Oct. 6, 2026
Discovery of the Milky Way's first microblazar
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RSS Feed RSS Feed SpaceTime 20260928 Series 29 Episode 116 Discovery of the Milky Way's first microblazar Astronomers have discovered their first ever microblazar in the Milky Way and observations suggest it’s generating the fastest particles ever detected in the galaxy. Early Mars rocks reveal at least three separate water episodes A new study shows the region of the red planet now being explored by NASA’s Mars Perseverance Rover has undergone at least three separate interactions with Martian liquid water. Starship about to launch on its first orbital flight The countdown is underway for today’s first orbital test flight for SpaceX’s Starship superheavy. The world’s largest and most powerful rocket will undertake six orbits during the mission aiming for an altitude of around 275 kilometres. The Science Report A new study claims they type of sleep you’re getting is influencing your risk of disease. 12 hundred genetic variants linked to personality may also influence health, wealth, work and love life. The Antarctic OZONE hole has reached one of its smallest sizes since the early 1990s. Scientists discover a new species of cat – the first in over a century. Skeptics guide to the psychology of seeing ghosts.
Our Guest This Week Nina Lanza from the Los Alamos National Laboratory Justin Maki from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena California. Our regular guests: Alex Zaharov-Reutt from techadvice.life Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics 🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn . The discounts and bonuses are incredible! And it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌ If you’d like to support the podcast and gain access to bonus content by becoming a SpaceTime crew member, you can do just that through The Big Bang editions on Patreon, Spotify and Apple Podcasts. Details on the Support page on our website https://www.bitesz.com/show/spacetime/support/
The Astronomy, Space, Technology & Science News Podcast.
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This is Space Time, Series 29, Episode 116, for broadcast
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on the 28th of September, 2026. Coming up on Space Time.
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A micro-blazer detected in the Milky Way galaxy for the
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first time. The discovery of at least three separate water
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episodes on the red planet Mars. And SpaceX's Starship about
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to launch on its first orbital flight. All that and
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more coming up on Space Time.
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Welcome to Space Time with Stuart Gary.
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A micro blazer has been discovered for the first time
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in our Milky Way galaxy. The observations, reported in the
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journal Astronomy and Astrophysics, suggest that this newly found object
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might be generating the fastest particles ever detected in the galaxy.
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Blazars are a type of quasar, a superluminal jet of
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particles streaming out from a supermassive black hole as it
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feeds on infalling material on an accretion disk. But whereas
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a quasar represents this active galactic nuclei seen at an angle,
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Blazer is the term used to describe the quasar when
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it's being viewed directly head-on. The term micro is added
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when the quasar, or blazer in this case, is generated
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not by a supermassive black hole, but by a stellar-mass
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black hole. This newly identified micro blazer, first ever discovered
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in the Milky Way, is located about 12,000 light-years away,
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in the constellation Scutum. It's catalogued as IRAS 18293-0941 and
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consists of a stellar-mass black hole with about 10 times
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the mass of our Sun in a binary system with
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a spectral-type Erby blue star orbiting each other approximately every
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11 Earth days. The jets are being produced by matter
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being sucked off the binary companion star onto the black hole. First,
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the matter forms an accretion disk around the black hole,
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where it's crushed and torn apart, releasing huge amounts of energy. Then,
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just before the remaining material crosses the event horizon to
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fall forever into the black hole singularity, some of this
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material is picked up by magnetic fields on the accretion
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disk and then shot out into space, perpendicular to the
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accretion disk, forming two superluminal jets, one on each side
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of the disk. IRAS 18293-0941 was first catalogued back in
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1983 by the Dutch-American IRAS satellite. Astronomers' attention was drawn
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to the object because in many radio observations it appeared
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to have a bright compact core and radio emissions coming
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out of one side only, the side facing the Earth.
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And that was hinting at the possibility of a jet
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pointing directly towards the Earth. So, an extensive observational campaign
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was launched using radio telescopes for high-resolution images, which showed
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the jet interactions, and optical telescopes for spectra and measuring
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velocities in the system. X-ray and gamma-ray telescopes for probing
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the hot plasma around the black hole were also employed,
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as were infrared images showing the warm dust surrounding the system.
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The authors were then able to identify a region where
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the jet was smashing into a molecular cloud of gas
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and dust, causing the particles in the cloud to be
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accelerated to ultra-high energies, likely up to petra-electron volts. And
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this would make this micro-blazer one of the most powerful
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particle accelerators in the galaxy. The radio imaging revealed not
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only the jet, but also its interaction with the surrounding clouds. See,
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first the jet crosses a region of about 100 light-years,
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where it's already cleared out the interstellar medium. After that,
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it then hits the relatively dense molecular cloud remaining, which
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consists primarily of molecular hydrogen and dust. This interaction creates
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a bright spot in the cloud, with the interstellar materials
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being ionized and the dust heated. It's here where particles
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are being accelerated to nearly the speed of light. And
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with energies up to petra-electron volt levels, it makes this
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microblazer one of the most powerful particle accelerators in the
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Milky Way, and around 100 times more powerful than the
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Large Hadron Collider at CERN, which is the strongest particle
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accelerator on Earth. One of the study's authors, Benito Marcotte
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from Astron in the Netherlands, says microblazers have been predicted
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for about 30 years now. This new discovery not only
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sheds fresh light on the origins of the most energetic
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particles in the Milky Way, but it also teaches astronomers
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about similar larger systems which have already been found in
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other galaxies. The observations also allow astronomers to study more
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remote blazars created by distant supermassive black holes, which are
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too remote to be resolved in images. See, having an
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analogue object in our own galaxy allows for more detailed
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study of the blazar's physics. Now, cosmic particles with energies
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reaching up to petra-electron volts have been detected by cosmic
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ray observatories on Earth before. But for more than a century,
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it's remained unclear as to where and how these particles
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are being accelerated to such high energies. One candidate accelerator
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has always been the idea of shockwaves created by powerful
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black hole jets hitting the interstellar medium, which is exactly
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what we've seen with this microblazer. This is space time.
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Still to come, early Martian rocks revealing at least three
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separate water episodes on the red planet, and SpaceX's Starship
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about to launch on its first orbital flight. All that
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and more still to come on Space Time.
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Space Time.
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A new study is showing a region of the Red
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Planet now being explored by NASA's Mars Perseverance rover has
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undergone at least three separate interactions with liquid water. When
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the six-wheel car-sized robotic laboratory reached the inner edge of
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the Red Planet's Jezero crater back in September 2023, mission
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scientists were surprised by what they found. This geologic area,
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called the Margin Unit, stretches along the shoreline of an
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ancient Martian lake. so they expected to see lots of
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sedimentary rocks, which would have formed as layers of sand
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piled up on top of each other over millennia. Composed
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of clay and silt, sedimentary rocks on Earth are great
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at preserving past microbial life. And scientists were especially intrigued
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by strong signals of carbonate minerals detected by Mars orbiters.
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On Earth, carbonates frequently form in shallow oceans and lake
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environments capable of supporting life. But instead, the Mars rover
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team found igneous rocks, which can form deep underground from
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magma or volcanic activity. Mind you, igneous rocks are excellent
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record keepers, because mineral crystals within them preserve details about
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the precise moment they were formed. And in this case,
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they preserved an astonishingly complex record of water activity on
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early Mars. The findings reported in the journal Communications Earth
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and Environment suggest the rocks showed signs of having interacted
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with water on at least three separate occasions, with each
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encounter further altering their chemistry and appearance. The observations were
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made by the rover's SuperCam instrument located on the vehicle's mast,
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which is used to determine the mineralogy of geological features
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based on the light they reflect. See, when mission managers
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identify an intriguing rock, they get SuperCam to fire its
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laser at it. The laser has a range of roughly 6.5 meters,
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and the spectrum of the resulting plasma from the target
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rock reveals its chemistry. Perseverance has analysed more than 185
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bedrock targets across the margin unit in exactly this way.
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The study's lead author, Candice Bedford from Purdue University, says
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before Perseverance arrived at the margin unit, the main hypothesis,
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derived from orbital observations, was that the carbonate seen from
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orbit was thought to have formed through interactions with the
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lake that existed in Jezero crater. But it now seems
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this location became a sort of crossroads for aqueous systems.
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The margin unit findings are important, because Jezero Crater sits
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inside one of the largest exposures of carbonate rocks on Mars. So,
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what's lured here reaches well beyond the crater. Perseverance has
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explored the margin unit across some 265 meters of elevation.
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At higher levels, it found rock that was coarse-grained and crystalline,
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hallmarks of the mineral olivine, with almost no signs that
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water had ever touched it. Made of magnesium and iron,
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the area's olivine unit formed in a body of magma
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deep underground, cooling slowly enough for its grains to grow large,
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and reaching the surface only after the ground above it
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was eroded away. But lower down in the unit, on
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the lake bed, the rocks looked transformed as the olivine
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grains were fractured with silica between them. Carbonate and silica
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minerals are important signposts in the search for ancient life. See,
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when water interacts with olivine on Earth, the reaction can
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release hydrogen, and hydrogen is a food source for some microbes.
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And this then leaves behind carbon silica, two minerals that
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lock in traces of the past presence of these microbes.
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Mind you, while the Perseverance team can determine the sequence
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of the margin unit's interactions with water, they can't determine
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their age. On the first occasion, water reached the rocks
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of the margin unit, Carbon dioxide-rich groundwater reacted with the olivine,
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resulting in ridges of carbonate that run through the fractures
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in the bedrock at low elevations. Today, these carbonate-filled fractures
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are still left standing. as the softer rock around them
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wears away. The second time the water reached the rocks
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may have been related to the lake that once existed
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in the crater. Some of the margin unit rocks also
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contain silica. Turning olivine into carbonate can leave silica behind
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and scientists see more of that silica in rocks that
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sit below the waterline. Then finally, there came a water
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event that generated mineral veins in one location in the
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eastern part of the margin unit, about 25 cm thick,
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creating minerals like calcium sulfate and fluorite. Finding fluorite is
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an important clue because it typically forms when hot water
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circulates through volcanic rocks, revealing that this area experienced a
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later event involving heated groundwater. Mind you, as well as
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vision and chemical analysis, the Perseverance rover also carries a
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pair of microphones, the first ever sent to the red planet.
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And they've given scientists their first fascinating sounds from the
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surface of another world. This report from NASA TV.
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On NASA's Perseverance Mars rover, we have not one, but
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two microphones. And these microphones are the very first instruments
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of their kind ever to go to Mars.
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One of the microphones is mounted on the mast and
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moves around as we point the cameras. The other microphone
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is mounted to the rover body and that stays fixed
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onto the port side of the rover.
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The two microphones that we sent were commercial off-the-shelf items.
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So these are things that you could just buy on
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the internet and we put these on our rover.
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It gives us a new dimension for which we can
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explore Mars and learn about the Martian environment.
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First, we can just learn about the atmosphere by understanding
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how sound propagates through it. But we can also listen
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to the sounds of rover analyses on rocks and learn
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about rock material properties from that. And finally, we can
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also listen to the sounds the rover makes to understand
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better the state of health of our instruments.
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There's a difference between Mars and Earth sounds. Sounds on
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Earth have very rich harmonics. You can hear multiple frequencies.
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It gives a really nice depth to the sound. On Mars,
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the atmosphere attenuates a lot of those higher frequencies, so
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you tend to hear the lower frequencies, and it's a
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much more isolated sound, a little more muted than the
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sounds we hear on Earth.
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We've put together a list of some of the sounds
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we've recorded on Mars to date, so let's take a listen.
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This is the sound of wind on Mars. For the
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first time, we can hear the wind blowing across the
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surface of Mars to go along with all of the
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images that we've acquired of dust devils and dust storms
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over the many years of exploration on the surface.
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This is the sound of the rover driving on Mars.
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This sound might be a little bit weird because it
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doesn't sound like a regular driving sound, but that's because
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the rover's wheels are made of metal. So this metal
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is rolling over rocks and sand and it makes this
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really clanky, squeaky sound.
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Next we have the SuperCam laser zapping rocks. We've taken
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a lot of pictures of rocks that have been zapped
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by the SuperCam, the little marks in the rocks, and
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for the first time we can hear these laser shots.
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When it zaps a rock, it actually makes a sound.
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We can listen to that sound and learn something about
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the properties of the rock that we're analyzing. This is
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one of my absolute favorite sounds. This is the sound
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of a helicopter flying on Mars. We used this sound
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to actually understand the propagation of sound in general through
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the Martian atmosphere. And it turns out that we were
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totally wrong with our models. The Martian atmosphere can propagate
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sound a lot further than we thought it could. We've
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all seen these beautiful images that we get from Mars,
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but having sound to be able to add to those images,
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it makes me feel like I'm almost right there on
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the surface.
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And in that report from NASA TV, we heard from
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Nina Lanza from the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Justin
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Mackey from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. This
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is Space Time. Still to come, SpaceX's Starship about to
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launch on its first orbital flight, and later in the
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science report, the latest observations of Antarctic's ozone hole. All
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that and more still to come on Space Time. Or
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barring any last-minute hiccups, the final countdown is now underway
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for today's first orbital test flight of SpaceX's Starship Super Heavy.
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The world's largest and most powerful rocket, one to take
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six orbits during its mission, aiming for an altitude of
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around 275 kilometers. The flight will use Super Heavy Block
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3 Version 3 Booster 21 and Block 3 Version 3
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Starship 41. Today's flight follows a mostly successful Test Flight 13,
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with Starship surviving its splashdown in the Indian Ocean off
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the western Australian coast. In fact, that same craft, Ship 40,
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is now being transported by the heavy lift semi-submersible ship
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Forte back to Starbase, Texas, and should arrive there next week.
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For this mission, the 124-meter-tall spacecraft will use new hardware
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and software in order to address ice-clogging and related issues
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