S27E12: The oldest black hole ever observed

WEBVTT

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This is Spacetime Series twenty seven,
Episode twelve, for broadcast on the twenty

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sixth of January twenty twenty four.
Coming up on space Time, the oldest

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black hole ever observed, a new
satellite to study Earth's criosphere, and Boeing

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Starliner moves a step closer to launch
with a successful upgraded parachute test. All

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that and more coming up on space
Time Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary.

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Astronomers have discovered what they're describing as
the earliest and oldest black hole ever

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observed, a monster dating back more
than thirteen billion years to a time very

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near the dawn of the universe.
The fine were reported in the journal Nature.

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Sure the black hole was already actively
feeding just four hundred million years after

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the Big Bang, eating its hearst
galaxy to death. The observations were made

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using NASA's web Space Telescope. The
studies lead author, Professor Roberto Mejelina,

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from the University of Cambridge, says, the very fact that such a surprisingly

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massive black hole several million times the
mass of our Sun already existed so early

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in the universe challenges our assumptions about
how black holes foreman grow see Estronness believe

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that super massive black holes, which
are found at the centers of most,

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if not all, galaxies, including
the one at the center of our own

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galaxy, the Milky Way, grew
to their current size over billions of years,

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but the massive size of this newly
discovered black hole suggests they may well

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have formed in other ways, such
as being born big through the direct collapse

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of massive gas clouds. Alternatively,
it could simply be that they've consumed a

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lot of matter in a very fast
rate, at least five times faster than

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was previously thought possible. Now.
According to this hypothesis, super massive black

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holes are formed out of the remnants
of dead stars, which collapse to form

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stellar mass black holes and then gradually
merged over time. But growing by this

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method would take at least a billion
years to reach the current size observed,

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and that's where the problem arises.
See the universe was only four hundred million

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years old when this black hole was
detected. Meelina says early galaxies were extremely

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gas rich, and so it would
have been like a buffet for a black

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hole, and that's supported by the
fact that this particular black hole is devouring

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material from its Hearst galaxy at a
ferocious rate. In fact, the author's

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calculations suggest that it's gobbling up matter
much more vigorously than its siblings. At

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later epochs. The young Hearst galaxy
called GNZ eleven is glowing from the enormous

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energetic output of the black hole at
its center. Of course, black holes

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can't be observed directly. Escape velocity
from a black hole is greater than the

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speed of light, hence their name, but they give away their location by

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their actions on surrounding space. In
this case, a feeding black hole would

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have heaps of swirling material orbiting around
it in an accretion disc, and that

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material is being constantly torn and ripped
apart of the subatomic level, releasing huge

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amounts of energy before eventually disappearing beyond
the black holes of at horizon. It's

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point of no return, beyond which
matter falls forever into the singularity. The

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gas on the accretion disc becomes extremely
hot and it glows, radiating out energy

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in X rays and ultraviolet, and
it's the strong glow which is how astronomers

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are able to detect black holes.
GNZ eleven is a compact galaxy aboute hundred

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times smaller than our own galaxy,
the Milky Way, and the black hole

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at its center is likely harming its
development. See as black holes consume material,

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some of the material is forced away
in powerful jets known its quasars,

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sort of like an ultrafast moving wind. This wind can stop the process of

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star formation, thereby slowly killing the
surrounding galaxy and eventually cutting off the black

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Horse fuel supply. This is space
time still to come, a new satellite

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to study earth changing cryosphere, and
Boeing Starliner now slated to launch its first

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astronauts to the International Space Station in
April. All that and more still to

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come on space time. The countdown
is now underway for this year's launch of

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the joint American Indian NISA spacecraft,
which will study how climate change is affecting

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the planet's ice sheet. It's glaciers
and sea ice short for NASA ISRAE that's

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the Indian Space Research Organization Synthetic Aperture
Radar. The nicer spacecraft will use radar

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to monitor changes on Earth's land and
sea surfaces, including the ice sheets covering

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Antarctica in Greenland, as well as
on mountain glaciers. The breakup of ice

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shelves, the health of wetlands,
and even ground defamation caused by volcanoes.

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Its high resolution radar data will provide
the most comprehensive picture so far of motion

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and defamation of frozen surfaces in Earth's
ice and snow covered environments, collectively known

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as the cryosphere. Glaciologist Alex Gardner
from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Passing into

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California says the planet's thermostat is set
on the high and Earth's ice is responding

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by speeding up its motion and melting
faster. Gardner says, we need to

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better understand the processes at play,
and NISA will provide us with the measurements

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to do that. Set to be
launched by the Indian Space Research Organization from

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Southern India NICE that will observe nearly
all the planet's land and ice surfaces twice

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every twelve days. The satellite's unique
insights into its criosphere will come from the

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combination of two separate radar units.
There's an lband system with a twenty five

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centimeter wavelength and an S band system
operating on a ten centimeter wavelength. The

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old bands designed to see through snow, helping scientists better tract the motion of

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ice underneath, while the s bad
is more sensitive to snow moisture, which

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indicates smelting. Both signals penetrate clouds
and darkness, thereby enabling observations during months

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long polar winter nights and nicas orientation
in orbits also important. It'll enable a

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spacecraft to collect data from Antarctic as
far interior close to the South Pole.

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That's something other large radar imaging satellites
don't too. They're usually on orbits,

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which more extensively cover the Arctic.
But it's the Antarctic's ice sheets which hold

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the planet's largest reserve of frozen fresh
water, and the rate at which it

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may lose ice represents the greatest uncertainty
when it comes to sea level rice projections.

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So NIC's increase courage of the Antarctic
will be crucial for studying the motion

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of ice flowing down from the central
Antarctic highlands down towards the sea, and

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the measurements will also enable scientists to
closely study what happens where the ice and

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oceans meet. For example, when
parts of an ice sheet sit on ground

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that's below sea level, salt water
can seep under the ice, increasing melting

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and instability. Both Antarctic and Greenland
have ice shelves, masses of ice that

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extend from land and float out on
the ocean, and these are thinning and

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crumbling as icebergs break off. Ice
shells are important because they help keep glacial

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ice on land from slipping into the
ocean. If they diminish, glaciers can

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flow and calve faster. And the
problem is ice losses on both Antarctica and

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Greenland have been accelerating since the nineteen
ninety and so there's uncertainty about how quickly

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each will continue to recede. Nicer
will monitor the movement and extent of sea

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level ice in both hemispheres. Sea
level ice is important because it insulates the

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ocean from the air, thereby reducing
evaporation and heat loss to the atmosphere.

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It also reflects sunlight, thereby keeping
the planet cooler through the albedo effect.

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We know that Arctic c ice has
been diminishing for decades now as rising water

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and air temperatures have increased melting.
With more of its surface exposed to sunlight,

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the Arctic ocean gains and holds more
heat in summer. It therefore takes

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longer to cool. This means that
less ice formation happens in winter and faster

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melting happens next summer. With greater
courage of the Southern Ocean than any other

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mission to day, NICER will open
new insights around Antarctica, where c ice

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has been thought to be mostly stable
until the past few years. Of course,

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that's all changed recently, with the
latest reading showing it's reached a record

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low in twenty twenty three. But
it's not just the polar regions. The

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satellite will also track changes in Earths
mountain glaciers. See the melting of the

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glaciers has already contributed about a third
of the sea level rise that's been seen

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since the nineteen sixties, and climate
driven changes to freezing and thawing patterns affect

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water supplies to downstream populations. And
this is important for India because in the

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Himalays, nice As all weather capabilities
will at researches monitor how much water is

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stored in glacial lakes, and that's
essential for assessing the risks of future catastrophic

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floods. This report from NASA TV
with NISSAR, we're attracting the changes of

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the solid Earth and how it's moving, ecosystem's ice cover, and any other

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thing that's changing at the scale of
a centimeter on the Earth in a way

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that we've never been able to see
before. Because of these very subtle motions

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we can measure, we're able to
understand what's happening below the surface of the

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Earth a great precision. We can
see subsidence and that allows us then to

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manage resources of what's happening below the
Earth. Scientists want to study the movements

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of the Earth's surface to understand the
processes that could trigger earthquakes, volcanoes,

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and landslides, and that allows us
then to understand risks associated with natural hazards,

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which in turn can help in mitigation
measures and early response. Other changes

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over the Earth's surface include melting of
glaciers and ice sheets, changes in fortest

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biomass, soil moisture, and shoreline
changes. It's based on radar, so

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it has two different frequency radars and
it basically looks through clouds and sees the

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surface of the Earth. These beams
coming down from the antenna and coming back

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then that's where it collects the data
and when it combines them all together,

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you get what we need for the
science. We can see day and night

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through clouds and recovering all of the
land and all of the ice covered surfaces

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of Earth every week. NISAR is
quite unique in that it has two radars,

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one provided by NASA, one provided
by ISRO, the Indian Space Research

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Organization. NASA and NISRO have collaborated
in this mission till last year. We

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were there at JPL NASA where the
radars got integrated and tested and were shipped

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back to India. And now the
spacecraft is getting integrated with the instruments and

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they are being tested together in NISA
is going to be launched from Shriharrikota which

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is a ESRO launch pad and it
is going to be launched by AGSLV Mark

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two. So we are just looking
forward for the launch of NISAR in the

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forthcoming GIA. NISIR is measuring the
changes on the Earth surface which are either

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factors or indicators of climate change.
The society will also immensely benefit due to

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its contribution towards disaster management and providing
food and water security. These things are

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global problems that the global community needs
to come together to resolve. Now it

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looks like we are no more belonging
to two different worlds and we all belong

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to the space community. That's it. There's the excitement about what we are

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going to learn that we didn't even
anticipate we're going to learn. And in

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that report from n's a TV,
we had from NICEA Project scientist Paul Rosen

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from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, nice
AS science co lead the PACPUT review from

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the Indian Space Research Organization, nice
AD Deputy Project Manager Windy Eddleston also from

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the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and nice
AD Deputy Project Manager Chatrau, also from

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the Indian Space Research Organization. This
space time, still, the Camp Stalin

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passes an important parachute test, thereby
helping clear the way for its first man

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fly to the International Space Station later
this year. And later in the science

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report, any study looks at the
microbes responsible for the lovely flavors cheese as

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all that and more coming up on
space time. Okay, let's take a

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break from our show or a word
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now it's back to our show. You're

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listening to Springstime with Stuart Gary.
Engineers have tested a modified new parachute system

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for Boeing's troubled Starliner spacecraft in the
skies above Arizona. The plimbery data analysis

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from the parachute deployment and soft landing
test suggest the primary test objectives were all

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met. Now many years behind schedule, sixty one hundred, star Liner is

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slated to undertake its first man test
flight to the International Space Station sometime around

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mid April what will be a ten
day mission. The drop test used the

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new star Liner parachute system attached to
a dart shaped slid about the same mass

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00:15:46.759 --> 00:15:50.799
as the Starliner capsule. It was
designed to confirm the functioning of a redesigned

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and strengthen soft link joint that's part
of a network of lines connecting the parachutes

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to the spacecraft. The test involved
dropping the test out the rear of a

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C one thirty hercules transport from NASA's
Wallop Stylan flight facility in Virginia. Starliner

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00:16:07.480 --> 00:16:11.840
has already undertaken two unmanned orbital test
flights to the International Space Station, the

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second of which successfully docked with the
orbiting outpost in May twenty twenty two.

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However, the first orbital test flight, back in December twenty nineteen, was

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a complete failure. Firstly, there
was a faulty mission clock which caused the

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orbital insertion engines to fire too early. That resulted in Styliner achieving orbit two

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load to reach the space station.
Mission managers then discovered two faulty computer programs,

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one of which would have prevented the
plan docking with the space station anyway,

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and the other would have caused star
Liner to collide with its service module

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after it was jettisoned prior to atmospheric
reentry that would have destroyed the spacecraft completely.

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NASA conducted a major review of Boeing
star Liner program, and they identified

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no less than eighty corrective actions which
Boeing needed to take before Starline I could

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00:17:00.120 --> 00:17:03.759
turn to flight. Right now,
the only way for astronauts to reach the

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International Space Station is either aboard SpaceX's
Dragon capsules or the Russian Soyuz system,

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which has its own problems. This
is space time, and time that I'd

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take another brief look at some of
the other stories making use in science this

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week. With a Science report,
Researchers have identified a two hundred and eighty

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00:17:37.359 --> 00:17:44.079
eight million year old fragment of ancient
fossilized skin. The ancient epidermis described in

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the General Current Biology is at least
one hundred and thirty million years older than

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any previously described skin fossils. The
skin, which belonged to an early species

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of Palaeozoic reptile, was discovered in
the Richard Spur Limestone cave system in Oklahoma.

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The preserve fragments are tiny, smaller
than a fingernail, but they still

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contain features which are shared with lots
of ancient and extinct reptiles, such as

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the pebbled surface similar to crocodile skin
and hinged regions between epidermal scales that resemble

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the skin structures of snakes and worm
lizards. The find is amazing because skin

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and other soft tissues rarely fossilize.
The authors think this skin was preserved because

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of the cave conditions in which it
was found. The cave system included fine

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clay sediments that would have slowed decomposition. Also, there was oil seepage which

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would have acted as a preservative,
and it was all in an oxygen free

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cave environment. The tatters of fossilized
skin, as well as various skin impression

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also found in the cave, come
from the earliest known amniotes, lizard like

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animals that are among the first creatures
to live their entire lives on dry land

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away from the water's edge. Scientists
have created what is the largest ever catalog

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marine microbes based on scanning environmental DNA
in thousands of water samples from the world's

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oceans. The findings, reported in
the General Fronties of Science, links to

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microbes with their biological function, location, and habitat type, and is available

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for use by scientists around the world. The authors say the work was possible

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thanks to major advances in DNA sequencing
computing technology which identified some three hundred and

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seventeen and a half million groups of
genes in sample types. As well as

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aiding an ocean conservation, the authors
hope it will enable scientists to scan for

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genes which could be used in future
for drug development, energy production, and

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agriculture. European researchers say a combination
of teeny tiny bugs are responsible for the

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lovely flavors found in the Cheddar cheese
on your toast. Their findings, reported

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in the journal Nature Communications, follows
a year of research doing what most of

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us dream about, making and then
eating, especially made cheese. They added

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different combination a certain starter bacteria to
their cheese and found which ones created Cheddar's

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buttery, nutty, fluffy, and
creamy flavors. Well, in case you

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had any doubt, let me state
categorically that your favorite color does not provide

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a definitive statement about your personality.
It's becoming increasingly trendy amongst some employers who

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really don't know what they're talking about
to use a person's favorite color as a

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determining factor in whether or not to
give the perspective employee a job. But

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while it's an unreliable gauge of potential
employees personality. Asking the question probably tells

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you all you really need to know
about the pseudo scientific galibility of the employer.

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Tremendum from Astrans Skeptics says there's simply
no scientific evidence that favorite color based

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personality tests can offer any sort of
profound insight. And your character color is

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00:20:52.480 --> 00:20:56.920
one of those sort of personality assessment
tricks. I should say. There are

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so many of these things around to
test your personality based on one criterion,

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and this one is based on what's
your favorite color. Most people say that

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you choose blue because you're happy,
and red good you're dynamic or a regressive

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or something like that. So the
problem with this is it's designed to help

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people decide who to actually employ based
onwhat their favorite com It's crazy. There

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are so many of these things around
personally sort of fort graphology has been around

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for a long time to sort of
test people's handwriting and therefore get a character

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assessment on that. It doesn't work
right, that's just good, not at

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all, not at all. It's
not the same as comparing handwriting deceive if

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it's the same person that's different different. Yeah, that's legit, But this

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is about sort of testing your personality
based on your handwriting. This is even

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worse. Actually, this is basically
a complete character assessment based on a color.

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There's the more complicated personality assessment things
like with the Maya Briggs whatever.

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That one's pretty shunky too. Actually
it's a bit more complicated, but it's

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pretty much that summing up people based
on a couple of criteria is probably not

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a good idea. It certainly doesn't
told me that in the room I'm in

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00:21:55.400 --> 00:21:59.480
right now is basically purple in color. It's called hyacinth, but it's a

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purple. And someone tell me that
means you're frustrated. Really, yes,

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00:22:03.400 --> 00:22:07.480
apparently, there you go. But
anyway, personality tests, there's a lot

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of them around. Some of them
do better than others. A lot of

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00:22:10.200 --> 00:22:12.799
them, though, are always based
on let's look at one criterion and apply

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00:22:12.880 --> 00:22:15.799
that to everything else about your personality. And this one about color is just

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I don't know why someone sort of
wants to make this up. I didn't

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know once. We're just to work
with a graphic designer who had his little

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color charet worked out for every emotion, every tiny tonal difference between thirty five

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versions of blue had a different emotional
reaction. I don't know how placebo based

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it was, but when I first
start out in radio, I would bring

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a colored light into the studio with
me, and depending on the color,

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that would change the way that I
performed the program on that particular day.

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It was really interesting. If I
had the thing on red, then it

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would be more dynamic and blue was
more laid back. I think that's the

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00:22:52.119 --> 00:22:55.359
sort of thing you would say,
is a suggestibility test that you are so

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00:22:55.559 --> 00:22:56.960
you put it on blue, and
then you are so it's going around the

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00:22:56.960 --> 00:23:02.160
wrong way almost and sort of the
correlation calisation thing you're putting on blue means

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00:23:02.160 --> 00:23:03.799
you want to have a sublime day
or something. You put it on red,

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more dynamic, so you're reacting to
the life that you put in,

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reacting emotionally rather than physically. That's
timendum from Austriaian Skeptics, and that's the

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00:23:29.160 --> 00:23:33.960
show for now. Space Time is
available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through

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00:23:33.000 --> 00:23:38.759
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295
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