Saturn's 62 new moons // Wild Martian river // Finding black holes

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This is Spacetime Series twenty six,
episode sixty two, for broadcast on the

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twenty fourth of May twenty twenty three. Coming up on Spacetime, Saturn get

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sixty two new moons, discovery of
a wild Martian river on the Red planet,

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and astronomers develop a better way of
finding black holes or that are more.

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Coming up on Spacetime Welcome to Spacetime
with Stewart Garry, Astronomers have discovered

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another sixty two moons orbiting the ringed
ward of Saturn. The work catapots the

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Attorney System back into first place as
the planet with the most number of known

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moons now totaling one hundred and forty
five. That compares to Jupiter, which

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is ninety five known moons. Over
the past two decades, Satin surroundings have

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been repeatedly examined for tiny moons with
increasing sensitivity. The latest study used a

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technique known as shift in stack in
order to find fainter and the small at

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Saturnian moons. The same method has
been used before to search for moons around

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Neptune and Uranus, but never before
for Satin. It works by shifting a

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set of sequential images at the rate
at which the Moon's moving across the sky.

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The results enhanced the Moon's signal when
all the datas combined and stacked together,

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allowing moons that were simply too faint
to be seen in individual images to

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become visible in the stacked image.
The images were taken using the Canada France

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Hawaii Telescope, a type of mona
k in Hawaii, between twenty nineteen and

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twenty twenty one. By shifting and
stacking many sequential images taken during three hour

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spans a stripe, them as were
able to detect moons around Satin down to

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just two and a half kilometers in
diameter, not bad when they're quite literally

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billions of kilometers away. The original
discoveries were made in twenty nineteen, uncovering

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the moons in a meticulous search of
the deep imaging acquired that year. But

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just finally, an object close to
Satin the sky doesn't necessarily mean it's the

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Moon. It could simply be a
passing asteroid. To be absolutely sure,

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the objects need to be tracked for
several years in order to be certain that

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they are really orbiting the planet.
After painstakingly matching objects detected on different nights

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over two years, the authors managed
to track down sixty three objects, thus

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confirming them as new moons. Now. One of these new moons, designated

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S twenty nineteen S one, was
announced back in twenty twenty one, with

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the rest being announced over the last
couple of weeks. Now, all of

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these new moons belong to a class
known as irregular moons. These are thoughts

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will initially been being captured by Saturn
from their original host planet long ago.

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Compared to regular moons, irregular moons
are characterized by their large, elliptical and

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inclined orbits. The number of known
Saturnian irregular moons has now doubled to one

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hundred and twenty one, with fifty
eight previously known before the search began.

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Now, irregular moons tend to clump
together in orbital groups based on the tilt

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of their orbits. In the Saturnian
system, there are three such groups,

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whose names are drawn from different mythologies. There's the Inuit group, the Gaelic

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group, and the much more populated
Norse group, and all the new moons

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fall into one of these three known
categories, with the Norse group again being

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the most populated among the new moons. These three groups are thought to be

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the result of collisions where the current
moons in the group are remnants of one

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or more earlier collisions involving the originally
captured moons. The authors have suggested that

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the large number of smaller moons in
retrograde orbit is the result of a relatively

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recent list in astronomical terms, but
really sometime over the last one hundred million

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years or so, fairly recent disruption
of a moderately sized irregular moon that's now

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been broken down into many fragments that
are all cataloged in the Norse group this

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space time still to come, discovery
of a wild Martian river on the Red

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planet, and astronomers just got a
better way of finding black holes. All

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that are more still to come on
spacetime. New evidence discovered in rocks is

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leading scientists to rethink what water environments
look like on ancient Mars. The new

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images taken by nassa's Mars Perseverance Rover
show sig answer what was once a wild

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river raging across the Martian landscape,
a river that was deeper and faster moving

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than scientists had ever seen evidence for
on the Red planet in the past.

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This river was part of a network
of waterways that flowed into jesuro Crater,

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the area the six wild car sized
rob has been exploring since landing on the

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Red planet more than two years ago. Understanding these water environments could help scientists

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in the rivers to seek outsides of
ancient microbi or life that may have been

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preserved in the Martian rock. Perseverance
is exploring the top layer of a fan

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shaped pile of sedimentary rock that stands
about two hundred and fifty meters tall and

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features curving layers suggestive of flowing water. It's a geologically fossilized ancient river delta.

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One question sitist need an answer to
is whether the water in this river

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flowed in relatively shallow streams closer to
White NASA's Curiosity rover has found evidence for

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gell Crater or whether this was a
more powerful river system. Stitched together from

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hundreds of images captured by Perseverance's mass
Caamze instrument, the tunumusics created by NASA

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tend to suggest the latter, revealing
coarse river sediment grains and cobbles libby ives

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from NASA's Jeopropulsion Laboratory. In passing
into California, says these indicate a high

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energy river that's moving swiftly and transporting
lots of sediment and debris downstream. The

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more powerful the flow of the water, the more easily it can move large

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pieces of material. Ives, who
has a background in stating Earth rivers,

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has spent the last six months analyzing
images of Martian rivers on the red planet's

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surface. Years ago. Site has
noticed a series of curving bands of layered

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rock within just Row Crater, which
they dubbed the curvy linear Unit. They

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could clearly see these layers from space, but they're only now able to see

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them up close thanks to persevere One
location within the curvy linear unit, nicknamed

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Shrinkle Haven, is likely to have
been formed by powerfully flowing water, but

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Maskemseas detailed images have left scientists debating
exactly what kind of flow we're talking about.

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Are we talking about a big river
like the Mississippi, which winds and

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snakes its way across the landscape,
or are we talking about braided rivers like

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Nebraska's Plate, which forms small islands
of sedimentary sandbars. When viewed from the

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ground, the curved layers appear arranged
in rows that ripple out across the landscape.

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They therefore could be the remnants of
river banks that shifted over time,

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or the remnants of sandbars that formed
in the river. These layers will very

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much taller in the past. Sinus
suspect that after these piles of sediment turned

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to rock, there were sandblasted by
wind over the eons and eventually carved down

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to their present size, the wind
acting like a scalpel cutting the tops of

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these deposits. Now, scientists do
see deposits like this on Earth, but

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they've never been as well exposed as
what they are on Mars because here are

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on Earth, they're of course covered
with vegetation and that hides the layers.

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Second mersey captured by Perseverance shows a
second location that's also part of the Curvey

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Illinear unit, and he's located about
four hundred and fifty meters from Shrinkle Haven.

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Called Pine Stand. It's an isolated
hill bearing sedimentary layers that curves skyward,

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some as high as twenty meters.
Sidists think these tall layers may also

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being formed by powerful river flows,
although they're exploring other explanations as well.

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I have says these layers are enormously
tall for rivers on Earth, but at

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the same time, the most common
way to create these land forms would be

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a river. The STATIS authors are
continuing to examine mass camas these images for

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additional clues. They're also peering below
the surface using the ground penetrating radar instrument

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on Persevere called rim FACTS, which
is short for Radar Imager for Mars subsurface

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experiments. What they learned from both
instruments will contribute to an ever expanding body

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of knowledge about Mars's ancient watery past. What's exciting here is that we've entered

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a new phase of Gesro's history,
and it's the first time we're seeing environments

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like this on Mars. Of course, a key objective of Perseverance's mission on

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Mars is astrobiology, including the search
for science of ancient microbial life. Scientists

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believe that if evidence of past life
is likely to be found on Mars,

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places like this ancient river delta is
where scientists should be looking. As it

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traverses the fan, Perseverance will characterize
the geology and past climate of Mars,

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having the way for human exploration on
the Red planet. And of course it's

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also the first mission to collect install
Mars samples for eventual return to Worth.

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Subsequent NASA missions, in cooperation with
the European Space Agency, will send SPACECRAFTOMAS

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to collect these sealed samples and then
return them to Earth for in depth analysis

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this space time still to come.
Astronomers just got a better way of finding

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black holes. All that are more
still to come on space time. One

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of the big problems about black holes
is not knowing where they are. After

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all, they're black, and so
is the rest of space around them.

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That makes them really hard to see. It's a bit like sitting next to

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an invisible bomb, which only appears
when it's too late to stop it or

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move away. But that's the thing
about black holes. Their gravity is so

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strong nothing not even like can escape, and so they only make their presents

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clear when they start feeding. Then
material begins falling into the black hole,

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and this material releases vast amounts of
energy as it's ripped apart of the subatomic

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level, before disappearing beyond the monsters
of that horizon, a sort of point

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of no return beyond which escape is
impossible. The quite invisible black holes will

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remain a problem, but astronomers have
now developed a new way of detecting the

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active ones those that are feeding,
and the new method they've come up with

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not only points them out, but
can also measure how much food they're sacking

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in Most, if not all,
galaxies are thought to contain supermassive black holes

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at their centers, but not all
supermassive black holes are feeding. Sagittarius a

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star is the supermassive black hole at
the center of our own galaxy, the

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Milky Way. It's around four point
three million times the mass of our Sun,

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and it's located at twenty seven thousand
light years away, and importantly,

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it appears to be quiet, at
least at the moment. Still, massive

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cone shaped gamma ray clouds known as
fermi bubbles stretch out tens of thousands of

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light years above and below the center
of the galaxies, disc clear evidence of

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past meals consumed by Sagittaries A star. The new technique which the astronomers have

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come up with can determine if super
massive black holes are feeding in distant galaxies,

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and it can be applied to literally
into galaxies across the sky. Until

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now, identifying feeding black holes has
been challenging, with astronomers having to specifically

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look for them individually, using complex
methods unique to individual types of telescopes radio

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optical, X ray and gamma ray. Instead, this new technique works on

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typical telescope observations that already exist for
millions of galaxies. One of the studies

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authors, Sabine Blasted from the University
of Western Australian Nerd of the International Center

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of Radio strongly your research, says
the new tea eglows scientists to search large

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numbers of galaxies at once and learn
about their central black holes. I am

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doctor Sabina Belstead. I am a
research associate here at AKRA. Black holes

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are just one aspect of a galaxy, and they're embedded in the middle.

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And when you look at a galaxy, it's bright, but you don't necessarily

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obviously see the black hole because it
is black. We've been looking at pictures

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of galaxies in many different wavelengths of
light and using that then to have some

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really fancy code that we can model
this light and pick where a black hole

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is. So the type of black
hole that we're interested in in our work

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is a supermassive black hole in the
middle of a galaxy. It's a very

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enormous kind of black hole, and
in particular, one of the reasons why

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we're interested in understanding more about them
is because they really change the way a

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galaxy looks to us. We're interested
in galaxy is because we want to understand

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how they have evolved and changed with
time. If we don't know enough about

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the supermassive black hole inside them,
then everything we about galaxies isn't quite right,

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and so we need to learn that
more carefully to learn about how galaxies

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have changed. The most exciting element
about this research is the fact that we

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can now look at huge samples of
galaxies, hundreds of thousands, and even

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in the future, millions of galaxies, and without having to do anything separately

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to the analysis we've done before.
We can now look at all of these

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galaxies and with one fell swoop we
can understand which of them have mass supermassive

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black holes in them that are shining
brightly, and which of them don't.

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Devils is a survey that has been
conducted on the Anglo Australian Telescope in New

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Wales. In Australia, we've been
using the telescope to collect what is known

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as a redshift, so a measure
of the distance to a galaxy for about

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sixty thousand galaxies and a tiny patch
of the sky. These galaxies are some

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of them nearby, others they are
billions and billions of years in the past,

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so they're very very far away.
These are the galaxies that we've been

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analyzing in this research to analyze how
it is that they've changed and how it

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is that their supermassive black holes have
changed over time. There's currently a telescope

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in Chili that is undergoing a renovation. That renovation wants complete will enable new

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surveys to begin, bigger and better
than we've done before. One of those

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will be the Wave Survey, which
is looking at galaxies about one point six

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million of them. Once we have
those data, we will be able to

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analyze those millions of galaxies in the
same way that we're doing with this study,

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and we'll learn more about them on
a scale thus far unknown. The

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study's co author Jessica Thorne, also
from the University of Western Australia's node of

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the International Center for Radio Astronomy Research. This is the new technique combines multi

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bands of electromagnetic wavelengths from a range
of telescopes in order to identify which galaxies

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contained feeding supermassive black holes and which
are quiet. My name is Jess Thorne.

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I'm a PhD student at KWA.
Black Holes are some of the darkest

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and most elusive objects in the universe. We don't know all that much about

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what happens within inside them, but
in the centers of most massive galaxies in

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the universe, they can be some
of the most luminous objects, so they

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can suck in stuff from around them, and as they do this, the

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stuff gets heated up and becomes super
super bright, and in some cases this

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can outshine the host galaxy of the
black hole. Usually we find these active

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galactic nuclei these central black holes by
using specialist telescopes like the X ray or

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the radio, and using specialist techniques
to reduce the data and find these black

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holes. We've taken a new technique
where we can use existing imaging from multiple

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telescopes, combine it altogether, using
images of the galaxy in multiple wavelengths,

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and use it to identify which galaxies
host these active galactic nuclei. This research

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is really exciting because generally in the
past, to find these active galactic nuclei,

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we have to point an X ray
telescope by the same patch of sky

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for millions of seconds. Whereas this
new research will allow us to combine imaging

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that already exists and takes much less
time to collect. We can piece it

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all together to find these active galactic
nuclei a lot quicker than previous methods.

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This research excites me a lot because
these active galactic nuclei can have a huge

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impact on their host galaxies. They're
sucking in large amount of matter, emitting

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a large amount of light, and
we expect that this will have a huge

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impact on the host galaxy itself.
We think that this might lead to a

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shutdown of staff formation in the galaxy
and can potentially kill all staffmation in their

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galaxy. And we can use these
to understand what the future of the universe

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will be like. That's Jessica Thorn
from the University of Western Australia and this

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space Time and Time met to take
another brief look at some of the other

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stories making us in science this week
with a science report. A new stay

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is measured the extent to which a
burn fracture could lead to early death,

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and they've created a publicly available tool
which doctors and patients can use to calculate

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the risk. The findings, reported
in the journal E Life, examined data

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from over one point six million adults. The authors found that a burn factor

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was associated with a loss of one
to seven years of life, depending on

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gender, age, and burn side. The symetric has now been incorporated into

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an online calculator that measures burn fragility
in order to help doctors and patients better

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understand the true gravity of burn fractures. Scientists have developed a genetically modified variety

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of Cavendish bananas designed to help save
the world's Cavendish banana production. The new

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variety, called QCAV four, has
now been submitted for regulatory approval to the

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federal government. The QCAV four banana
is in fact the first to strange genetically

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modified through or should that be herb, to be submitted for assessment. If

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approved, it would offer potential safety
net against the devastating Panama disease Tropical Race

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four, which threatens the world's twenty
billion dollar banana industry. QCV four bananas

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have been grown in fill trials in
the Northern Territory for over six years out

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of proven to be highly resistant to
Panama disease. Panama disease has already crippled

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Cavendish banana production in Asia and has
now started to take a foothold in South

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America. It already occurs in Australia
in both the Northern Territory and Northern Queensland.

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QCV four is a Cavendish grand name
banana which has been bioengineered with a

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single gene r GA two from the
world Southeast Asian banana. Mind you,

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normal Cavendish bananas already contained the same
gene, but it lies dormant, and

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the aim of this exercise has been
to develop a variety that gets the gene

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to do its thing, and that's
important. It was Cavendish bananas account for

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ninety seven percent of all global banana
production. Well, it seems artificial intelligence

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has taken another step towards its eventual
Skynet like takeover of human civilization, with

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researchers finding that humans tend to be
more empathetic towards AIS if they seem to

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disclose personal information. A report in
the journal Class One showed how researchers instructive

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participants to have a text based chat
with an online AI at to play at

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a scenario between two co workers.
In each conversation, the AI appeared to

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self disclose either highly work relevant personal
information, less relevant information about a hobby,

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or no personal information at all.
So I had to say that compared

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with the less relevant sharing or no
sharing at all, bots that chatted about

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themselves and work end up getting far
or empathy from human participants. Meanwhile,

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after earlier passing its medical licensing exam
with sixty percent accuracy and scoring two hundred

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ninety seven on its Legal Buyer exam, which would have been enough to be

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admitted to practice law in most American
states, the chat GPT four AI has

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now successfully passed its Radiological Board exam. A report in the journal Radiology says

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chat GPT four managed to exceed the
passing threshold with a score of eighty one

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percent, showcasing significant improvements, especially
in a higher order thinking questions. Apple

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has rolled at its emergency SOS satellite
link feature the iPhone fourteen users in Australia,

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New Zealand. The new feature has
only been available up to now for

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devices in North America and Europe.
With the details were joined by technology editor

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Alek Sahara of rout from Tech Advice
Start Life. Yeah, it's the Emergency

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SOS VIA satellite. A lift has
now arrived in Australia and New Zealand the

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en It is exclusive to the four
iPhone fourteen models, the Phone fourteen,

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the Plus, the Pro and the
Pro Max. And it's been about only

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about eight months. I mean I
was actually in Hawaii at the Qualcom conference

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on the day that Apple made the
capability available in the US, and I

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was testing it out there, and
when they made it available in Australia,

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I was able to immediately go outside, hold my phone to the sky,

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go into the settings though to the
Emergency SOS section. Scroll down to the

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bottom and try the Emergency SOS VIS
Satellite demo, which takes you through a

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simulated experience. However, it does
actually connect you to a real satellite and

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you have to hold the phone to
the sky. It's asked me to turn

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left or turn rise, and the
satellites are moving obviously very quickly overhead.

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It can take some minutes for the
connection, but it within a couple of

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minutes I was connected. And then
it is using a series of pre determined

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questions and it compresses the text by
three times to make sure that the message

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can be set as quickly as possible, and already at a stated lives of

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the twelve countries that it is apparently
available, so no doubt we will be

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here very soon. That it has
also saved lives in Australia and New Zealand

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because as soon as you're in an
area where there's no mobile reception, some

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00:23:07.039 --> 00:23:11.839
people I didn't note we're commenting,
oh, I've seen my phone saying no

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00:23:11.960 --> 00:23:14.559
service, but I was still able
to get a call through to Triple O.

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And that's because Telstra, the biggest
carrier in Australia, has one point

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two million square kilometers of additional coverage
compared to its competitors. So even if

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you're on one of the other phone
providers, or you're on a mobile virtual

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never operator that operates on Telstra's wholesale
network, you may still be a range

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00:23:30.960 --> 00:23:33.480
of Telstra's entire network, in which
case the Tripolo call will go through.

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But when you're not in any coverage
area at all, you're staff and as

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00:23:37.480 --> 00:23:41.759
somebody drives by. So it's really
a wonderful thing that undertook them eight months

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00:23:41.759 --> 00:23:45.119
to bring it to the Southern Hemisphere, which is very impressive. And we

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00:23:45.160 --> 00:23:49.160
did have Qualcom announced at CES in
January that they would have a pole to

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00:23:49.279 --> 00:23:53.359
pole service that would know Qualcom satellite
that would be available next year. I'm

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00:23:53.359 --> 00:23:56.359
all later this year, but I'm
sure that by the time that Qualcom service

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will launch, Apples will also most
likely cover pole to pole and it will

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00:24:00.519 --> 00:24:04.240
signal the new era of being able
to connect de vice headlight's just using your

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00:24:04.240 --> 00:24:10.319
phone and eventually your phone will deliver
phone calls and browsing and all the restlans.

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00:24:10.319 --> 00:24:12.720
For the time being, it's just
text, yeah, but it's also

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00:24:12.839 --> 00:24:17.799
the ability for your friends and family
to track you with your permission using the

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00:24:17.839 --> 00:24:19.480
find my service. So you're if
you're in the Blue Mountains in Australia,

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00:24:19.519 --> 00:24:23.000
for example, you're in the outback
somewhere and you aren't able to be connected

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00:24:23.039 --> 00:24:26.480
to a Wi Fi or three G, four G or five G network,

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00:24:26.559 --> 00:24:30.720
then you can still be tracked by
satellite, which is quite incredible. System

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00:24:30.960 --> 00:24:34.279
replace the EPERB or not really.
They do not replace the EPERBS, which

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00:24:34.319 --> 00:24:40.359
goes for Emergency position indicating radio beacons, and they also don't replace a traditional

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00:24:40.519 --> 00:24:42.839
satellite phones which cost about a thousand
dollars to buy. You also have these

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00:24:42.880 --> 00:24:48.279
personal locator beacons as well. I
did have a company either be saying hey

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00:24:48.400 --> 00:24:52.559
we sell at Australia, a brand
of personal located beacons is recording that they

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00:24:52.680 --> 00:24:56.759
have a seven year battery. Live
though for the true adventurer, just relying

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00:24:56.799 --> 00:24:59.759
on your iPhone is probably not going
to be enough. You're going to want

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00:24:59.799 --> 00:25:04.480
to have You're gonna want to have
a satellite Vegan. That's Alexahara Royd from

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00:25:04.559 --> 00:25:26.240
Tech Advice, Start Live and that's
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00:25:26.279 --> 00:25:30.279
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