May 8, 2026

Venus's Hazy Secrets, Planetary Collision Insights, and Lunar Gateway Corrosion Concerns

Venus's Hazy Secrets, Planetary Collision Insights, and Lunar Gateway Corrosion Concerns
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Season 29
SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 55 *Scientists finally discover the cause of Venus’s enigmatic lower haze Astronomers have finally determined Cosmic dust as the source of a mysterious lower atmosphere haze that blankets the planet Venus. *Discovery of two worlds colliding Astronomers have found evidence of two planet colliding in a distant star system 11 thousand light years away. *The Lunar Gateway space station modules are rusting away NASA has confirmed that two of the habitation modules being built for the now postponed Lunar Gateway space station project are suffering corrosion problems. *May Skywatch We explore the constellation Scorpius, the spectacular M6 and M7 open star clusters and the Eta-Aquarids meteor shower produced by Halley’s Comet in the May edition of Skywatch. Our Guests This Week: Alex Zaharov-Reutt from techadvice.life Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics And Senior Science writer and Sky and Telescope magazine contributor Jonathan Nally 🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn . The discounts and bonuses are incredible! And it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌ If you’d like to support the podcast and gain access to bonus content by becoming a SpaceTime crew member, you can do just that through premium versions on Patreon, Spotify and Apple Podcasts. Details on the Support page on our website https://www.bitesz.com/show/spacetime/support/

The Astronomy, Space, Technology & Science News Podcast.

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This is Spacetime Series twenty nine, episode fifty five, for

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broadcast on the eighth of May twenty twenty six. Coming

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up on Spacetime, Scientists finally determined the cause of Venus'

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enigmatic lower haze, discovery of two worlds colliding, and confirmation

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that the Lunar Gateway space station modules are resting. All

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that and more coming up on Spacetime.

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Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary.

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Astronomers have finally determined that cosmic dust is the source

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of a mysterious lower atmospheric case that blankets the planet Venus.

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Venus is often called Earth's sister planet. Both are about

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the same size and were formed in the same part

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of the Solar System under similar conditions and using the

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same basic materials. But if Venus is a sister planet,

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then it's a twisted sister. With surface pressures one hundred

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times that of sea level on Earth and surface temperatures

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of over four hundred and sixty degrees celsius hot enough

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to melt lead, Venus is shrouded by dense sulfuric acid clouds.

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It does rain on Venus, but instead of water, it's

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acid rain, and it even snows on Venusian mountains, but

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the snur is metallic. Even stranger, Venus rotates backwards compared

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to most of the other planets in our Solar System,

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with the sun rising in the west and setting in

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the east, and it's spins so slowly that a day

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on Venus lasts longer than its year. While the planet's

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main cloud cover sits between forty seven and seventy kilometers

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above the surface, scientists have long been puzzled by a

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mysterious layer of particles below forty seven kilometers, which they

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call the Lower Haze, first detected by spacecraft back in

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the nineties in seventies, the origin of this haze has

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remained an unexplained mystery for more than half a century,

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but now astronomers think they finally solve the mystery, showing

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that this lower haze is formed by cosmic dust, tiny

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particles left behind by meteoroids which are constantly raining down

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on Venus. One of the studies authors, Hiroki Cayu, from

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the Royal Belgian Institute of Aeronomy, says, while the cosmic

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dust might seem insignificant, it turns out to be the

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missing ingredient needed to explain Venus's lower haze. The findings

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reported in the journal Nature of Astronomy based on computer

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simulations which were used to trace the life cycle of

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these particles, finding that incoming cosmic dust burns up high

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in the atmosphere, producing nanometer size mineral grains. These particles

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then become embedded within Venus's sulfuric acid clouds. As they

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drift downwards towards hotter and harder atmospheric temperatures, the sulfuric

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acid evaporates, leaving by behind solid mineral cause. These cares

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then collide and stick together, forming the haze layer observed

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by past missions. The computer model results closely match measurements

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collected decades ago, lending strong support to the author's conclusions.

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Kau and colleagues also found that these cosmic particles play

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an important role in Venus's climate, acting as seeds for

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cloud formation. They increase cloud production by an estimated twenty

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to thirty percent. These findings show that material from space

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isn't just a passive visitor, but can actively shape a

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planet's atmosphere and climate. The study reshapes our scientists think

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about planetary atmospheres, suggesting that similar process may be occurring

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on the gas giants like Jupiter and Satin. The authors

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now helped to test their predictions with future missions, including

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NASA's Da Vinci mission to Venus, which is slated for

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launch later this decade. This is space time still to come.

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Discovery of two worlds lighting and confirmation that the Lunar

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Gateway space station modules are rusting away. All that and

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more still to calm on space time. Astronomers have found

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evidence of two planets colliding in the Distant Star system.

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The discovery reported in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, based on

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observations of a stable main sequence sun like star cataloged

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as guy At twenty EHK, located some eleven thousand light

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years away in the constellation Pappas. The studies lead author,

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Andy Sanadakas from the University of Washington, was coming through

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archival telescope data when he found the otherwise boarding star

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acting rather strangely. It seems the star's a light output

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was nice and flat for a while, but studying in

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around twenty sixteen, it began showing a series of dips

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in brightness. Santadakas says it then went completely bonkers. In

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twenty twenty one, Now, the cause of the flickering had

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nothing to do with the star itself. It seems huge

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quantities of rocks and dust, seemingly out of nowhere, were

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passing in front of the star as the material orbited

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in the system, dimming the light before it reached the Earth. Now,

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the likely source of all this debris was even more remarkable,

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a catastrophic collision between two orbiting planets. Santa Darkas says, amazingly,

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several different telescopes caught the impact in real time, and

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that's significant because there are only a few planet or

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collisions of any kind on record, and none best so

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many similarities to the impact which created the Earth and Moon.

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Some four point five billion years ago, a marsized planet

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which cite is called Thea, slammed into the early proto Earth.

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The impact turned both worlds into a moon magma ocean.

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That ball of molted material eventually solidified to form the

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planet Earth we know today, and some of the ejected

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debris from that impact, which had been sented to orbit

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around the planet, eventually coalesced to form the Moon. Sanadaka says,

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if we can observe more moments like this elsewhere in

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the galaxy, it'll teach astronomers a lot about the formation

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of our own planet. We know planets forming protoplanetary disks

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around stars, gravity forces, dars, gas, ice, and rocky debris

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together a process called accretion. But early star systems are

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chaotic places, with planets routinely colliding and breaking apart or

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being flung out of their orbits through gravitational perturbations from

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other planets. Through this process and over maybe one hundred

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million years or so, planetary systems like ours eventually winner

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their planets down and settle into an equilibrium. As common

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as these collisions probably are, observing one in the distant

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Solar system requires a lot of patients, and even more,

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like you see, the orbits of the planets must put

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them in direct alignment between us and the star. That's

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so we can actually see the resulting debris obscuring some

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of the stars light and the telltale flicker can then

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take years to play out. Astronomers are a patient lot. Sanadaka,

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says Guy A twenty EHK strange behavior was perplexing, and

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sa he and colleagues looked for infrared observations rather than

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just visible light, and the infrared curve was completely the

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opposite of what the visible light curve was showing. As

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the visible light began to flicker and dim, the infrared

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light spiked, it got brighter, and that suggested the material

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blocking the stars light must have been hot, so hot,

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in fact, it was glowing in the infrared. And of course,

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a cataclysmic collision between planets would certainly produce enough heat

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to explain that infrared signature, and the right kind of

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collision would also explain the initial dips in light you

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see that would be caused are two planets spiraling closer

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and closer to each other before they eventually collided. Sanadakas

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says that at first they simply had a series of

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grazing impacts that wouldn't produce a lot of infrared energy.

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Then came the final catastrophic collision, and he says the

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infrared really ramped up. He says there are also other

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aspects which resembled the one which created the Earth Moon system.

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The dust cloud orbiting guy twenty EHK is roughly one

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astronomical unit away from the host star, and that's the

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same distance the Earth is from the Sun. At that distance,

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material could eventually cool down enough to solidify into something

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similar to our own Earth Moon system. But of course

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that could take a few million more years. As I said,

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astronomers are a patient bunch. This is space time still

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to come. Confirmation that the Lunar Gateway space Station modules

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are slowly rusting away, and we explore the Constellation Scorpius,

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the spectacular six and M seven open star clusters, and

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the Eta Acrids meteor shower produced by Harley's comment In

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our May edition of SkyWatch, Nasairs confirmed that two of

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the habitation modules being built for the now postponed Lunar

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Gateway space Station project are suffering from corrosion problems. The

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admission by NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman was made during a

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congressional hearing last week. The primary contractor for the Gateway

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Habitational Logistics Outpost or HALO module, Northrope Grumman, has now

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confirmed that there is an issue, and the European Space Agency,

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which is providing Gateway's other habitation module, the IHAB, has

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also acknowledged that corrosion has been observed in its module.

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The thing is Both pressure vessel structures for these two

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modules were manufactured by the Franco Italian firm Thallisolenius Space

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now Thalisilenia initially refused to comment that. Five days after

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Issachmann's testimony, the company finally admitted that, yeah, there were problems,

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stating that a well known metallurgical behavior was found on

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the surface of the module, which will be fixed by

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the end of the third quarter of twenty twenty six.

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Now presumably well known metallurgical behavior is some sort of

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euphemism for corrosion, in other words rust. The company went

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on to say that it's also teaming up with Easy

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to fix the Eyehad module, which is still at the plant,

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and as we said, it is suffering from the same

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problem and it doesn't end there, it seems. Axiom Space,

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which is also ordered to pressurize structure for its private

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space station from Thallus, says similar issues have been identified

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with the module for its future commercial space station. Initial

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analysis points to problems with the manufacturing processes, surface treatments,

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and material properties. The corrosion issues with the modules were

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a will kept secret until Isaacman disclosed them during the hearings. Now,

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with the demise of the Lunar Gateway space station, Northrop

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Grumman has been trying to position the Halo module as

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an option for future lunar surface habitat as part of

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NASA's Moon Bay South Pole project, and Ester is likely

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to make a similar suggestion for its IHAB module. During

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his testimony, Isacman said the corrosion issues were, among other problems,

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likely to have delayed the launch of the Lunar Gateway

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space station to will beyond twenty thirty. Gateway was slated

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to be in orbit by twenty twenty eight. Isacman says

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he's not sure whether efforts to repair Halo and IHAB

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are even warranted at this point. Only time will tell

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what happens in the future. This is space time and

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time out to turn our eyes to the skies and

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check out the celestial sphere for the month of May

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on SkyWatch. May is the fifth month of the year

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in both the Julian Angagorian calendars. The month was named

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for the Greek goddess Maya, who was identified with the

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Roman era goddess of fertility Bernadia, whose festival was held

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in May. But I guess more importantly for many of

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our listeners, May typically marks the start of summer vacation

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season in the United States and Canada. Let's start out

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tour of the night skies by looking east, where you'll

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see the constellation Scorpius the Scorpion. In Greek mythology, the

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constellation was named after Scorpius, who was sent to Earth

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by the goddess KaiA in order to slay Ryan the

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Hunter after he boasted that he could kill all the

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animals on Earth. Scorpius stung a Ryin in the shoulder,

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but Orion's life was spared by Epheutius the Healer and

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was placed in the heavens along with Scorpius, who continues

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to pursue him for eternity. Orian the Hunter has become

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the hunted forever, with Scorpius rising in the east this

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time of year to triumphantly chase and defeat Orion, who

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sets in the west. Meanwhile, oh Fa Yushus, the Hero

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arises in the east, following behind Scorpius to chase and

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crush him into the earth as the Scorpion sets in

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the west, and so this ancient story continues to play

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out in the heavens year after year. Interestingly, parts of

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this story predate the Greeks, with Orion known in ancient

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Egypt as a Cyrus, the god of the underworld and

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of regeneration. The brightest star in Scorpius is Alpha Scorpio

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or Antaris, the scorpion's heart in ancient Greek, and Taris

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means the equal arrival of Mars, the god of war.

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That's because it's gold an orange appearance is very similar

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to that of the red planet, and it passes very

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close to Mars every seven hundred and eighty days, easily

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seen with the unaided eye. And Tari's is some five

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hundred and fifty light years away, but it looks so

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bright right because it's around fifty seven thousand, five hundred

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times as luminous as the Sun and is one of

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the largest known stars in the universe. And Tari's is

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a red super giant about eighteen times the mass in

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eight hundred and eighty three times the diameter of the Sun.

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Were placed where the Sun is in our solar system,

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yielding gulf all the terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars,

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00:14:23.559 --> 00:14:26.320
and its visible surface would extend almost as far as

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as Jupiter. A light year is about ten trillion kilometers

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the distance of photon can travel in a year at

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three hundred thousand kilometers per second, the speed of light

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in a vacuum, and the ultimate speed limit of the universe.

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Astronomers believe and Taris began life around twelve million years

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ago as a spectrotype O orb blue star. Astronomers describe

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stars in terms of spectual types, a classification system based

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on temperature and characteristics. The hottest, most massive, and most

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00:14:55.840 --> 00:15:00.440
luminous stars are known as spectrotype OH blue stars, followed

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00:15:00.440 --> 00:15:04.840
by spectrotype B blue white stars, then specturotype A white stars,

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spectrotype F whitish yellow stars, spectrotype G yellow stars. That's

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00:15:09.919 --> 00:15:13.559
where our Sun fits in. Then there's spectrotype K orange stars,

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and the coolest and least massive stars and earn as

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spectrotype M red stars. Each spetual classification system can also

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00:15:21.279 --> 00:15:24.840
be subdivided using a numeric digit to represent temperature, with

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zero being the hottest and nine the coolest, and then

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you add a Roman numeral to represent luminosity. So put

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it all together and you can describe our Sun as

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being a G two V or G two five yellow

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dwarf star, one of millions spread across our galaxy. Also

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included in the stellar classification system are special types LT

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and Y, which are assigned to feldstars known as brown dwarves,

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some of which were actually born as spectrotype M red

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stars but became brown dwarves after losing some of their mass.

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Brown dwarves fit into a unique categor between the largest planets,

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00:16:01.519 --> 00:16:03.799
which are about thirteen times the mass of Jupiter, and

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the smallest spectro type M red dwarf stars, which are

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about seventy five to eighty times the mass of Jupiter

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or zero point zero eight solar masses like the similar

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00:16:14.039 --> 00:16:17.360
sized red giant Bettle Girls in the constellation Orion, and

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00:16:17.600 --> 00:16:20.799
Tari's will almost certainly end its life as a spectacular

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00:16:20.919 --> 00:16:24.879
type two or cor collapse supernerva, probably sometime within the

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00:16:24.960 --> 00:16:28.159
next one hundred thousand years or so. When it does explode,

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it'll appear as bright as the full moon for several

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00:16:30.679 --> 00:16:34.000
months on end, and will be clearly visible during daylight

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00:16:34.080 --> 00:16:37.639
hours here on Earth, and Tari' says a companion star

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00:16:37.759 --> 00:16:40.879
and Tari's b located between two hundred and twenty four

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00:16:40.919 --> 00:16:43.840
and five hundred and twenty nine astronomical units away from

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the primary. An astronomical unit is the average distance between

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00:16:47.720 --> 00:16:49.879
the Earth and the Sun, which is about one hundred

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and fifty million kilometers or eight point three light minutes.

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Special analysis of Ntari's b indicates it's pulling a lot

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of material off its bloated red super giant can companion,

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00:17:01.759 --> 00:17:06.720
located near Antaries is the M four globular cluster. Globular

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clusters are tight balls densely packed with thousands to millions

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of stars which were either all originally formed at the

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same time from the collapse of the same molecular gas

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and dust cloud, or alternatively, their galactic centers the remains

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of ancient galaxies that are being merged into the Milky

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00:17:22.640 --> 00:17:26.799
Way Galaxy over billions of years. M four is composed

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00:17:26.839 --> 00:17:29.640
of a million or so stars originally born some twelve

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billion years ago. The M four globular cluster is located

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some seven two hundred light years away, making it one

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00:17:36.880 --> 00:17:40.519
of the nearest globular clusters to Earth. Easily seen through

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00:17:40.519 --> 00:17:43.240
a pair of small binoculars, it covers an area of

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00:17:43.279 --> 00:17:45.599
the sky as seen from Earth, as big as the

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full moon. Astronomers estimate there are some one hundred and

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00:17:49.119 --> 00:17:52.319
fifty or so globular clusters orbiting in the halo of

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00:17:52.359 --> 00:17:56.440
the Milky Way, located Near the tail of the scorpion

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00:17:56.640 --> 00:17:59.480
are two open star clusters, known as M six and

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M seven. Seven. Open star clusters are loosely bound groups

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00:18:03.119 --> 00:18:06.039
of a few thousand stars which are all originally formed

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00:18:06.079 --> 00:18:08.279
from the same milecular gas and dust cloud at the

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00:18:08.319 --> 00:18:11.880
same time, but are not as densely bound as globular clusters.

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00:18:12.519 --> 00:18:15.599
Open clusters generally survive for a few hundred million years,

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00:18:15.680 --> 00:18:18.000
with the most massive ones surviving for maybe a few

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00:18:18.039 --> 00:18:21.799
billion years now. In contrast, the far more massive globular

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00:18:21.799 --> 00:18:26.039
clusters exert far stronger gravitational attraction on their members, which

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is why they can survive so much longer. M six,

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00:18:29.240 --> 00:18:31.640
which is also known as the Butterfly cluster, is some

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00:18:31.799 --> 00:18:35.279
twelve light years across and located about sixteen hundred light

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00:18:35.319 --> 00:18:38.519
years away. It contains around eighty stars which are or

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00:18:38.599 --> 00:18:41.039
less than one hundred million years old, which is quite

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young in cosmic terms. The M seven or Ptolome cluster

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00:18:45.519 --> 00:18:49.359
is named after the famous Greek astronomer and mathematician Claudius Ptolemy.

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00:18:49.880 --> 00:18:52.599
It's about nine hundred and eighty light years away and

296
00:18:52.759 --> 00:18:55.519
is far more dispersed than M six, covering an area

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00:18:55.599 --> 00:18:58.920
around twenty five light years across, and at around two

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00:18:59.000 --> 00:19:03.279
hundred million years, it's about twice as old. By the way,

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00:19:03.359 --> 00:19:06.319
the M in terms like M four, M six, and

300
00:19:06.440 --> 00:19:10.000
M seven are abbreviations for Messier, in honor of the

301
00:19:10.039 --> 00:19:14.000
eighteenth century French astronomer Charles Messier, who developed an astronomical

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00:19:14.079 --> 00:19:18.720
catalog of fuzzy nebulous objects in the skies. See. Messier

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00:19:18.839 --> 00:19:21.480
was a comet hunter, and he compiled the list of

304
00:19:21.480 --> 00:19:24.400
one hundred and three fuzzy objects which one comets and

305
00:19:24.480 --> 00:19:28.880
so from his perspective, could be ignored. Later other astronomers

306
00:19:28.880 --> 00:19:32.039
added additional celestial objects to the list, bringing the present

307
00:19:32.079 --> 00:19:35.880
catalog up to one hundred and ten. Our solar system.

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00:19:36.079 --> 00:19:38.039
In fact, most of the stars we see when we

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00:19:38.079 --> 00:19:40.480
look up in the night sky are located in the

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00:19:40.480 --> 00:19:44.839
Milky Way galaxies. Orion Arm. The Iran Arm, also known

311
00:19:44.880 --> 00:19:47.920
as the Orion Spur or the Orion Sigus Arm, depending

312
00:19:47.960 --> 00:19:50.559
on which name you prefer, is some three thousand, five

313
00:19:50.640 --> 00:19:54.279
hundred light years wide and around ten thousand light years long.

314
00:19:54.880 --> 00:19:58.480
The Iran Arm is named after the Irion constellation, which

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00:19:58.519 --> 00:20:00.640
is one of the most prominent constall relations in the

316
00:20:00.640 --> 00:20:04.599
Southern Hemisphere. Summer and northern hemisphere winter. Some of the

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00:20:04.640 --> 00:20:08.519
brightest and most famous celestial objects in the constellation include

318
00:20:08.559 --> 00:20:12.160
Bettle Girls, Rigel, the stars of the Orion Belt, and

319
00:20:12.200 --> 00:20:16.240
the Orion Nebula, all located within the Iran Arm. The

320
00:20:16.240 --> 00:20:19.880
Orion Arm is located between the Kreana Sagittarius Arm, which

321
00:20:19.920 --> 00:20:22.720
is more towards the galactic center from our position, and

322
00:20:22.759 --> 00:20:25.400
the Perseus Arm, which is more towards the outer edge

323
00:20:25.400 --> 00:20:28.039
of the galaxy from our point of view. The Perseus

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00:20:28.160 --> 00:20:30.119
Arm is one of the two major arms of the

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00:20:30.160 --> 00:20:34.359
Milky Way, the other being the Scutum Centaurius Arm. Long

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00:20:34.480 --> 00:20:37.480
thought of is a minor structure spur if you will,

327
00:20:37.599 --> 00:20:41.599
between the two longer adjacent arms Perseus and Koreana Sagittarius.

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00:20:41.960 --> 00:20:45.000
Evidence was presented in mid twenty thirteen that the Iran

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00:20:45.119 --> 00:20:47.519
Arm might actually be a branch of the Perseus Arm,

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00:20:47.720 --> 00:20:51.880
or possibly a completely independent arm segment itself within the

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00:20:51.880 --> 00:20:55.200
Orion arm our solar system, The Sun, the Earth, and

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00:20:55.279 --> 00:20:57.599
all the other planets we know are located close to

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00:20:57.640 --> 00:21:00.400
the Inner Rim in what's known as the local bubble,

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00:21:00.759 --> 00:21:04.359
about halfway along the Orion Arm's length, approximately twenty six

335
00:21:04.400 --> 00:21:08.160
thousand light years from the Galactic Center. The Local Bubble

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00:21:08.359 --> 00:21:11.680
is a cavity in the interstellar medium in the Irion arm, containing,

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00:21:11.720 --> 00:21:14.960
among other things, the local interstellar Cloud, which contains our

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00:21:15.039 --> 00:21:18.599
Solar System and the g Cloud. It's at least three

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00:21:18.680 --> 00:21:21.880
hundred light is across, and it has a neutral hydrogen

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00:21:21.920 --> 00:21:25.599
density of just zero point zero five Adams picubic centimeter.

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00:21:25.880 --> 00:21:28.319
There's just one tenth of the average for the interstellar

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00:21:28.359 --> 00:21:31.240
medium across the Milky Way and about a six that

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00:21:31.359 --> 00:21:34.759
of the local interstellar cloud. The hot diffuse gas in

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00:21:34.799 --> 00:21:37.599
the Local Bubble amidst X rays and is the result

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00:21:37.599 --> 00:21:40.680
of a supernova that exploded sometime during the past ten

346
00:21:40.720 --> 00:21:43.720
to twenty million years. It was once thought that the

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00:21:43.720 --> 00:21:47.359
most likely candidate for the remains of the supernova was Jaminga,

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00:21:47.519 --> 00:21:51.599
a pulsar and the constellation Gemini. However, later it was

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00:21:51.599 --> 00:21:55.240
suggested that mouldible supernovae in a subgroup be one of

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00:21:55.240 --> 00:21:59.039
the Pleiades moving group was more likely responsible becoming a

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00:21:59.079 --> 00:22:02.759
room that supersh our. Solar System has been traveling through

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00:22:02.759 --> 00:22:05.599
this region of space occupied by the Local Bubble for

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00:22:05.640 --> 00:22:09.519
the last five to ten million years. Its current location

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00:22:09.799 --> 00:22:12.880
is in what's known as the local Interstellar cloud, a

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00:22:12.920 --> 00:22:16.079
minor region of slightly dense and material within the bubble.

356
00:22:16.559 --> 00:22:19.599
The cloud formed when the local bubble and another bubble

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00:22:19.640 --> 00:22:23.039
called the Loop one bubble met gas within the local

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00:22:23.039 --> 00:22:25.880
interstellar cloud as a density of about zero point three

359
00:22:25.920 --> 00:22:28.960
atoms for cubic centimeter. From what we can tell, the

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00:22:29.000 --> 00:22:32.279
local bubble isn't spherical, but seems to be narrower in

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00:22:32.319 --> 00:22:36.039
the galactic plane, becoming somewhat egg shaped or elliptical, and

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00:22:36.119 --> 00:22:39.160
may even become wider above and below the galactic plane,

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00:22:39.279 --> 00:22:43.160
becoming shaped more like an hourglass. It's not alone, it's

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00:22:43.160 --> 00:22:47.279
subbutting other bubbles of lesser dense interstellar medium, including the

365
00:22:47.279 --> 00:22:50.400
Loop one bubble. The Loop one bubble was created by

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00:22:50.480 --> 00:22:54.920
supernervae instellar winds in the Scorpius Centaurus association, some five

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00:22:55.000 --> 00:22:58.359
hundred layers from the Sun. The Loop one bubble also

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00:22:58.400 --> 00:23:02.559
contains the starr inaris that we spoke about earlier. Astronomers

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00:23:02.559 --> 00:23:05.640
have identified several well, I guess you call them tunnels

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00:23:05.720 --> 00:23:08.200
which connect the cavities of the local bubble with that

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00:23:08.319 --> 00:23:11.400
of the Loop one bubble. Collectively, they've been referred to

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00:23:11.440 --> 00:23:14.519
as the Loopers tunnel. Other bubbles which are adjacent to

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our local bubble and then as the Loop two bubble

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00:23:17.039 --> 00:23:20.359
and the Loop three bubble looks like astronomers still have

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00:23:20.440 --> 00:23:22.880
a problem when it comes to thicking up cool names.

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00:23:23.960 --> 00:23:27.319
Also visible this month is the Edna Acards meteor shower,

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00:23:27.480 --> 00:23:30.039
which is generated as the Earth passes through the dust

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00:23:30.039 --> 00:23:33.960
and debris trail left behind by Halley's comet Comet P one.

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00:23:34.000 --> 00:23:36.839
Halley's a well known short period comet which visits the

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00:23:36.839 --> 00:23:40.279
Inner Solar System every seventy five to seventy six years.

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The fifteen kilometer wide mountain of rock and ice will

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00:23:43.799 --> 00:23:47.319
make its next close up appearance in twenty sixty one.

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It's named in honor of the British astronomer Edmund Halley,

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00:23:50.480 --> 00:23:54.759
who in seventeen oh five, after examining ancient Chinese, Babylonian

385
00:23:54.799 --> 00:23:59.079
and medieval European records, successfully predicted its return in seventeen

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00:23:59.200 --> 00:24:03.240
fifty eight. However, he died in seventeen forty two before

387
00:24:03.359 --> 00:24:07.039
his prediction could be confirmed. The comet's highly elliptical and

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00:24:07.119 --> 00:24:10.240
elongated orbit takes it from between the orbits of Mercury

389
00:24:10.279 --> 00:24:13.119
and Venus out almost as far as the orbit of Pluto.

390
00:24:13.799 --> 00:24:17.160
Halley's orbit is in retrograde, meaning orbits the Sun in

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00:24:17.200 --> 00:24:20.519
the opposite direction to the planets, that is, clockwise from

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00:24:20.559 --> 00:24:24.480
above the Sun's northern pole. This retrograde orbit results in

393
00:24:24.480 --> 00:24:26.799
at having one of the highest velocities relative to the

394
00:24:26.799 --> 00:24:29.720
Earth of any object in the Solar System, traveling at

395
00:24:29.759 --> 00:24:33.200
some seventy point five six kilimetis per second, or if

396
00:24:33.200 --> 00:24:36.119
you prefer, two hundred and fifty four thousand and sixteen

397
00:24:36.400 --> 00:24:39.759
kilimeatus per hour. As well as the eto Acrids meteor

398
00:24:39.839 --> 00:24:43.920
shower every May, Halley's comet also produces the Orionid's meteor

399
00:24:43.960 --> 00:24:48.200
shower in late October. Astronomers think Comet Halley was originally

400
00:24:48.200 --> 00:24:51.079
a long period comet which took thousands of years to

401
00:24:51.119 --> 00:24:53.759
travel to the inner Solar System from the Oort Cloud,

402
00:24:54.000 --> 00:24:57.279
but was gravitationally perturbed into its current orbit by close

403
00:24:57.400 --> 00:25:01.000
encounters with the giant outer planets. The Old Cloud is

404
00:25:01.039 --> 00:25:05.519
a hypothetical sphere of comets and asteroids beyond the heliosphere,

405
00:25:05.640 --> 00:25:08.880
a mixture of vagabonds from the Solar System and objects

406
00:25:08.920 --> 00:25:11.519
from deep space which have been collected by the Sun's

407
00:25:11.559 --> 00:25:15.759
gravitational pull. Occasionally, as the Sun passes by another star,

408
00:25:16.000 --> 00:25:18.640
an Old Cloud object will get perturbed and be flung

409
00:25:18.759 --> 00:25:22.480
towards the inner Solar System. The etter Acrids meteor shower

410
00:25:22.599 --> 00:25:25.240
runs from the nineteenth of April through to the twenty

411
00:25:25.240 --> 00:25:28.480
eighth of May, peaking around May the fifth, with around

412
00:25:28.519 --> 00:25:31.240
fifty five meteors an hour, making it one of the

413
00:25:31.279 --> 00:25:36.160
Southern hemispheres best celestial showers. However, back in nineteen seventy

414
00:25:36.200 --> 00:25:39.599
five they were running ninety five meteors an hour, and

415
00:25:39.720 --> 00:25:42.039
in nineteen eighty it was up to one hundred and ten.

416
00:25:42.680 --> 00:25:46.000
Even better, the bright yellow meteors often appear as streaks

417
00:25:46.079 --> 00:25:50.319
known as trains. As their name suggests, they radiate out

418
00:25:50.359 --> 00:25:53.200
from the direction of the constellation Aquarius and the star

419
00:25:53.359 --> 00:25:56.720
Eta Aquerry. Just look towards the east after midnight and

420
00:25:56.720 --> 00:26:00.599
before dawn for the best view. And joining us now

421
00:26:00.640 --> 00:26:02.759
for the rist of our two of the May night skies,

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00:26:03.000 --> 00:26:05.759
seeing your science writer and Sky tell us about magazine

423
00:26:05.759 --> 00:26:07.440
contributor Jonathan Nale.

424
00:26:07.279 --> 00:26:09.799
Today, Stewart, Yeah, Well, what's in the night's drive from May? Well,

425
00:26:09.839 --> 00:26:12.359
it's now autumn for those of us in the Southern Hemisphere,

426
00:26:12.400 --> 00:26:14.240
and a springtime of course for our friends north of

427
00:26:14.279 --> 00:26:16.440
the equator. For us where I live down south. That

428
00:26:16.519 --> 00:26:19.440
means the night are becoming colder, but the hours of

429
00:26:19.519 --> 00:26:22.720
darkness are growing longer, so we've got more time for stargates,

430
00:26:22.759 --> 00:26:25.240
which is good weather permitting. Of course, brooks any towards

431
00:26:25.279 --> 00:26:27.039
wind and weather gets in the way, but anyway, we

432
00:26:27.079 --> 00:26:29.799
have more hours of night time now. Stargates is in

433
00:26:29.880 --> 00:26:32.240
each of the north or southern hemispheres. They do have

434
00:26:32.319 --> 00:26:34.680
some constellations that only Va can things up in the

435
00:26:34.720 --> 00:26:36.799
northern hemisphere, you know, I mean, I've never seen the

436
00:26:36.839 --> 00:26:39.359
constellation of Cassiopea and those sorts of ones an putting

437
00:26:39.359 --> 00:26:41.319
were seen Ursa major as a minor. Those are the

438
00:26:41.359 --> 00:26:44.599
ones in the south. We've got constellations that people far

439
00:26:44.680 --> 00:26:46.799
in the north don't see. Have got the famous Southern Cross,

440
00:26:46.799 --> 00:26:49.920
for instance, which in the middle part of May evenings

441
00:26:50.079 --> 00:26:52.599
is standing upright and high in the south for once.

442
00:26:52.720 --> 00:26:55.200
These constellations their appearance in the sky. Where they appear

443
00:26:55.200 --> 00:26:57.279
in the sky depends on the time of the year,

444
00:26:57.400 --> 00:26:59.200
as the Earth goes around and it's all but so

445
00:26:59.559 --> 00:27:01.240
for certain time of the year, a lot of people

446
00:27:01.279 --> 00:27:03.359
can't find the Southern Cross, and that's because you can't spire.

447
00:27:03.359 --> 00:27:06.039
It's below the horizon or very low down on the horizon.

448
00:27:06.119 --> 00:27:08.599
As the months go past, however, the sky has appeared

449
00:27:08.599 --> 00:27:11.079
to rotate a bit, and we get to May, and

450
00:27:11.160 --> 00:27:13.720
so we can see the Southern Cross now well above

451
00:27:13.799 --> 00:27:17.039
the horizon, nice and high and standing straight up right

452
00:27:17.200 --> 00:27:19.680
as a kite shape to shape like a kite, rather

453
00:27:19.720 --> 00:27:21.359
than lying on a stift hand side or a try

454
00:27:21.359 --> 00:27:23.119
hand sid as it does at other times a year.

455
00:27:23.400 --> 00:27:26.200
To the left of the Southern Cross, we've got two

456
00:27:26.240 --> 00:27:29.039
bright stars and the constellation Centaurus. The two brightest ones,

457
00:27:29.079 --> 00:27:31.200
in fact are for Ambta Centaurie, and these are called

458
00:27:31.200 --> 00:27:33.119
to two pointers because if you draw a line between

459
00:27:33.119 --> 00:27:35.200
them and keep the line going at points more or

460
00:27:35.279 --> 00:27:37.599
less to the Southern Cross. I don't know why you

461
00:27:37.680 --> 00:27:39.759
need to do that. The Southern Cross is pretty prominent,

462
00:27:39.960 --> 00:27:43.000
although having said that, it is quite small, and there

463
00:27:43.039 --> 00:27:46.400
are a couple of other larger crosses not too far

464
00:27:46.440 --> 00:27:47.400
away that people do.

465
00:27:48.960 --> 00:27:51.279
I use the pointers to guid into the Southern Cross.

466
00:27:51.319 --> 00:27:53.279
Even though I know what the Southern Cross looks like

467
00:27:53.319 --> 00:27:55.079
and I know where it is in the sky, I'd

468
00:27:55.079 --> 00:27:56.039
still use those pointers.

469
00:27:56.119 --> 00:27:58.000
Yeah, if you see the point is, you definitely know

470
00:27:58.039 --> 00:27:59.680
you're in the right part of the sky because the

471
00:27:59.720 --> 00:28:03.079
point are not near those other two large crosses, the

472
00:28:03.680 --> 00:28:05.759
False Cross, and I can't remember then any other costs.

473
00:28:05.799 --> 00:28:07.559
But the False Cross is really quite big, because people

474
00:28:07.599 --> 00:28:09.880
think the Southern Cross must be really big because it's famous,

475
00:28:09.880 --> 00:28:12.200
but it's actually the smallest constellation in the sky. I

476
00:28:12.200 --> 00:28:14.599
don't really have any trouble finding across these days because

477
00:28:14.599 --> 00:28:16.279
I've been watching it for years and years and years.

478
00:28:16.319 --> 00:28:18.599
But when you're starting out, for sure, yeah, using the

479
00:28:18.640 --> 00:28:20.880
pointer stars to get you in the right area, and

480
00:28:20.920 --> 00:28:23.160
the right direction is very very handed. So they're on

481
00:28:23.200 --> 00:28:25.680
the left of the Southern Cross as at the years,

482
00:28:25.720 --> 00:28:27.319
at this time of year, to the right of the

483
00:28:27.400 --> 00:28:31.920
cross the constellations Karina, Vela and Puppas. People probably never

484
00:28:31.920 --> 00:28:34.599
heard of those ones, Karina Villa and Pappas, and these ones,

485
00:28:34.640 --> 00:28:36.160
being more or less smack bang in the middle of

486
00:28:36.160 --> 00:28:39.720
the Milky Way, are full of wonderful star fields and nebula.

487
00:28:39.880 --> 00:28:41.599
You can pick a lot of these out with just

488
00:28:41.680 --> 00:28:44.279
a small pair of monoculars. Just you don't need big binoculars,

489
00:28:44.319 --> 00:28:47.079
you don't need heavy monoculars, just normal pair of binoculars,

490
00:28:47.079 --> 00:28:49.680
which is how I got going in stargazing emis Ago.

491
00:28:49.720 --> 00:28:51.880
I had a pair of that it wasn't with my mum's.

492
00:28:51.880 --> 00:28:53.839
It was a little pair of eight by thirty monoculars

493
00:28:53.839 --> 00:28:56.160
that's fairly small and like a sie stacks of things.

494
00:28:56.160 --> 00:28:58.160
With those, I did have nice dar skis who ide

495
00:28:58.160 --> 00:29:00.519
it in a country town. Much better than than shitting

496
00:29:00.559 --> 00:29:03.839
the stargasing. But you don't need a telescope to start with,

497
00:29:03.920 --> 00:29:05.839
just some monoculars. But if you do have a telescope,

498
00:29:05.960 --> 00:29:07.839
even a small one, you'll get an even better view

499
00:29:07.960 --> 00:29:10.440
of these star fields and negular things. So grab a

500
00:29:10.480 --> 00:29:13.000
star chart or download an app for your mobile phone

501
00:29:13.039 --> 00:29:14.920
and see if you can find a star cluster called

502
00:29:15.119 --> 00:29:18.000
Amiga Centauri. You can actually just make this out with

503
00:29:18.079 --> 00:29:20.519
the unaided eye. It looks like a tiny, fuzzy star,

504
00:29:20.799 --> 00:29:23.839
but it's not a star. It's a huge globe called

505
00:29:23.839 --> 00:29:27.039
a globular star cluster of about ten million stars, and

506
00:29:27.079 --> 00:29:29.759
it's about seventeen thousand light years away. But even a

507
00:29:29.799 --> 00:29:32.240
small telescope will show you that it's not a point

508
00:29:32.319 --> 00:29:35.400
of light like a star is. It's a round blob,

509
00:29:35.559 --> 00:29:38.640
a sort of faint grayish blob. And the bigger and bigger,

510
00:29:38.680 --> 00:29:40.680
bigger telescope is that you use if you can need

511
00:29:40.680 --> 00:29:42.359
a hands on them to start to see more and more,

512
00:29:42.359 --> 00:29:45.599
and then the starchiatric stars in this Fuice starcluster, which

513
00:29:45.640 --> 00:29:47.599
is really quite incredible. And when you think it's seventeen

514
00:29:47.640 --> 00:29:50.440
thousand light years away, so what you're seeing now left

515
00:29:50.480 --> 00:29:53.400
there seventeen thousand years ago. Its mind boggles the minds

516
00:29:53.440 --> 00:29:55.640
all the time. Another thing you can another object you

517
00:29:55.680 --> 00:29:57.680
can try and stop, even with a small telescope. There's

518
00:29:57.680 --> 00:30:00.880
a galaxy called n GC five one to eight, which

519
00:30:00.920 --> 00:30:03.720
is often called cen Taurus A. There's a story behind that.

520
00:30:03.759 --> 00:30:05.359
I like to tell this story because if you look

521
00:30:05.359 --> 00:30:07.680
it up on Wikipedia, it'll say it's called sen Taurus A,

522
00:30:07.880 --> 00:30:10.640
sometimes known as MGC five one two eight. When it

523
00:30:10.720 --> 00:30:14.279
was discovered, it was cataloged as MGC five one two eight.

524
00:30:14.519 --> 00:30:19.319
Centaurus A is the name given to the source of

525
00:30:19.480 --> 00:30:23.319
radio wave emission that is coming from this galaxy. When

526
00:30:23.319 --> 00:30:25.720
the first radio telescopes are being built, and the first

527
00:30:25.759 --> 00:30:27.359
one is down here in the Southern hemisphere, they were

528
00:30:27.359 --> 00:30:29.559
pointing him around the sky and they've got this huge

529
00:30:29.759 --> 00:30:32.039
signal coming from this direction of the sky. When they looked,

530
00:30:32.079 --> 00:30:35.960
they saw, oh, this enormous apparent origin of radio waves

531
00:30:36.200 --> 00:30:39.160
seems to be inside this galaxy called MGC five one

532
00:30:39.160 --> 00:30:41.640
two eight. So MGC five one two eight is the

533
00:30:41.720 --> 00:30:43.880
name of the galaxy. Centaurus A is the name of

534
00:30:43.880 --> 00:30:46.440
the radio source coming up from that is inside the galaxy.

535
00:30:46.559 --> 00:30:48.680
But it's a losing battle. I've sort of given up.

536
00:30:48.680 --> 00:30:51.960
People call it sentaurus A or Senna, and the MGC

537
00:30:52.119 --> 00:30:55.000
five one two eight is the sort the secondary secondary, yeah,

538
00:30:55.319 --> 00:30:57.440
name given to it. But anyway, that's my little soapbox

539
00:30:57.480 --> 00:31:00.240
on that galaxy. It's about ten to thirteen million light

540
00:31:00.279 --> 00:31:02.119
years away. So when you're looking at it, think about

541
00:31:02.119 --> 00:31:04.759
that the light that you're seeing now left there about

542
00:31:04.759 --> 00:31:08.039
ten to thirteen million years ago. It's got a massive

543
00:31:08.039 --> 00:31:10.720
black hole and it's called about fifty five million times

544
00:31:10.799 --> 00:31:13.960
the mass of our sun. Hugely massive black hole in

545
00:31:14.000 --> 00:31:15.759
the middle of this, they think. And if you see it,

546
00:31:15.759 --> 00:31:17.640
picture can look it up on the internet in GC

547
00:31:17.720 --> 00:31:19.279
five one two eight or centall u s A. You

548
00:31:19.359 --> 00:31:21.799
see that it's an odd looking galaxy. It's got this

549
00:31:21.880 --> 00:31:23.839
big dark lane that goes through the middle. Old that

550
00:31:23.880 --> 00:31:25.559
a piece to be twisted, and it's a sort of

551
00:31:25.599 --> 00:31:28.759
around appears to be around galaxy are what they call

552
00:31:28.839 --> 00:31:32.000
an elliptical galaxy or spiral galaxy. Just the angle that

553
00:31:32.000 --> 00:31:33.359
we're looking at it. But it's a bit of an

554
00:31:33.359 --> 00:31:36.079
odd ball, but pretty specky. And the thing is, even

555
00:31:36.079 --> 00:31:38.920
with a small telescope, you can see this thing. And

556
00:31:38.920 --> 00:31:41.039
when you think that it's ten to thirteen million light

557
00:31:41.079 --> 00:31:43.599
years away, that's pretty impressive, I think. So what else

558
00:31:43.599 --> 00:31:45.240
we got In the western part of the sky just

559
00:31:45.319 --> 00:31:47.799
after sunset, you'll see the constellation Awry and the Hunter,

560
00:31:47.880 --> 00:31:50.400
which is dipping below the horizon this darm of year.

561
00:31:50.519 --> 00:31:52.880
You've also got Serious, which is the brightest star in

562
00:31:52.880 --> 00:31:54.759
the night sky, and it's the brightest star in the

563
00:31:54.799 --> 00:31:58.400
constellation Canus Major, or the Greater Dog. A little bit

564
00:31:58.440 --> 00:32:01.319
to the north, there's another fairly bright are called Psion,

565
00:32:01.599 --> 00:32:04.240
which is the brighter star in Caness minor, or the

566
00:32:04.319 --> 00:32:06.440
Lesser or a smaller Dog. Imagine if you have aren't there

567
00:32:06.720 --> 00:32:09.000
these names. Take a look at Ryan and Serious and

568
00:32:09.039 --> 00:32:11.799
Pression now, because as the weeks go by now they'll

569
00:32:11.799 --> 00:32:14.160
soon be outside, they look below the horizon, and they

570
00:32:14.160 --> 00:32:16.799
won't appear again until the end of the year. For

571
00:32:16.880 --> 00:32:18.440
us in the south, the northern half of us, the

572
00:32:18.440 --> 00:32:20.480
sky doesn't seem to have much going through it at

573
00:32:20.480 --> 00:32:22.599
the moment. Now, not many bright star fields this time

574
00:32:22.640 --> 00:32:25.079
of year, at least during the evening time. There are

575
00:32:25.119 --> 00:32:27.599
some famous constellations there. Though you can see Leo, you

576
00:32:27.640 --> 00:32:30.480
can see Cancer and Virgo. Everyone's heard of those. There's

577
00:32:30.519 --> 00:32:32.920
some of the constellations of the zodiac. Virgo, in fact,

578
00:32:33.079 --> 00:32:35.640
is actually a great interest to amateur astronomers because it

579
00:32:35.680 --> 00:32:38.759
contains hundreds and hundreds of galaxies which are really great

580
00:32:38.759 --> 00:32:41.160
to see, but you do need a telescope to see those,

581
00:32:41.160 --> 00:32:43.839
and some dark skies as well. If you're still outstargazing

582
00:32:43.880 --> 00:32:47.759
around midnight, you will start to see some mining impressive

583
00:32:47.799 --> 00:32:50.799
constellations starting to climb up over the eastern horizon. You've

584
00:32:50.839 --> 00:32:54.400
got the famous Sagittarius of Scorpius. Then people will heard

585
00:32:54.400 --> 00:32:56.279
of those, and there's a couple of lesser known ones

586
00:32:56.319 --> 00:32:59.799
called Scutum and Ophiucus, and the Milky Way region through

587
00:32:59.839 --> 00:33:02.240
these constellations, all of those ones I just mentioned is

588
00:33:02.640 --> 00:33:06.839
really quite spectacular, full of incredible star fields and star clusters,

589
00:33:06.839 --> 00:33:09.200
and regularly just a pair of monoculars will get you

590
00:33:09.279 --> 00:33:11.200
going there, and if you can get hold of a

591
00:33:11.279 --> 00:33:13.200
tele scurf to have a look even better. And the

592
00:33:13.240 --> 00:33:15.440
thing is when you're looking at Sagittarius or at least

593
00:33:15.440 --> 00:33:17.759
the right part of Set's curious. You are looking right

594
00:33:17.960 --> 00:33:20.359
into the center of our Milky Way galaxy, which is

595
00:33:20.359 --> 00:33:22.680
why that area of the sky is pretty impressive, because

596
00:33:22.680 --> 00:33:24.519
you know, we're sort of towards the outskirts of the

597
00:33:24.519 --> 00:33:26.400
Milky Way, so when you look towards the center, you're

598
00:33:26.440 --> 00:33:29.359
looking in towards the main part of the Gallsits so

599
00:33:29.400 --> 00:33:31.759
that displowes so much stuff there to see. Now, let's

600
00:33:31.759 --> 00:33:34.599
see what's happening with the planets during May. Well low

601
00:33:34.680 --> 00:33:38.359
in the northwestern sky, you'll find Venus after sunset. It's

602
00:33:38.400 --> 00:33:40.920
going to be there all month, slowly moving northward as

603
00:33:40.920 --> 00:33:44.680
each night goes past, but otherwise appearing fairly unchanging. And

604
00:33:44.759 --> 00:33:47.000
it's big and bright. It's much brighter than that star

605
00:33:47.079 --> 00:33:49.000
series which I mentioned earlier, the brightest star in the

606
00:33:49.079 --> 00:33:51.279
night sky, so Venus is really bright. The area of

607
00:33:51.359 --> 00:33:53.839
darkness it also in the northwest, and a bit higher

608
00:33:53.920 --> 00:33:57.119
up is Jupiter. It's currently about the same brightness as

609
00:33:57.200 --> 00:34:00.640
that star, Serious, but it has a slightly off white coloring. Serious,

610
00:34:00.680 --> 00:34:04.400
that's really searingly white, bright white. But Jupiter has a

611
00:34:04.400 --> 00:34:06.279
bit of color to it. You might say it's bit

612
00:34:06.400 --> 00:34:09.280
yellowish or orangish something like that. As the month goes on,

613
00:34:09.599 --> 00:34:12.400
Jupiter is actually going to slowly start to sink toward

614
00:34:12.480 --> 00:34:14.559
the horizon. It will still be above the horizon at

615
00:34:14.559 --> 00:34:16.639
the end of the month and next month, actually coming

616
00:34:16.719 --> 00:34:19.960
up on the nineteen tenth of June, Venus and Jupiter

617
00:34:20.119 --> 00:34:22.320
will be quite close to each other in the sky,

618
00:34:22.360 --> 00:34:24.840
at less than four moon wips apart. So these two

619
00:34:24.920 --> 00:34:27.159
big bright planets will be fairly close to each other.

620
00:34:27.199 --> 00:34:29.760
And that shouldn't look pretty specky for our listeners. Oversee

621
00:34:29.800 --> 00:34:32.679
steppy is Australia and then go for spectacular, should add

622
00:34:32.679 --> 00:34:35.719
that in. And lastly, we've got in the early morning sky,

623
00:34:35.880 --> 00:34:38.440
so if you're up before dawn, you'll find Saturn and

624
00:34:38.480 --> 00:34:41.480
now it's rising above the eastern horizon about four am,

625
00:34:41.480 --> 00:34:44.519
followed roughly an hour later by Mars. As the month

626
00:34:44.599 --> 00:34:48.320
goes on, Saturn will be rising increasingly earlier, and therefore

627
00:34:48.559 --> 00:34:51.239
it will be higher and higher in the sky before

628
00:34:51.239 --> 00:34:52.559
the dawn comes. So do you go out of five

629
00:34:52.559 --> 00:34:54.360
o'clock in the morning at the beginning of the month,

630
00:34:54.400 --> 00:34:56.800
you'll see Saturn a certain high above the horizon or

631
00:34:56.840 --> 00:35:00.360
altfeud it should say. And then three weeks later where

632
00:35:00.400 --> 00:35:02.760
at the same time you'll see the Saturn is now

633
00:35:02.880 --> 00:35:04.840
much higher in the sky. That's just due to the

634
00:35:04.960 --> 00:35:07.800
changing angles between birth and it's all that and Saton

635
00:35:07.880 --> 00:35:09.760
and it's all but just a line of side effect.

636
00:35:09.840 --> 00:35:12.440
Mars won't change much during May. It will be sort

637
00:35:12.440 --> 00:35:14.639
of more or less hagging in the horizon, about eight

638
00:35:14.639 --> 00:35:17.039
to ten degrees above the horizon all months, and it

639
00:35:17.039 --> 00:35:21.480
looks like a small reddish orangish medium brightness star. So

640
00:35:21.519 --> 00:35:23.360
as long as you've got a fairly clean horizon, the

641
00:35:23.400 --> 00:35:26.000
granet mountains or buildings or that sort of stuff in

642
00:35:26.039 --> 00:35:27.360
the way, you should be able to make it out.

643
00:35:27.599 --> 00:35:29.920
And that's Stewart is the United Spy of format.

644
00:35:30.119 --> 00:35:32.639
That's in your science writer and sky until let's got

645
00:35:32.639 --> 00:35:36.159
a magazine contributed to Jonathan Nelly, and this is space Time,

646
00:35:51.760 --> 00:35:55.119
and that's the show for now. Space Time is available

647
00:35:55.119 --> 00:36:00.239
every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through at fightes dot com, SoundCloud, YouTube,

648
00:36:00.280 --> 00:36:03.679
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649
00:36:03.800 --> 00:36:07.639
Stuart Gary dot com. Space Time's also broadcast through the

650
00:36:07.679 --> 00:36:11.199
National Science Foundation, on Science Own Radio and on both

651
00:36:11.239 --> 00:36:14.679
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652
00:36:14.719 --> 00:36:17.719
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654
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655
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658
00:36:34.840 --> 00:36:37.400
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659
00:36:38.199 --> 00:36:40.719
You've been listening to space Time with Stuart Gary.

660
00:36:41.360 --> 00:36:47.880
This has been another quality podcast production from bytes dot com.