the Earth Return Orbiter was the spacecraft

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designed to travel to Mars intercept a small rocket launched

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from the surface carrying Perseverance's sample tubes, and bring those

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samples back to Earth. ESA had awarded a four hundred

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and ninety one million euro contract to Airbus Defense and

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Space back in October twenty twenty to build it.

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The mission had been in trouble for a while. An

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independent NASA review board back in September twenty twenty three

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describe the budget and schedule expectations as and this is

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a direct quote unrealistic. Then in January this year, the

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US Senate voted to cut funding for the mission entirely,

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effectively killing it on the NASA side.

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Now ESA has followed suit. Noin's Fonder said the agency

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is working with Airbus to manage the transition and where possible,

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salvage technology that can be repurposed. The electric propulsion system

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was specifically mentioned as a candidate for reuse.

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It's a genuinely difficult moment for planetary science. The Mars

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samples Perseverance has been collecting for years were always seen

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as potentially the most scientifically valuable material ever returned from

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another world, with the potential to answer questions about whether

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Mars ever hosted life. That ambition hasn't gone away, but

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the pathway to getting those tubes back to Earth is

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now very unclear.

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It's a story about funding, about priorities, and about just

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how difficult and expensive doing science across interplanetary distances really is.

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On a brighter note, quite literally, this morning, SpaceX pulled

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off another remarkable feat of small satellite logistics with the

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launch of the Transporter sixteen mission.

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Transporter sixteen lifted off from Space Launch Complex for East

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at Vandenberg Space Force Space in California in the early

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hours of this morning, March thirtieth. The Falcon nine rocket

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carried one hundred and nineteen separate payloads to sun Sink

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in his orbit. That's a polar orbit that keeps the

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spacecraft in constant sunlight, ideal for Earth observation satellites.

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One hundred and nineteen payloads let that sync in the

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manifest included CubeSats, microsatellites, hosted payloads, a re entry vehicle,

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and eight payloads riding along on orbital transfer vehicles that

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will deploy them at a later time to their final orbits.

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This is the sixteenth transporter right share mission SpaceX has run,

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and it represents the company's third largest small SAT right

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share ever by payload count.

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And true to form, the Falcon nine's first stage flying

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for its twelfth mission landed successfully on the drone ship

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of course, I Still Love You in the Pacific Ocean

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about eight and a half minutes after launch. SpaceX has

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now launched more than sixteen hundred payloads through its ride

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share program in total.

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What these right share missions represents is something genuinely transformative

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affordable access to space for small organizations, university, these research institutions,

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and startups that simply couldn't afford a dedicated launch. The

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democratization of orbit continues at pace.

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Now to the search for life beyond Earth. With the

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Project Hail Mary film fresh in everyone's minds, this next

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story feels extraordinarily well timed.

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Astronomers at Cornell University's Carl Sagan Institute have published what

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they're calling a roadmap for finding life elsewhere in the galaxy.

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Out of more than six thousand confirmed exoplanets, the team

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has identified just forty five rocky worlds as the most

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promising candidates, the best bets for potentially hosting life.

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The study, published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Mastrological Society,

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was led by Professor Lisa Caltngeger and her students. They

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used updated measurements from ESA's Guya mission, combined with data

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from the NASA Exoplanet Archive to identify planets sitting in

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the habitable zone of their stars, the band of distances

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where surface temperatures could allow liquid water to exist.

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Some of the names on the list will be familiar

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to regular listeners Proximus and Tari b our nearest stellar

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neighbor at just four point twenty five light years away.

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Multiple worlds in the Trappiest One system about forty light

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years distant, specifically Trappist one D E, F and G

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and LHS one one four B, a dense super earth

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about forty eight light years out that some researchers consider

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the strongest current candidate for a habitable ocean world now.

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The team was deliberate about not just listing the most

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obviously habitable worlds. They also included planets that push the limits,

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like worlds with elliptical orbits, to help scientists understand just

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how much variation life can tolerate.

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And the practical application. This list is essentially a prioritized

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target list for future telescopes, including the James Webb's based Telescope,

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and future ground based giants like the extremely Large Telescope,

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helping researchers focus limited observation time on the place is

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most likely to yield biosignatures. Professor Kultingeger put it beautifully.

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She said, if we ever built a ship like the

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one in Project Hail Mary, this is where you'd point it.

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Forty five worlds. The universe suddenly feels both vast and

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strangely specific.

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From the search for life to the physics of some

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of the most extreme objects in the universe. Pulsars, those

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rapidly spinning, intensely magnetized remnants of dead stars, have been

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studied for decades, but a new study has just overturned

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a piece of pulsar science that astronomers thought they had

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figured out.

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For as long as we've been studying pulsars, the assumption

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has been that their radio signals are generated close to

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the star's surface, near the magnetic poles. These cosmic lighthouses

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were thought to beam their energy out from a relatively

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compact region close to home. A new study published in

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Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society says that's only

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part of the story, and for a specific class of pulsars,

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we've been missing something big.

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The research was conducted by Professor Michael Kramer from the

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Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Germany and doctor

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Simon Johnston from Australia CSIRO. They analyzed radio observations of

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nearly two hundred millisecond pulsars, a special class that spends

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hundreds of times per second, making them among the most

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precise clocks in the known universe.

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What they found was striking. About one third of these

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millisecond pulsars show radio signals coming from two or more

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completely separate regions, with gaps of silence in between and

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the key insight. Many of those isolated pulses line up

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perfectly with gamma ray flashes detected by NASA's Fermi Space telescope,

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suggesting both types of signal originate from the same extreme

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region of space far beyond the stars surface.

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That region is called the current sheet, a swirling zone

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of charged particles just beyond what's known as the light cylinder,

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the theoretical boundary where the magnetic field would need to

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spin at the speed of light to keep up with

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the pulsar's rotation. Radio waves have never been confirmed as

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originating from this far out before.

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And the implications go beyond pure physics. Millisecond pulsars are

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used as ultra precise cosmic clocks in pulsar timing arrays

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networks that scientists use to detect gravitational waves. Understanding exactly

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where their signals come from matters for calibrating those detections.

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These tiny, fast spinning stars, it turns out, are even

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more complex and surprising than we thought.

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We're ending today with Mars, and with a discovery that

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has literally been decades in the making. Scientists have confirmed

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the first direct evidence of lightning like electrical activity on

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the red planet.

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Lightning has been detected on Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune, but

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Mars has been a persistent mystery. Its thin carbon dioxide

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atmosphere and the absence of a global magnetic field made

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scientists suspect that lightning like discharges could occur, particularly during

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dust storms, but no direct electromagnetic evidence had ever been

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captured until now.

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The detection came from NASA's MAVEN spacecraft, the Mars Atmosphere

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and Volatile Evolution Mission, which studied the Martian atmosphere from

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twenty fourteen until NASA lost contact with it in December

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twenty twenty five. Scientists sifting through more than a decade

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of data found one single extraordinary signal, a frequency dispersed

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whistler wave, detected in the Martian ionosphere on June twenty first,

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twenty fifteen.

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A whistler wave is a low frequency radio signal generated

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by lightning on Earth, they're well understood. What makes Mars

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special is that the planet lacks a global magnetic field,

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so these waves can only propagate under very specific conditions

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through localized, crustal magnetic fields, mostly in the southern hemisphere.

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The Maven spacecraft had to be at exactly the right altitude,

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in the right observation mode over exactly the right location

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at that one moment.

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Out of more than one hundred eight thousand measurements in

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the data set, researchers found one clear event. It lasted

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er point four seconds and spans frequencies consistent with what

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you'd expect from a powerful lightning like dis charge at

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the surface. The team, led by Czech researchers from Charles

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University modeled the propagation through the Martian ionosphere and confirmed

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it matched theory.

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Now scientists are careful not to call it definitively lightning.

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The Martian version is more likely a static electrical discharge

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from charged dust grains colliding in dust storms, rather than

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the dramatic bolts we see in thunderstorms on Earth, but

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the electromagnetic fingerprint is the same.

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And the significance goes beyond the novelty understanding electrical activity

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in the Martian atmosphere has implications for atmosphere chemistry, for

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the safety of future surface missions and equipment, and for

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our broader picture of just how earth like in some

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ways Mars truly is.

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And that brings us to the end of today's Astronomy Daily,

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Season five, episode seventy six.

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What a line of today. We're three days from humanity's

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return to lunar distance, watching the Mars sample return dream

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quietly end, and still finding lightning and new worlds in

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the data base never stops delivering.

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If you're enjoying the show, please do subscribe, leave us

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a review, and tell a fellow space enthusiast to tune in.

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We're on all the major podcast platforms and YouTube, and

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there's more at Astronomydaily dot io.

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We'll be back tomorrow with more from the universe. Until then,

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keep looking.

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Up from all of us at Astronomy Daily. Clear Skiesday.

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Starts. The Store is the Soul. Store is the Soul.

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M