Super Flare Captured on Nearby Star & ESA Plans Nuclear Rocket for Deep Space Exploration

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This is Spacetime Series twenty six,
Episode fifty six, for broadcast on the

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tenth of May twenty twenty three.
Coming up on Spacetime, studying powerful stellar

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eruptions called super flares. Europe announces
plans to build a nuclear powered rocket,

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and we look at the work done
by the European space agencies. Are matter

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of satellites undertaking air quality missions.
All that and more coming up on Spacetime.

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Welcome to Spacetime with Stewart Garry.
Astronomers using a combination of space and

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ground based observations have captured one of
the most complete pictures yet of a super

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flare erupt from a distant star.
The findings are reported in the Estrophysical Journal,

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describes a very massive, high velocity
prominence eruption lasting out from the binary

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star V thirteen fifty five arianis located
some four hundred light years away in the

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constellation O Ryan. The study is
important because many stars are observed releasing super

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flares, which can be over ten
times larger than the largest solar flares ever

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seen erupting from the Sun, and
it raises the possibility of whether or not

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the Sun could release such flares as
well. Hot ironized gas released by the

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Sun. Solar flares can have a
major influence on the environment around the Earth,

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referred to a space whether a solar
flare or chronal mass ejection, can

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cause Earth's atmosphere to wobble like a
jellyfish. It triggers spectacular Aurora light displays,

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the Northern and Southern lights, the
Aurora borealis and Aurora Estrallas, which

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are the displays we've been had over
the past few weeks. But it can

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also damage spacecraft, frying their electrical
circuits and cause them to use up more

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fuel in order to maintain operational orbits
as the atmosphere around them expands and contracts,

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increasing atmospheric drag and consequently orbital decay. The radiation from these flares can

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also damage life, affecting astronauts aboard
the International Space Station and on deep space

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missions. It can disrupt navigation and
communication systems, and even affect power grids

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on Earth, causing widespread blackouts by
overloading circuits. And they're just the big

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ones from the Sun we know about. Could out Sun produce flares ten times

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bigger, flares big enough to irradiate
the planet and destroy life. The star

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V thirteen fifty five Orionus is known
to frequently release large scales super flares.

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However, the details of how super
flares and prominence eruptions on stars occur is

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still claire. Now, a team
of scientists led by shouldn't inu from Kiota

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University have used the three point eight
meter semi telescope in Japan and NASA's Transiting

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Exoplanet Survey satellite tests to monitor the
V thirteen fifty five Ranus binary system,

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and the team succeeded in capturing a
super flare with continuous high temporal resolution observations.

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The data analyzes shows that the super
flare originated with a phenomenon known as

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a prominence eruption. Now, calculating
the velocity of the eruption requires making some

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assumptions about aspects that aren't directly observable, but even the most conservative estimates far

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exceeded three hundred forty seven kilometer per
second escape velocity of the star, and

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that indicates that the prominence eruption was
capable of breaking free of the star's gravity

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and developing into a chronal mass ejection. The prominence eruption was also one of

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the most massive ever observed carrying trillions
of tons of men material. Over All,

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the observations of providing astronomers with a
better idea of how super flares and

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still a prominence eruptions can occur.
This is spacetime still to come. Europe

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announcers plans to follow in the footsteps
of the United States and develop a nuclear

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powered rocket. And we look at
the work done by the European space agencies

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constellation of airmachoring spacecraft, the Copernicus
Sentinel program, all that and more still

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to come on spacetime. The European
Space Agency has announced plans to follow in

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the footsteps of NASA and develop nuclear
powered rockets for deep space exploration. Spacecraft

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currently use a variety of chemical rockets
or electric ion propulsion systems, usually powered

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by solar arrays, and of course
there are also lots of solar serial experiments

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continuing as a third potential option for
the future. But NASCY began looking at

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the idea of nuclear powered rockets back
in the nineteen sixties under what was called

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projector Ryan, but it was dropped
due to funding constraints and the Nuclear Non

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Proliferation Treaty. The problem is conventional
space propulsion methods and now reaching their physical

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limits. One of the original ideas
involved nuclear impulse detonation systems, where small

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atomic bombs would be ejected behind the
rear of the spacecraft, ignited, and

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the shockwaves from the nuclear blast then
used to push the spacecraft forward. Likely,

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they're no longer being considered as an
option. Instead, scientists are looking

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at nuclear based electrical propulsion systems,
like the electric ion propulsion systems on which

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they're based. Nuclear electric propulsion systems
used propel much more efficiently than chemical rockets,

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but provide far lower amounts of thrust. They would use a nuclear reactor

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to generate electricity that positively charges gas
propellants like zeon or crypton, pushing the

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ions through a thruster, which then
drives the spacecraft forward. Conventional iron propulsion

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systems do the same thing, but
use solar erase to generate the electricity.

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Using low thrust. Efficiently, nuclear
electric propulsion systems could accelerate spacecraft for extended

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periods of time, propelling a vehicle
and emission to say Mars, in just

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a fraction of the time and for
a fraction of the propellant of a high

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thrust chemical system. Another idea being
examined is nuclear, a thermal propulsion technology.

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It provides high thrust and twice the
propellant efficiency of any chemical rocket system

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yet developed. It works by transferring
heat from a nuclear reactor to a liquid

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propellant, such as liquified hydrogen,
which is being pumped through the reactor core.

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This rapidly heats up, expanding to
a gas which is then forced out

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of the rocket nozzle, creating high
thrust and accelerating the spacecraft rapidly forward.

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The advantage of nuclear thermal propulsion is
that it cannot only shorten travel times,

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but also deliver vi graded payloads.
For example, a trip to Mars could

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be reduced by a quarter, cutting
a six month one way trip down to

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a list than five months. And
of course, reducing flight times would be

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especially important for a man mission,
as the short travel times would reduce the

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amount of exposure to harmful cosmic radiation
that a crew would be exposed to.

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NASA began its latest nuclear propulsion research
program last year in collaboration with the Pentagon's

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Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DAPPER.
They plan on developing a nuclear thermal propulsion

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engine by twenty twenty seven. Esabes. It could have its system operational by

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twenty thirty five. This space time
still to come. Take a look at

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the European Space enci's efforts to fight
air pollution using a fleet of Copernicus satellites,

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and later in the science report any
study shows that open ais chat GPT

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four can answer medical questions better than
most doctors. All that and more still

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to come on spacetime. Air pollution
has become a serious global problem. According

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to the World Health Organization, seven
million premature deaths each year are linked to

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air pollution. The European space edencies
Copernicus atmosphere monitoring services provide key information about

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air quality around the globe, helping
sitists understand how people can keep the planet

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breathable. Using the European Space ensies
constantly of Earth observation satellites, it provides

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constant, quality controlled information in relation
to air pollution and health, solar energy,

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greenhouse gases, and climate across the
globe. Over the past year alone,

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East's Sentinel satellite constellation has been monitoring
Sahara desert dust storms, crossing the

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Iberian Peninsula and then continuing across France
towards northern and Central Europe. The networks

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also observed large scale smoke blooms generated
by devastating wildfires in central and southern Chilee

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that was back in February, which
then spread over the Pacific Ocean. They

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followed even more extreme wildfires back in
December, which burnt across Europe and the

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Americas. The sentinel's atmospheric monitoring systems
tracked devastating wildfire emissions around the globe,

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and it monitored as European wildfire emissions
reached their highest levels in fifteen years.

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Copernicus also studied persistent Atarctic ozone holes
in twenty twenty, twenty twenty one,

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and twenty twenty two, which included
some unusual behavior. Not only did the

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closure of the ozone whole last year
take longer than usual, but it was

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also relatively large. The constellation also
kept a close siye on the evolution of

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Monoloa's volcanic eruption in Hawaii, which
wound up spewing out a huge plume of

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soph of the oxide, and it
issued early warnings about spring dust, air

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pollution and pollen outbreaks across Central Europe, and thanks to Copernicus, scientists are

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now predicting further very high levels of
surface ozone pollution across large areas of Europe.

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It's temperature starts saw again this report
from a TV. The atmosphere crucial

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for life on Earth. It makes
our planet habitable. However, air pollution

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has become a serious problem. Human
activities are altering our atmosphere at an unprecedented

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scale. This has an impact on
air quality is affecting people's health all around

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the globe. Studies even show that
in the urbanized regions of Europe, ninety

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percent of the population is exposed to
harmful levels of air pollution. According to

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the World Earth Organization, adverse equality
is responsible of seven million premature of death

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on a global scale. In Europe, the Environment Agency is estimate to four

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hundred to five hundred thousand premature death
occurring. So this is a very real

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problem. Air Quality affects our health
in many ways, from causing heart and

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respiratory disease, to exacerbating asthma and
even impacting cognitive abilities. Recent studies have

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also shown that even relatively low levels
of air pollution can affect people's health.

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In order to better understand this problem
and find solutions, scientists need reliable data

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on where and how the air is
being polluted and how it spreads. This

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can be done locally by taking in
situ measurements, but with satellite data this

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can be achieved at a larger scale
across regions and countries, thus tracking pollution

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as it's spread by the wind.
Over the last two decades, the European

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Space Agency launched a number of satellites
the to observe our atmosphere the measure air

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pollutants. ESA is involved in the
air quality measurements by providing space measurements satellites

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that have the capability to measure air
pollution trace causes. We started on this

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during ninety five by putting Come in
space this instrumentation. This capability has then

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been improved step by step by follow
on instruments like Eskimaki two or OMI and

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now with the Copernicus mission Sentinel five
precursor, we have clover coverage within one

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day and this allows for the first
time to use this space based measurements to

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be implemented in operational services for air
quality monitoring but also for forecasting. The

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Copernicus program, with its Sentinels satellites, has bridged the gap between research and

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operational services. Using both satellite and
institution measurements, the Copernica's atmosphere monitoring services

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provides information about air composition and quality
across the globe at the European level.

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It's almost like a weather forecast.
This information is picked up by media and

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smartphone applications, warning the public on
poor air quality in their region. With

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Copernica's Sentinel five P launched in twenty
seventeen, which carries a novel instrument called

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Tropome, a big step was taken
to observe sources of air pollution. Now

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pollution hotspots are clearly visible. This
increased spatial resolution comes from Sentinel five P

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spectrometer the Tropom instrument. The Tropome
instrument is really a big step forward in

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what we hear, what we can
do, and that's for different reasons.

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I think maybe the most striking when
you look at the data is the very

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good space or resolution. So it
can measure with a ground resolution of about

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three and a half by seven kilometers, which is more an effector of ten

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better than what we can that previous
instruments had. With its Tropome instrument,

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Copernicus Sentinel five P is showing how
important it is by delivering operational data on

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air quality every day within the Kaupernicus
program, ESA and the EU are already

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preparing new missions to monitor our atmosphere. For example, one of the potential

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future Sentinel missions has been proposed to
monitor emissions of carbon dioxide. Our atmosphere

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is precious, but polluting emissions are
both responsible for poor air quality as well

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as adding to the greenhouse effect driving
climate change. By monitoring emissions and understanding

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how they spread, we might find
solutions to keep our planet breathable unsustainable.

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And in that report from ESA TV, we heard from Vincent Unripew ahead of

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Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Services, Sentinel five
piece mission manager at ESA, Klaus Zena,

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and Peepin Vifkin, one of the
principal investigators with the Sentinel five P

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mission. This space time and time
out to take another brief look at some

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of the other stories making news in
science this week. With a Science report,

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A new study is found that sticking
to a specific type of Mediterranean diet

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known as a mind diet may help
reduce dementia risk. Mind diet stands for

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Mediterranean dietary approaches to stop hypertension intervention
for neurodegenerative delay. The findings were ordered

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in the Journal of the American Medical
Association. Looked at two hundred thousand people,

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finding that those who stuck to the
diet had a seventeen percent lower risk

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of dementia. The study showed that
this type of diet emphasizes natural protein based

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foods, limits the intake of animal
foods and foods high and saturated fats,

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and uniquely encourages people to eat berries
and green leafy vegetables rich in vitaments and

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antioxidants. Paleontologists have found that,
just like modern day elephants, male wooly

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mammoths underwent musks, which are testosterone
driven changes during the mating season. A

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report of the journal Nature claims scientists
detected hormone fluctuations in the dentine of male

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mammoth tasks estimated to be roughly thirty
nine to thirty three thousand years old,

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and there were similar to hormonal patterns
seen in the tusks of modern day male

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African elephants and whatever. Scientists say
the hormone spikes were smaller in the mammoths

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because the mammoth tusks they tested had
degraded over thousands of years. But they

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also tested female mammoth tusks aged around
six thousand years old and found no fluctuation

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in testosterone levels. The findings of
the first evidence of must in mammoths based

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on hormonal data, demonstrating the potential
of teeth and tusks for shitting new light

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on the live history of events in
extinct animals. A new study has shown

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that chat gpt is capable of answering
questions about medical advice at a standard that's

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often higher than what a doctor can
provide, assuming, of course, the

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AIS being honest. The findings are
reported in the Journal of the American Medical

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Association, suggest that AIS could play
a role in helping overwarm doctors draft better,

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quicker responses to questions. The authors
simply asked the chat gpt to answer

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questions submitted to Reddit's ask stocks that
have already been answered by verified doctors,

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and the team of licensed health professionals
then judged the response to determine which had

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the better quality of information and better
bedside manner. The authors found that the

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chat GPT's response turned out being better
for seventy eight point six percent of the

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questions answered Now, of course it
read it threads, not the same as

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a doctor's office, but the results
do show that AIS could help doctors deliver

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information in the best easiest way possible
in the future. Now, while we're

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on the subject of artificial intelligence,
Jeffrey Hinton, the man widely seen as

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the father of artificial intelligence, has
Quitty's job with Google, warning about the

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growing dangers from developments in AI.
The seventy five year old announced his resignation

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in the statement to The New York
Times, saying he now regretted his work,

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and later telling the BBC that the
dangers of AI chatbots are quite scary.

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Hinton's pioneering research on deep learning in
neural networks pave the way for today's

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AI systems like chat GPT four.
Hitton's major AI breakthrough came back in twenty

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twelve when his team successfully created an
algorithm which could analyze images in the process

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identifying common elements such as people,
dogs, or cars. Now, that

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was only a rudimentary algorithm, but
it would eventually lead to today's current level

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of AIS like open AI, chat, GPT four and Google's bad Hitten warns

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that AIS will soon be more intelligent
than humans if they aren't already and they're

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already eclipsing humans in the amount of
general knowledge they hold. Hitten's fees also

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worker those expressed in a public letter
earlier this year by more than a thousand

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other tech leaders, including Elon Musk
and Steve Wasn't the act. They called

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for a six month halt in AI
development because of concerns over its use.

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Hitten says he's especially worried about bad
actors like Russian president that to me Putin,

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who could use AI for bad things, such as getting more power.

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Technology editor alexaharav Royt from Take Advice, Start Life says his actions are significance.

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It's interesting that someone says that they
regret their life's work. I mean,

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that's a pretty amazing statement. He
did get his PhD and artificial intelligence

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forty five years ago, so human
kind has been thinking about this for a

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long long time. Originally just something
that was science fiction, but here nearly

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fifty years later, and it's becoming
true. And he did say that he

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consoles himself with a normal excuse.
If he hadn't done it, he says,

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somebody else would have it. It's
hard to see how he can prevent

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bad actors from using it for bad
things. What's he scared of? Is

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it the Skynet thing? Look,
I think that's a worried go on the

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track. But at the moment he
fears that the Internet could be flooded with

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misinformation. Come on, that's the
ABC and CNN's job. Sure well,

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we haven't had fake news for quite
some time without the power of AI.

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We've had that through organic intelligence.
But Hinton was concerned that we just won't

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know what's true. We have had
the case just in the last couple of

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weeks where a German magazine called The
Actuel published a world first interview with Michael

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Schumacher and hinted that it was deceptively
real. And it turns out when people

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read the actual interview that the whole
thing was generated by something from character dot

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AI, which allows you to talk
to famous people who are either no longer

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with us or, in Michael Schumacher's
case, are obviously not able to speak

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anymore. He said in the New
York Times article that everyone's been quoting.

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He says, the idea that this
stuff could actually gets smarter than people.

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A few people believed that, he
says, but most people thought it was

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way off, and I thought it
was way off. I thought it was

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thirty to fifty years or even longer
away. Obviously, he says, I

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no longer think that. And in
fact, the article seemed to imply that

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Hinton left Google so that he could
criticize Google. But he said in the

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tweet that he left so that he
could talk about the dangers of AI without

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considering how this impacts Google. He
reckons at Google has acted very responsibly.

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Now. The thing is that AI
has already gone mad in certain circumstances.

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Microsoft has had to put the brakes
on its own version of chat GBT for

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the Big AI. It's also become
woken politically biased. That's all down other

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people who are of course programming.
Yeah, absolutely absolutely. I mean this

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is where individuals and companies are going
to have to end up with their own

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systems, their own AI systems that
can be filled with the information that you

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have read it. I mean,
already Samsung has banned its staff from using

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chat GPT. Samsung had discovered that
some of its staff had been putting sensitive

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information about unreleased products and also into
chat tiput and also asking it to provide

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summaries of meetings where sensitive topics were
discussed, and this information is being used

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by chat GPT without chat tiputs knowledge
that Samsung will necessarily put it in there,

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but it's just being used to train
the system and could easily be regurgitated

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in answers that it gives to other
people, because that's how these chatbots work.

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They are incredibly proficient aggregation and regurgitation
machines. They give the appearance of

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being intelligent because they've got so much
information at their disposal that they know what,

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in theory the correct things are to
say in regards saying response, But

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again it all depends what has been
input into the system. And another concern

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is that now we've got AI systems
which can even read your mind. Yeah,

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they're getting individuals to train themselves on
a system that can analyze the patterns

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of their brain and then they can
take this analysis run it through a GPT.

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It's a version one GPT, not
the three point four or five years

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today, and the GPTs results or
responses Hugh very closely to what it is

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that they say they were thinking about
all what they were seeing in a video.

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So this is the beginning of actually
being able to have technology read your

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mind and give out results. The
great minds that Apple and Google have come

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together and they've discovered whoop you do? People don't like being tracked? Why

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did it attack them so long?
It's not that people didn't like tracking.

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I mean you were able to track
your friends on iPhones. Using to Find

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my Friends, you could switch on
the ability to share your location for an

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hour or for the rest of the
day, or even on an ongoing basis.

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Arents use these tracking features. Let
me ask you a question here,

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do you really if your tracker on
or do you turn it off like I

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turn off? I turn it off. But if I'm going to a friends

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place, for example, and then
I might turn it on for the hour

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so they can see how long I'm
going to be, that can actually tell

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the distance I am away. I
use this with my sister the other day.

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She was coming to visit with her
boyfriend, and I told her,

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you know, turn your tracking on
for the next hour, because they were

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about narrow way and it was really
cool to be able to see ow they're

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ten minutes away, they're outside,
and you know, you could sort of

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not have to worry about where they
were. Now. The problem is when

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people have been using the Tile and
the Apple trackers to track people, to

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track ex partners, to track cars, to store people. And Apple has

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been the only company that actually alerts
you to the fact that you have a

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tracker that is not one of your
trackers, that seems to be staying with

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00:24:45.799 --> 00:24:48.440
you, is in your area.
The Tile tracker doesn't do that. Other

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trackers haven't done that, and so
Apple has actually been responsible in this area

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by alerting people though even delivered an
app that Android users can install to see

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if there's any Apple trackers around them. But Apple and Google have jointless submitted

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00:25:03.119 --> 00:25:08.039
a proposed industry specification. This is
to help combat the misuse of Bluetooth location

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00:25:08.119 --> 00:25:12.000
tracking devices to unwanted tracking. And
that's the first of us kind specification.

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00:25:12.240 --> 00:25:33.240
That's Alexahara Royd from Tech Advice,
Start Live, and that's the show for

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00:25:33.400 --> 00:25:37.599
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