The Big Freeze: Exploring Asteroid Impacts and the Mysteries of Uranus and Neptune

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Stuart Gary: This is space time series 29, episode 80

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for broadcast on 6 July 2026.

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Coming up on Space Time, did ancient

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asteroid impacts prevent Earth's continents

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from forming? Could the ice giants Uranus and

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Neptune really be magma worlds? And the

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world's biggest atom smasher, uh, powers down

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all that and more coming up on, uh, Space

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Time. Welcome to

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Space Time with Stuart G.

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Jonathan Nally: Uh.

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Stuart Gary: A new study suggests that the barrage of

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asteroid impacts that slammed into the

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ancient Earth during the hadean aeon between

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4.6 and 4 billion years ago may have

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prevented the formation of the planet's first

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continents. The findings reported in the

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journal Nature, suggest that these collisions

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may have been the dominating force shaping

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the Earth.

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Jonathan Nally: Early Earth.

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Stuart Gary: The continuous reign of asteroid, comet and

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meteor impacts during this chaotic period

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delivered vast amounts of heat to the

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planet's interior, delaying the formation of

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stable continental crust. The study's

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lead author, Timms uh Johnson from Curtin

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University, says the Earth was hit far more

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frequently back then than today, with each

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impact injecting energy deep into the planet.

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Johnson says rather than a relatively stable

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early planet, the findings point to a much

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hotter, weaker, more unstable Earth. Uh, the

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new research challenges the idea that large

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impacts were brief events. Johnson

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says all you have to do is look at the Moon.

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It preserves evidence of violent times in the

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early solar system. And those impacts carried

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enormous amounts of energy and that energy

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had to go somewhere. He says the extra heat

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from impacts would have kept much of the

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early crust of the Earth weak and partly

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molten, making it difficult for rocks to

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survive. At the same time, those conditions

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would have helped produce more silica rich

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crust, which would go on to become the

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foundations of today's continents. The

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modelling shows the effects of impacts

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extended far beyond the moment of collision.

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See, on the early Earth, much of the energy

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would have been transferred into the planet's

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mantle as heat. And that would have caused

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the mantle beneath and around the impact site

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to rise and melt, producing huge volumes of

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magma. The study's results suggest that the

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early crust was thin and unstable for much of

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the Hadean. Impacts would have helped keep

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the crust hot, weak and mobile, while driving

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melting and recycling on the planetary scales

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for tens to hundreds of millions of years.

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The findings also help explain why almost no

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rock survived from the first 500 million

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years of Earth's history, and why the long

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lived continents appear to have formed only

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after the intensity of impacts started to

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decline. Johnson says it's apparent from the

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Moon that by around 3.9 billion years ago,

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the global effect of impact heating became

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much less Important, which is also around the

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same time as Earth began to preserve

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continental crust. And that all seems

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unlikely to have simply been a coincidence.

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Jonathan Nally: I've been thinking about the role of

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impacts on the Earth for uh, around about a

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decade or so now. And it really started when

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I started working on the Moon with a

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colleague and did a little bit of work

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calculating how the Moon would have

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crystallised from a month to what we see

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today. And of course we've spent an awful lot

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of time and effort and brain power thinking

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about the Moon and it's probably one of our

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finest achievements is to send people there

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to collect rocks. So we have some

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quantitative, lots of quantitative data from

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the Moon so we know how old the surface is,

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which is mainly older than 4 billion years.

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So Hadean and you just need to look at

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that surface and look at them and you can see

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what was going on at that time. It was impact

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everywhere. There's not 10 square metres of

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the Moon that hasn't been hit by an impact

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and most of it has been hit many times by

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impacts. So working out what was happening in

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the Hadean aeon on Earth is very

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difficult because Earth has very efficient

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engines, plate tectonic of recycling

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that surface. So we don't see this record

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that we see on the Moon, but you can't just

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wish it away. It did happen. And we need

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to think about what the effects of those

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hugely energetic events was on Earth, uh in

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terms of individual impacts, but also in

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terms of the accumulated energy. And

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that's really what this paper is, is

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accumulation of those thoughts over quite

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some time.

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Stuart Gary: So it's not just a case of the Earth, uh,

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starting off as a molten uh, sea following

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the Theia uh, proto Earth impact which formed

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the Moon and then slowly cooling. But there

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being lots of radioactive elements within the

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Earth that keeps it warm. But additional heat

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came from all these impacts.

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Jonathan Nally: Exactly. So people have been trying to

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understand the thermal evolution of Earth uh

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for a very long time. And as you said

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there's various sources of energy, there is

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radioactive decay. So very early on there

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would have been short lived isotopes like

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aluminium 26 which would have been a really

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big source in the early stages,

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in the first few tens of millions of years.

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And then you have the leftover energy of

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accretion of uh, actual coming together.

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And as uh, cooled down from its

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molten or semi molten form, we know the

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core would have formed. And as that core

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starts crystallising that provides some

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energy as well. But people have been trying

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to solve this equation really of the Heat

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energy of the Earth. Only thinking about

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these internal sources and

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you can't do it, but you can reconcile that

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energy budget if you think about the energy

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coming from outside, which is in the form of

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impacts of course. And we can see

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statistically at least the impact the Earth

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uh, would have endured if you just scale up

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what we've looked at from the Moon. So I

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think it's a pretty robust way of thinking

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about the earlier.

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Stuart Gary: And not only do the timescales match the Late

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Heavy Bombardment, when a lot of the craters

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we see on the Moon and other celestial bodies

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were formed, it also matches current

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thinking, current hypotheses regarding when

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the first continents began to form.

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Tim Mendham: That's exactly right.

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Jonathan Nally: So continental crust, these pale coloured

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granitic rocks that characterise all the land

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masses that sit above the water, the

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continents that we live on. We know the

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oldest continental rock that we have is

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about 4 billion years old. That's in the

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Acasta Gneiss Complex in Canada. But

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shortly after that large tracts of

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continent continental crust started appearing

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in what is now southwest Greenland and then

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in the Pilbara in native Australia of course

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and the Cap Val in southern Africa. So yes,

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we have almost no record for the first half a

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billion years of Earth history. And then the

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continents all start popping up together. And

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I think that is a very simple first

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order observation that requires some

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explanation. Now I'll challenge you slightly

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on the idea of the Late Heavy Bombardment. It

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has been a very popular idea that many of the

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ages that it's based on are uh, so called

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argon, Argon ages that we now know

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are quite easily reset by impacts.

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And if we look at the zircon record which is

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much more robust in terms of the older

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events, it seems more likely that we

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had an exponential decay of

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impacts from 4.5 to about

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3.8 or 3.5 and there

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might have been a spike in that impact

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flux around about 3.9 which

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as you know, as you call the Late Heavy

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Bombardment. But I think people, think many

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people would say that that was a ah, minor

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event on top of a overall exponential

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decline. But like many other things it's

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difficult to prove these things. It's so long

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ago and there's so little evidence.

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Stuart Gary: Well Jupiter didn't move to its current

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orbital position overnight. It took a while

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to get there.

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Jonathan Nally: Oh absolutely agreed. I'm a fan of

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the swapping over of, I can't remember what

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the name of that theory is.

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Stuart Gary: Uh, uh, starts with this model and then

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forgets to the uh, JTAC yes, yes, thank you.

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Jonathan Nally: So yes, I'm very happy that that happened. I

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just don't think. And that would have

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perturbed uh, droid belt. There would have

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been no doubt an increase in the flux of

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impacts, but I think it would have been a

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relatively minor uh, additional contribution

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on top of the overall pattern. But as I say,

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you know, who knows what the truth will turn

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out to be if we can find it.

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Stuart Gary: Tell us more about the Hadean period.

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Jonathan Nally: So that the Hadean period in our view and

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consistent with our result was a period where

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the Earth would have been very, very hot

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due to this impact heat. And that super

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hot mantle means that the crust

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would only have been able to get a few

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kilomet, perhaps five kilometres in

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thickness. Now other people, up until

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now people have usually considered the

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Hadean either as a planet not

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unlike our modern Earth, uh, so there was

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certainly water on the planet in Hadean, but

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some would consider that the Earth uh, cooled

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down very rapidly and was able to go into a

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plate tectonic mode of

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geodynamics if you like, not the same as, but

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similar to what we see today. And the other

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idea, end member idea anyway, is

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that the Earth was, because it was much

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hotter, these things called mantle plumes

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would have been much more common. So they're

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these like lava lamp things that raise from

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deep within the Earth sort of bubbles of heat

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that raise up to the surface and then they

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drive all the tectonics and magnetism at uh,

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the surface. But both those models, even

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though they're very different, they're both

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just thinking about the internal energy,

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whereas when you think about the impact

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energy, the Hadean looks very different. So

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we would have had a thin, very thin crust.

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There would have been more or less continuous

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basaltic magnetism. So dark coloured

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magnetism, volcanism we see at Illawaya,

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Hawaii, those sorts of places. And the

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ocean would have been very iron rich, so it

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probably would have been a murky greenish

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colour. And the atmosphere, no oxygen of

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course, and lots of carbon monoxide and

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dioxide. Um, so that probably would have been

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a dull sort of orangey brown hue.

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Of course there's no life around, so it would

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have. The Heidean would have looked very,

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very odd. Not at all like the modern planet

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in my view.

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Stuart Gary: Apart from the water issue, you're really

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sou. Like you're describing Venus today.

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Jonathan Nally: Exactly, yes. And I think once we get smart

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enough to do it and we're getting close now,

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I think we will find continents on Venus.

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They won't be quite the Same as on Earth, but

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we will definitely find some buoyant evolved

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crust in my opinion. But let's wait to see

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what the next few years or decades bring.

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Stuart Gary: That's Professor Timms Johnson from Curtin

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University. And this is space time

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still to come. Could the ice giants Uranus

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and Neptune actually be magma worlds? And

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the world's most powerful atom smasher, a

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large hadron collider, uh, has been shut

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down. All that and more still to come

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on space time.

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A new study suggests that the solar system's

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two ice giants, Uranus and Neptune, might

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actually be magma worlds. The findings,

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reported on the pre press physics website

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arXiv.org and submitted for publication in

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the Astrophysical Journal are, uh, based on

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new computer simulations by astronomers at

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the University of California, Los Angeles.

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Uranus and Neptune are uh, two of the most

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mysterious worlds in the solar system because

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only one spacecraft has ever visited them.

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That's NASA's Voyager 2 swooping by

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Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in

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1989. Their classification

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as ice giants is based on the hypothesis that

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their gaseous hydrogen helium atmospheres

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cover a vast layered icy mantle composed

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of water, ammonia and methane surrounding a

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small rocky core. Problem is,

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studies of both ice giants, magnetic fields

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and heat distribution have puzzled scientists

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because they don't fit in comfortably with

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that hypothesis. So to work out what's

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actually going on, the authors used a series

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of computer models to simulate the likely

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internal compositions and process inside

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both Uranus and Neptune. The new simulation

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suggests that the interiors of Uranus and

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Neptune are uh, composed of a magma ocean as

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opposed to an icy composition. The

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planetary layers this new study proposes

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includes the hydrogen helium atmosphere,

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which then transports heat to the upper

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atmosphere and radiates that into space.

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Below this is a boundary layer composed of

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hydrogen, helium, magnesium, silicon monoxide

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and oxygen. And at the base is a

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magma ocean composed of silicate, iron and

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hydrogen. The authors admit that

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while this is just one of a number of models

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that successfully reproduced the observations

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featured on Uranus and Neptune, it does have

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several features in its favour, including the

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connection with other gas planets. They say

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it's not clear why gas giants and sub

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neptunes should be fundamentally different

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simply because of their distance from their

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host star. The new findings could

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act as analogues for so called sub Neptune

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exoplanets, I.e. planets orbiting other stars

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which have radii, uh, between 1 and 4.5 times

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that of the Earth. And that's important

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because sub Neptune planets are the most

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common type of exoplanet in our galaxy. Yet

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There are no similar planets in our solar

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system and so their formation and evolution

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remains a mystery. This is space

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time. Still to come. The world's biggest

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atom smasher powers down. And later in the

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Science report, a new study shows that

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artificial nighttime lighting has now made

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planet Earth some 16% brighter at

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nights. All that and more still to come

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on, uh, space time.

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Tim Mendham: Foreign.

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Stuart Gary: Smasher has been shut down for a four year

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major refit. It's the third major

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scheduled shutdown for the Large Hadron

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Collider, the giant particle accelerator

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beneath the Franco Swiss border near Geneva.

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The facility, which is operated by cern, the

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European Organisation for Nuclear Research,

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accelerates packets of subatomic particles at

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speeds of up to 99.999% the

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speed in two 27 kilometres long

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circular pipes guided by cryogenically

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cooled superconducting magnets. The beams

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can then be crossed at four particle

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detectors, atlas, alice, CMS

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and lhcb. Each of these

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detectors are located in a giant cathedral

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sized cavern. There the particle packets

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can collide, producing pressures and

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temperatures similar to those generated in

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the moments after the Big Bang 13.8 billion

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years ago. The debris produced by those

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collisions provide new windows into the

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fundamental laws of nature behind the

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standard model of particle physics, the

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foundation stone of science's understanding

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of the universe. It was the Large Hadron

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Collider, which in 2012 enabled scientists to

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discover the Higgs boson, a force particle

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which gives mass to all the other particles

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through its all pervasive Higgs field. In the

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years that followed, the Large Hadron

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Collider enabled hundreds of major advances,

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including the discovery of more than 85

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hadron hadrons, which are composite subatomic

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particles made up of quarks held together by

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the strong nuclear force. It also set

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exclusion limits on the discovery of new

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particles, undertook searches into the

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imbalance between matter and antimatter,

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explored the nature of the quark gluon plasma

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which existed at the start of the universe,

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and searched for signs of that mysterious

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substance called dark matter.

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This so called high luminosity upgrade will

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increase the collider's luminosity by a

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factor of up to 10 beyond its original

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design, improving its ability ability to

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generate high quality data. See in particle

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physics, luminosity measures the rate of

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particle collisions over time. So higher

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luminosity increases opportunities to detect

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rare phenomena, providing clues to new

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physics beyond the standard model. Currently,

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the collider's detectors record around 60

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proton proton interactions during each

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collision. The upgrade will increase that to

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between 140 and 200. It

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will also allow the generation of up to 380

390
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million Higgs bosons, a substantial increase

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in the roughly 55 million that have been

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produced since the collider first began

393
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operations. A key objective of the

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upgrade will involve detecting rare events

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where two Higgs bosons are created

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simultaneously. That would allow deeper

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insights into the behaviour of the Higgs

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field and offer a new glimpse into the

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conditions of the early universe following

400
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the Big Bang. The shutdown won't

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be a small event. It will involve thousands

402
00:16:58.670 --> 00:17:00.870
of scientists, engineers and technicians

403
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replacing major detector components,

404
00:17:03.070 --> 00:17:05.190
including the injectors, installing new

405
00:17:05.190 --> 00:17:08.110
timing systems and upgrading over 1.2

406
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kilometres of superconducting magnets.

407
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Technicians will also use this opportunity to

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00:17:13.230 --> 00:17:15.190
carry out essential renovation projects

409
00:17:15.190 --> 00:17:17.510
across the entire accelerator complex and

410
00:17:17.510 --> 00:17:19.470
experimental facilities. From the

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consolidation of the new super proton

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00:17:21.550 --> 00:17:23.870
synchrotron north area area, the dismantling

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of the CERN neutrinos de Gran Sasso target

414
00:17:26.350 --> 00:17:28.590
area, and the transformation of the

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experimental cavern north three into a high

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intensity fixed target facility. It's all

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going to be very exciting and potentially

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completely change our, uh, understanding of

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the universe. This is space, time.

420
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And time. Now to take a brief look at some of

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the other storeys making news in Science this

422
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week with a Science report.

423
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A new study has found that for each extra

424
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hour of prolonged uninterrupted sedentary

425
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behaviour in a person's day, there's an

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additional 9% higher risk of death by

427
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cancer. Uh, the findings reported in the

428
00:18:14.880 --> 00:18:16.760
journal Plosmedicine are, uh, based on an

429
00:18:16.760 --> 00:18:19.360
analysis of Data from over 90,000 UK

430
00:18:19.360 --> 00:18:21.480
Biobuts bank participants who wore activity

431
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monitors for a week and were then followed up

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for around 12 years. Prolonged sedentary

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behaviour, described as 30 minutes or more,

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during which at least 90% of the time spent

435
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sedentary was linked to a higher risk of

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cancer incidence and death. Obesity related

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cancers and type 2 diabetes related cancers.

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Interrupted sedentary behaviour which lasts

439
00:18:41.600 --> 00:18:43.800
less than 30 minutes or was broken up with

440
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more than 10% non sedentary time, showed the

441
00:18:46.320 --> 00:18:48.720
opposite pattern with lower risks of cancer

442
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across all outcomes.

443
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A review looking at billions of doses of

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MRNA vaccines has found that the current

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vaccinations are both safe and highly

446
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effective. When first introduced, it was

447
00:19:02.100 --> 00:19:04.900
concerned that MRNA vaccines could cause

448
00:19:04.900 --> 00:19:07.300
alterations to people's genetic codes.

449
00:19:07.700 --> 00:19:09.700
The new research by scientists from the

450
00:19:09.700 --> 00:19:11.500
University of British Columbia found the

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00:19:11.500 --> 00:19:13.460
vaccines protected against COVID 19,

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00:19:13.460 --> 00:19:15.660
including severe Covid in a range of

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populations including children, pregnant

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women and the immunocompromised. They also

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found that serious side effects were rare and

456
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were substantially outweighed by protection

457
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against severe disease, hospitalisation and

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death. The authors also highlighted the

459
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potential of MRNA vaccines to treat and

460
00:19:32.890 --> 00:19:35.730
prevent other conditions such as cancer, RSV

461
00:19:35.890 --> 00:19:38.770
and the flu. A new

462
00:19:38.770 --> 00:19:41.090
study using satellite data has found that

463
00:19:41.090 --> 00:19:43.690
artificial nighttime lighting has made planet

464
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Earth 16 times brighter. Uh, what it used to

465
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be. The findings, based on data from

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2014 to 2022, are reported in the

467
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journal Nature and include more than 1.1

468
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million individual satellite images. The

469
00:19:57.210 --> 00:19:59.050
authors say the growth in artificial light

470
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has outpaced population growth. They also

471
00:20:02.010 --> 00:20:04.170
found changes in brightness were volatile,

472
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with both brightening and dimming, indicating

473
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periods of construction and demolition,

474
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energy instability such as grid failures in

475
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Venezuela, fossil fuel production and

476
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societal disruption such as conflicts in the

477
00:20:15.180 --> 00:20:18.180
Middle East. A new study has

478
00:20:18.180 --> 00:20:19.900
found that sending an electric current

479
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through black coffee provides a quick and

480
00:20:22.060 --> 00:20:23.980
simple way of measuring its strength and

481
00:20:23.980 --> 00:20:26.540
roast. The findings, reported in the journal

482
00:20:26.540 --> 00:20:28.340
Nature Communications, claims the test

483
00:20:28.340 --> 00:20:30.460
involves applying voltage to coffee and

484
00:20:30.460 --> 00:20:32.300
measuring the current passed through it as it

485
00:20:32.300 --> 00:20:34.580
responds to the electric field, which allows

486
00:20:34.580 --> 00:20:36.620
differences in strength and roast to be

487
00:20:36.620 --> 00:20:39.580
calculated. It seems the strength of coffee

488
00:20:39.580 --> 00:20:41.980
increases or becomes darker the less

489
00:20:41.980 --> 00:20:44.840
electrical charge is generated. The authors

490
00:20:44.840 --> 00:20:46.760
say this weakening of the current is due to

491
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coffee molecules such as caffeine sticking to

492
00:20:49.080 --> 00:20:52.080
the electrodes. Existing methods of testing

493
00:20:52.080 --> 00:20:54.400
coffee often involve tasting panels and

494
00:20:54.400 --> 00:20:56.160
indirect measurements, which can be both

495
00:20:56.160 --> 00:20:59.000
costly and unreliable or slow expensive lab

496
00:20:59.000 --> 00:21:01.440
tests that look for individual molecules.

497
00:21:03.040 --> 00:21:05.640
Lying dishonest politicians and corrupt

498
00:21:05.640 --> 00:21:08.240
biassed journalism have become commonplace in

499
00:21:08.240 --> 00:21:10.490
today's world. The rise of

500
00:21:10.490 --> 00:21:13.010
misinformation and disinformation has led to

501
00:21:13.010 --> 00:21:15.930
what is now a, uh, dystopian post truth era.

502
00:21:16.410 --> 00:21:18.570
And for people like you and me who just want

503
00:21:18.570 --> 00:21:20.690
the truth, who want to hear the fact without

504
00:21:20.690 --> 00:21:23.610
any bias, it's a struggle to easily identify

505
00:21:23.610 --> 00:21:26.170
what's verifiable fact and why it is simply

506
00:21:26.170 --> 00:21:28.730
fabricated. Instead of helping fix this

507
00:21:28.730 --> 00:21:30.770
growing problem, our growing reliance on

508
00:21:30.770 --> 00:21:32.810
artificial intelligence is actually making

509
00:21:32.810 --> 00:21:35.650
the situation worse. As the sceptics

510
00:21:35.650 --> 00:21:37.770
Timms Mendham explains, When it comes to

511
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artificial intelligence, like everything else

512
00:21:39.690 --> 00:21:41.850
on the Internet, it really is a case of

513
00:21:41.850 --> 00:21:43.650
garbage in, garbage out.

514
00:21:43.730 --> 00:21:46.050
Tim Mendham: Yes, this era is regarded as a lot of fake

515
00:21:46.050 --> 00:21:48.450
facts, sort of areas or debatable truths and

516
00:21:48.450 --> 00:21:50.650
that sort of stuff. Post truth era almost.

517
00:21:50.650 --> 00:21:52.130
And that, uh, people are finding it difficult

518
00:21:52.130 --> 00:21:54.210
to identify what's real and what's not,

519
00:21:54.210 --> 00:21:56.450
particularly in medicine areas. Actually

520
00:21:57.170 --> 00:21:59.450
every DP will tell you about people who come

521
00:21:59.450 --> 00:22:02.370
in with a picture of a, uh, TikTok video or

522
00:22:02.370 --> 00:22:04.530
a Facebook post, or this sort of thing. This

523
00:22:04.530 --> 00:22:06.290
disease doesn't exist. Or here's a better

524
00:22:06.290 --> 00:22:08.570
cure for me, et cetera. What can you do for

525
00:22:08.570 --> 00:22:10.890
me? And it's a little like it's going to take

526
00:22:10.890 --> 00:22:13.710
a while to diffuse misinform, if you

527
00:22:13.710 --> 00:22:15.390
like people. But the truth is you can't just,

528
00:22:15.390 --> 00:22:17.190
you can say that's not true. The trouble is

529
00:22:17.190 --> 00:22:18.430
people often won't believe that. They don't

530
00:22:18.430 --> 00:22:19.910
react well to that sort of thing. So you've

531
00:22:19.910 --> 00:22:21.710
got to think of ways of doing it. AI in

532
00:22:21.710 --> 00:22:24.230
particular, it can be amplifying facts, it

533
00:22:24.230 --> 00:22:25.830
can find facts for you, it can find

534
00:22:25.830 --> 00:22:27.470
information for you, or could also

535
00:22:27.550 --> 00:22:29.910
misinterpret facts in its own right. It's not

536
00:22:29.910 --> 00:22:31.950
purposely lying but it just, it's just the

537
00:22:31.950 --> 00:22:34.510
algorithms in there. Yeah, it doesn't know.

538
00:22:34.510 --> 00:22:35.990
That's the whole problem. And the interesting

539
00:22:35.990 --> 00:22:37.710
thing is it is becoming more and more

540
00:22:37.710 --> 00:22:39.910
prevalent. I mean there are storeys of best

541
00:22:39.910 --> 00:22:41.550
selling novels which are totally written by

542
00:22:41.550 --> 00:22:43.190
AI. There's one that came out fairly

543
00:22:43.190 --> 00:22:45.130
recently, a romance novel, I think it was in

544
00:22:45.130 --> 00:22:46.610
the UK and people said, hang on a second,

545
00:22:46.610 --> 00:22:47.930
that looks a bit dodgy. And the author

546
00:22:47.930 --> 00:22:49.250
admitted that actually a lot of it was

547
00:22:49.250 --> 00:22:51.610
written by AI. There's a recent case of a

548
00:22:51.610 --> 00:22:53.970
Australian government inquiry into

549
00:22:53.970 --> 00:22:56.850
misinformation in medicine areas, false

550
00:22:56.850 --> 00:22:58.170
claims and things. And some of the

551
00:22:58.170 --> 00:23:00.650
submissions were written by AI. So I mean,

552
00:23:01.130 --> 00:23:03.210
it's very prevalent. What can you do about

553
00:23:03.210 --> 00:23:06.090
it? Very hard. Obviously,

554
00:23:06.090 --> 00:23:07.650
from a medical point of view, they suggest

555
00:23:07.650 --> 00:23:09.210
that listing is probably better than being

556
00:23:09.210 --> 00:23:11.210
dogmatic. People might react better to that.

557
00:23:11.210 --> 00:23:13.330
You can try and name misinformation without

558
00:23:13.330 --> 00:23:15.330
ridicule and um, if you ridicule your

559
00:23:15.330 --> 00:23:16.630
patient, you're not going to, they're going

560
00:23:16.630 --> 00:23:18.350
to find another doctor. It's got to be

561
00:23:18.350 --> 00:23:20.550
transparent. The thing is though, discussing

562
00:23:20.550 --> 00:23:23.390
with a patient within normal practise can be

563
00:23:23.390 --> 00:23:25.590
difficult because it takes time. So there's a

564
00:23:25.590 --> 00:23:27.630
lot of issues with misinformation generally.

565
00:23:27.630 --> 00:23:30.390
AI is part of that, not necessarily the

566
00:23:30.390 --> 00:23:32.070
evil thing. It's the victim as much as

567
00:23:32.070 --> 00:23:33.790
anything else of the information it gathers.

568
00:23:33.790 --> 00:23:35.670
It's only as good as the info it picks up and

569
00:23:35.670 --> 00:23:37.390
therefore that's in the algorithm. There are

570
00:23:37.390 --> 00:23:39.630
nefarious uses of misinformation, obviously,

571
00:23:39.630 --> 00:23:41.870
people selling stuff that may not work and

572
00:23:41.870 --> 00:23:44.070
that's classic for influencers and TikToks

573
00:23:44.070 --> 00:23:45.350
and that sort of thing. It's a key problem

574
00:23:45.350 --> 00:23:47.630
and very much a problem that doctors are

575
00:23:47.630 --> 00:23:49.730
facing increasingly. There are cases these

576
00:23:49.730 --> 00:23:51.970
days of people going for medical diagnosis

577
00:23:51.970 --> 00:23:54.530
with an AI and preferring that it seems to be

578
00:23:54.530 --> 00:23:56.690
more compassionate by the terms it uses. It's

579
00:23:56.690 --> 00:23:58.330
never judgmental and it's actually written

580
00:23:58.330 --> 00:24:00.130
that way, not to be judgmental on purpose,

581
00:24:00.130 --> 00:24:02.090
but then you come to the situation where you

582
00:24:02.090 --> 00:24:03.570
can actually pull it up on a fact that's

583
00:24:03.570 --> 00:24:04.970
quoting and say that's not correct. And they

584
00:24:04.970 --> 00:24:07.050
say, yes, you are right and you think it

585
00:24:07.050 --> 00:24:09.010
backtracks very quickly on, uh, false

586
00:24:09.010 --> 00:24:10.530
information that it's sort of confronted

587
00:24:10.530 --> 00:24:10.730
with.

588
00:24:10.730 --> 00:24:12.930
Stuart Gary: That's the sceptics. Timms Mendham and this

589
00:24:12.930 --> 00:24:13.790
is Space Time.

590
00:24:29.540 --> 00:24:32.460
And that's the show for now. Space Time is

591
00:24:32.460 --> 00:24:34.620
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