S27E10: Cosmic Conundrum: The Dark Energy Survey's Unanswered Question

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This is Spacetime Series twenty seven,
Episode ten, for broadcast on the twenty

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second of January twenty twenty four.
Coming up on Space Time, the Dark

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Energy Survey. It still can't answer
the key question is dark energy changing over

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time? Titans Magic Islands finally explained, and the failed Pereguin Luna Lander burns

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up in the atmosphere above Australia in
the South Pacific. All that and more

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coming up on Spacetime Welcome to Spacetime
with Stuart Gary. Astronomers taking part in

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the recent release of data from the
Dark Energy Survey say the findings closely follow

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existing predictions on the properties of dark
energy, but still cat answer the key

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question of whether or not it's changing
over time. Dark energy is a mysterious

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force at the opposite to gravity,
causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate

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over cosmic timescales. The Dark Energy
Survey was an international collaboration involving more than

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four hundred astronomers from over twenty five
institutions. They mapped an area almost an

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eighth of the entire sky using the
five hundred and seventy megapixel Dark Energy Digital

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Camera. The camera was matted on
the Victor M. Blanco telescope at the

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National Science Foundation's Sarah Tololo Intero American
Observatory in Chile. The survey took data

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for seven hundred and fifty eight nights
over some six years, tracing out the

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history of cosmic expansion over a wide
range of distances with large samples of exploding

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stars known as type one A supernovae. Type one A supernovae a white dwarf

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stars that accumulate matter from surrounding material
and other stars. When they reach a

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specific size roughly one point four times
the mass of our Sun, they explode

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in the thermonuclear supernova event. And
since they always explode at roughly the same

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mass, they explode at roughly the
same level of luminosity, and consequently they

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can be used as standard candles to
measure cosmic distances across the universe. It's

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a bit like looking at a row
of street lights down a road. Even

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though you know they all have the
same intrinsic brightness, the more distant lights

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will appear fainter than the narrow ones
simply because they're further away, and that

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ratio can be determined using a simple
formula known as the inverse square law,

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and astronomers use this change in apparent
brightness to determine cosmic distances for each super

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and ova. They combine its distance
with the measurement of its red shift,

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that is, how quickly it's moving
away from Earth due to the expansion of

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space time. Put simply, what
the survey has been trying to tell us

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is whether or not dark energy density
has remained constant or changed over time.

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That's important because that will help determine
the ultimate fate of the universe. As

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the universe expands, its matter density
goes down. Now, according to the

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standard cosmological model, the density of
dark energy in the universe is supposed to

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be constant, which means it doesn't
dilute as the universe expands. And if

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this is true, the parameter represented
by the letter W should equal minus one.

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But the latest Dark Energy Survey results
found that W actually equals minus zero

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point eight zero plus or minus zero
point one eight. Now, combined with

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priminary data from the European Space Energy's
Plank telescope, W does reach minus one

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within error bars. So W is
tantalizingly close but not exactly on minus one.

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If the universe is expanding and the
dark energy density remains constant. It

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means the total proportion of dark energy
must be increasing as the volume of the

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universe increases. The findings reported in
the Astrophysical Journal covered some fourteen hundred and

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ninety nine high redshift Type one A
supernovae using the full five year data set

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of the Dark Energy Survey, So
while the findings are close to what was

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predicted, they're not a perfect match. That means astronomers will need to develop

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a more complex model in order to
determine if dark energy does indeed vary with

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time. One of the studies authors, doctor Annelie Muller from Swinburne University,

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says the latest findings at least help
to reduce uncertainties to new low levels,

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but she admits more data will be
needed. So the Dark Energy Survey is

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this international effort that has to stun
over a decade. We basically took images

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from a wonderful telescope in Chile called
the Victor M. Blanco Telescope, and

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we image the southern sky in certain
parts. So we try to understand what's

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the effect of dark energy in our
universe with different probes or different ways of

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measuring its effect. One of them
is using one is supernova, which are

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these bright exploding stars in far aware
galaxies, which allows us to actually measure

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directly the effects of dark energy.
Now, what is the efect of dark

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energy in the universe. Basically,
the universe is expanding in an accelerated way,

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and we say to explain this thing
that we're measuring that the reason is

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that there see some dark energy that
makes this universe expand in an accelerated fashion.

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That one is supernova are amazing objects. So if we want to study

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how the universe is becoming bigger,
you have two choices. Either measure where

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a galaxy far away is and then
wait millions of years to see how how

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much is that's moved away, or
because we want to do this in our

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life time, we actually use what
we call a standard or a standardizable candle.

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These are objects that shined roughly in
the same way. For example,

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when superannour when they explode, we
kind of know how bright they are.

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So basically, if you have a
light bulb that has the same power close

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by or far away, the difference
of the brightness that you see here on

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Earth will be linked to that distance. To that object and type one and

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supernova is exactly that, but astrophysical, very far away, very extreme perfect.

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So it allows us to measure distances
to these objects, and together with

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distances we measure redchet, which is
kind of an equivalence of like a velocity,

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and with that we can actually map
how the universe is becoming bigger.

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That, however, assumes that type
one a sup and are they really are

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all the same mass or roughly the
same mass, and so really do explode

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with the same degrave of luminosity?
How comfortable are you with that? Oh?

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So we thought, so one is
supernova our standardizable because we think their

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brightness is power by nikols fifty six, So they are not perfect standard candles.

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They're not all exactly the same,
and we know this for a while.

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They are what we call it standardizable. So in the nineteen nineties we

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already knew that we needed some corrections
on this type one in supernova to really

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get those distances very precisely. So
we know, for example, that bluer

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supernova are brighter, and depending how
long they last, you can also correct

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for that brightness. So we are
comfortable with these for corrections for the measurements

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and we have others doing the analysis
more and more information. For example,

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now we know a little bit more
about some of the type one in supernova.

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Depending in the galaxies that they leave, they are actually slightly brighter or

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teamer, and we make these corrections
into our analysis. So although they are

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not perfect, they are still the
best probe that we have right now to

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measure this direct extension. I'm pretty
comfortable by using them. We have been

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using them for twenty five years,
and there is an old price involved well,

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the things like very onacoustic ostellations.
Could they be used a rule absolutely.

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So the idea with the dark Energy
Survey is to have different probes to

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actually check the effect of dark energy
in our universe. And what it's interesting

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is like VAO or the varianatristic oscillations
or the large scale structure measurements can help

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us to constrain as well that effect
of dark energy in our universe, but

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in a different way. So each
of the measurements that we use and also

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weeklensing for example, tell us something
slightly different in a different way. So

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those results combined is what makes our
constraint of dark energy so powerful. So

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for example, The publication that we
released last week that we're very excited about

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is the tightest constraints on the effect
of dark energy in our universe, combining

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type one is supernova from the Dark
Energy Survey and measurements from the Satellite Plank

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from twenty twenty. So together these
two gives really really tight constraint and that

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can straight is w Wickle's minor zero
point eight zero plus or minus zero point

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one away? There isn't it?
Yeah, So we can we can explain

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what we're measuring with different models.
So the canonical model that we're using in

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cosmology is what we call the flat
landa CVM, so lambda is a cosmological

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constant something that is not changing with
cosmic times and called dark matter, which

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is dark matter that is basically not
interacting too much. If we use that

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model to try to explain our observations, we have, as you said,

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a flat land of CVM a constraint. But we can also try to constrain

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the data we have with other types
of models. And one of the models

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that we tried and actually almost the
preferred one but barely, is the dark

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energy that is changing with cosmic times. So through the evolution of the universe

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its density is changing, and that
it could be very exciting if confirmed,

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because that means that the universe will
be slightly younger than we're saying, and

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it will give us an idea as
well. What could dark energy be,

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because for the time being, we
don't know whether it's a constant or something

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changing with cosmic time, and that
can actually limit the number of theories that

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we can used to say what dark
energy is. You've been making inferences on

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the well the teams, you make
inferences on the energy density of the universe.

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As a result of all this,
in order to maintain a constant,

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the universe as it's expanding has to
be getting less dense, but dark energy

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then has to be getting more dance. Yes exactly, so that would be

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in the case that it's a constant, but it could be the other way

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around, and we are trying to
measure this exactly. For the time being,

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we're really constraining dark energy between being
a constant what number of that concept,

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But because we still don't know if
it's minus one or minor zero point

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ninety nine or minor zero point nine
five, or whether it's changing with time

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and with costic time which I think
that will be an amazing measuremental health.

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The importance of this isn't just to
understand our universe as it is now,

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but also to help determine what the
ultimate fat of the universe will be exactly.

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The more we know about the universe
bus the more we can actually extrapolate

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towards the future. So this is
part of what we do. We're kind

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of historians, but also predictors of
how the universe is evolving. So I

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think it's a pretty cool job.
And right now, I guess the universe

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looks like it's going to be a
cold, dark place. Just our local

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galaxy group will be visible in the
future, yes, well in the very

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very very far away future, so
we won't be around to see that one.

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Definitely. Yeah, for the time
being, it will be very slow.

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Nothing you're worry about, No,
not at all. The survey,

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the way you're conducting it, it's
grown dramatically. There were only what a

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small group of stars in the beginning
that were isolated and used for the measurements.

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Now that are almost fifteen hundred.
Yes, it's really amazing. Twenty

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five years ago when all these type
one is supernovas started to be used to

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probe the effect of dark energy.
There was only around sixty fifty two supernovas

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in the type one is supranova,
and now we have one thousand, four

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hundred ninety nine Type one ispanova that
go into these measurements. So it's a

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huge leap from twenty five years ago
to now and a huge effort for a

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lot of communities around the world trying
to get this type one in supernova and

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measuring them very precisely, because when
you think about cosmology, we're really trying

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to get the best measurements that we
can. This takes a lot of observing

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time to do all this. That
must be getting you in trouble with fellow

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astronomers who they want to use the
same telescope for other things. I guess

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that's where new telescopes like Nancy Grace
Roaming come in. Yes, absolutely so.

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One thing that is interesting that the
Dark Nary Survey took images for five

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years in seasons and parts of that
year to get the supernova one A.

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Now we did an analysis, the
traditional analysis that we do usually in cosmology

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that we classify the supernova with a
spectroscopy. So why do we want classification

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because not all supernova are Type one
A, so we only want type one

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A because they are the ones that
we can use to measure distance. So

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if you would classify them using the
traditional approach that is using spectroscopy, which

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is basically having this huge telescope observing
the type one supernova and getting their spectras

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or basically the decomposition of the light
into the distant wavelane, you really only

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get a small percentage of classification because
we don't have enough telescope time to do

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that. Spectroscopic resources are really really
scarce, and also you need that these

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supreneurs are bright, very bright,
and also you need to get that information

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when they're signing brightly. So this
is like a couple of weeks of a

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window time windows. So we don't
want to take all the telescope in the

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world, so we change a little
bit how we did this analysis. This

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time. Instead of use in spectroscopy, we use machine learning algorithms to actually

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select this type one in supernova using
only the brightness evolution over time that we

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already had, so we didn't need
to take extra information from other telescopes.

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We could use directly the data from
the darkenery survey and we actually improve that

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sample by three times what we could
have with other methods. So I think

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this is a pretty big thing for
us, is that we're really pioneering methods

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to get more type one is supernova
from the same data using less resources.

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And this would be super important for
other telescopes like the Ruben or Roman in

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the future. This is looking at
the flux of the take of the like

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using photometry, yes exactly. We
basically get the photometry evolution over time,

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so this we call a like curve
of brightness evolution over time. And with

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that information alone, we can actually
select which are the type one is supernova,

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get the probability of in type one
ispernova, and actually use it in

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our cosmology analysis. And we have
shown that this way of doing the selection

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that many people didn't believe it was
possible, is actually super precise and the

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contamination from other objects that from a
misclassification is so tiny that it really doesn't

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affect our results. And this is
where we see Reuben and Nancy Grace Roman

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come in exactly. So especially I
am very involved with the Rubin Observatory because

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we expect over ten years to get
every night up to ten million detections of

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things changing in the sky, and
this will include supernova variables are active,

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guy active, nuclear etcetera, etcetera, etcetera. And from this we really

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need to get those type one in
supernova for the cosmology, and we expect

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to get millions of them. But
how do we get those millions from this

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huge dataset? And these methods that
we're pioneering with the Darkenery Survey are exactly

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the answers for us getting the most
out of Rubin in the and the Anglo

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Australian Telescope has a little role to
play as well. I believe yes,

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So it was really exciting. So
we have the Australian Dark Energy Survey that

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we call as this. Of course
we did a very important job here with

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the aat the Angle Australian Telescope.
So we use for cosmology, as I

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told you, distances derived from the
supernova directly from that like curve brightness evolution

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over time. But to study how
the universe is expanding, we also need

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wretches and retches we usually get them
from the galaxy that hosts those type one

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esperana, these type one and supernour
stars that brightly explodes they live in galaxies

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and we actually get a spectra from
the galaxy with the AAP to actually get

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the red chests that go into our
cosmology analysis. So this was a beautiful

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program that we beat over one hundred
nights in the Siting Spring Observatory, and

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I can tell you how much I
enjoy observing there with the war on bungles

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around me. It's an amazing trace
to go when you talk about if you're

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talking about how fast and object is
moving away from us exactly, it tells

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you how much the universe is expanded, or how much space time is expanded.

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Yes, and we need that together
with distances to really measure that effect

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of arkenners. So the two ingredients
are important. Getting those type one in

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supernova and measuring how they evolve with
time, and getting those wretchies to actually

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understand that expansion. As we grow
up in these cosmology measurements, we need

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more and more information. So the
variety Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and

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Time. We will have an spectroscopic
counterpart programs in the Foremost telescope that it's

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called TIDES the program, and that
will be the main role of the formal

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telescope with Rubens in this time domain. Astrum Roman will be in space,

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and it's pretty exciting because it's actually
reaching wavelengths of life that we cannot get

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here on Earth eachily. So all
these three informations will be highly complimentary.

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But we will also have data from
DEAFI, which is a survey getting the

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large constructure in the northern hemisphere,
and we would get more and more information

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as we go through times from different
groups of researchers that we can combine all

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together to constrain the effect of dark
energy in our universe. So it's a

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huge collabariative effort and it's very very
international. Based on what you know so

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far, what can you tell us
about dark energy? So dark energy is

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we have confirmed that their energy is
actually there. Our observations can only be

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explained with the presence of dark energy. This is one of the most important

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parts and the second part and I
think that's like the tantalizing hint that we

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have that dark energy may not be
the constant that for twenty years we have

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thought it is, but maybe is
something that is varying with cosmic time.

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And I think that's really really exciting. However, we need to wait for

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Reuben and Roban to be online,
taking they and do this analysis to actually

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confirm this. So the truth is, for the time being, we don't

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know what our energy is. But
the more we measure its effect on the

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universe, the more we will be
able to say, oh, it cannot

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be this, it cannot be that, it cannot be that, then it

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must be this, and then try
to get more measurements to confirm it.

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So slowly we're peeling that knowledge from
the universe. What is that the idea

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that what's happening here is more dependent
on our position in the universe. For

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example, the readings will be different
if we're located in a loud void rather

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than in the middle of a filament
in a cosmic wave. Yees. So

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there's a lot of people trying to
probe this. For the time being,

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we haven't found any evidence that the
universe looks different from one place to the

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other. So we have the cosmological
principle where for us, the universe is

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the same wherever you are have directions. Yeah, basically you can have some

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local changes. For example, we
will leave in a galaxy group. There

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are some velocities from these local groups
so if you measure things close by,

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you need actually to correct for it. But this is very local. This

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is not in the large scale of
plain. So in the large scale of

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things looks all the same. Okay, so the void doesn't come into it.

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Yeah, until now we haven't.
Until now, we haven't found any

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evidence that that's the case. An
important role in all this is that played

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by artificial intelligence and machine learning.
Tell me about it. Yes, it's

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very exciting because these are very new
technologies that we're seeing their effect in our

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society. We have all heard about
a deputy and all these machine learning recommendation

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systems that we have nowadays in our
day to day's life. But how can

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we use this technology to do science
and to really harness the power of these

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huge data sets that we make so
much effort in getting. And this is

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exactly what we did. We took
data from the Darkenedy survey. We developed

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a classification algorithm using machine learning.
So I did developed the main ones using

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deep learning algorithms, and we were
able to use this technology to really really

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precisely classify this that one needs to
bring on. So it's pretty amazing that

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this technology can be in our day
to day, but can also be in

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these high precision measurements of how the
universe is becoming bigger. So when you

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think about it, it's a little
bit mind blowing. Not one of the

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big scary things about artificial intelligence is
it's a black box. We often don't

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understand how it reaches its conclusions.
That's going to be especially concerning for science.

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Yes, so a big part of
my research is interpretibility, so understanding

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how the machine learning algorithms classify objects
and how robust this is. So we

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did a lot, a lot of
tests trying to break the classifier and the

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machine learning algorithms to see if we
were doing something that affected the cosmological results

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that we would get. And we
tried for many years, not only myself

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but other groups in the UK and
in the US, and we couldn't break

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it. So we were really really
careful trying to get this machine learning algorithm

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in a way that is not only
a black box, but it's something that

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you is robust and you can trust
its outputs. But of course, if

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you're curious about becoming not a black
box in machine learning, there are so

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many things that we are doing right
now to try to open the knowledge on

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what the machine learning algorithm is paying
attention on, or how confident it is

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when you don't, would you give
it, for example, for training dogs

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and cats, and you give it
an image of a sebra and us what

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it is. So these are all
stories that we're actually doing, not only

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because we're curious, but also because
for us it's important in cosmology to be

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sure that if the output makes sense. Let's doctor Nie Smuller from Swinburne University

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in Melbourne. And this is space
time still to come. Titans, magic

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islands only explained, and the failed
pereguine lun Lander finally ends its mission,

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burning up in the atmosphere above Australia
in the South Pacific. All that and

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more still to calm on space time. Satan's largest moon, Titan, is

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the only world in our Solar System
other than Earth where clouds form liquid rain,

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which then pours into rivers and flows
into lakes and seas. But untitaned,

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the liquid isn't water, it's ethane
and methane. Untightened it's so called

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the water is frozen solid, forming
part of the bedrock. Now in New

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Steady claims ethane and methane and other
organic compounds on Titan can accumulate on the

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surface as chunks, and they may
even be harving off like glaciers at the

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edges of the Saturnian Moon's methane lakes, forming the ephemeral magic islands. Astronomers

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have long wondered about these magic islands, which appear in some images and then

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disappear, And they don't always appear
at the same spots, but seem to

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float across the lake's surface. It's
all incredibly mysterious. The findings, reported

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in the journal Geophysical Research Letters,
describe how Titan's magic islands are likely to

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be floating icebergs, chunks of porous
frozen organic solids. A hazy orange atmosphere

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fifty percent thicker than Earth's and rich
in methane and other carbon based or organic

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00:24:41.759 --> 00:24:48.000
molecules blankets Titan. When the European
Space Agencies Huygen's lander descended from NASA's Cassini

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mission down on the surface of Titan, it touched down in what it later

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described as feeling like wet sand.
But the strangest thing with a Cassini radar

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in images of shifting bright spots on
the sea surface of Titan, which appear

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a last from just a few hours
to several weeks or longer. Scientists first

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spotted these ephemeral magic islands back in
twenty fourteen with the Cassini Huygens mission and

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have been trying to work out exactly
what they are ever since. Previous studies

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suggested they could be phantom islands caused
by waves, or real islands made of

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suspended solids, floating solids, or
simply bubbles of nitrogen gas. The new

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00:25:27.799 --> 00:25:33.880
studies lead author Jingtingyu from the University
of Texas and San Antonio, wanted to

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investigate whether the magic islands could actually
be organics floating on the surface, like

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pummets from volcanic eruptions floating on water
here on Earth. Titan's upper atmosphere is

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dense with diverse organic molecules. These
molecules can clump together, they can freeze,

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and they can fall down onto the
Moon's surface, and that includes falling

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onto eerily smooth rivers and lakes of
liquid methane and ethane, which have waves

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only a few millimeters high. You
and her colleagues were interested in the fate

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of these organic clumps once they reached
Titan's hydrocarbon lakes. She wanted to know

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whether they would float or sink.
To find an answer, the team first

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investigated whether Titan's organic solids would simply
dissolve in the Moon's methane lakes, because

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these lakes are already saturated with organic
particles. They determined that the falling solids

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wouldn't dissolve when they reached the liquid. The thing is, titans lakes and

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seas are primarily methane and ethane,
both of which have low surface tension that

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makes it harder for solids to float. The models suggested that most of the

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frozen solids would have been too dense
and the surface tension too low to create

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Titan's magic islands, unless, that
is, the clumps were porous, like

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squished cheese. If these icy clumps
were large enough and had the right ratio

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of holes and narrow voids to solids, then the liquid methane would only seep

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in slowly, possibly slowly enough for
them clumps to linger on the surface for

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a while before becoming saturated and sinking. The author's modeling suggest that individual clumps

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are likely too small to float by
themselves, but if enough clumps are massed

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together near the shoreline, larger pieces
could break off and float away, similar

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00:27:17.000 --> 00:27:22.319
to how glaciers carve off on Earth. So with a combination of bigger size

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00:27:22.400 --> 00:27:27.200
and the right porosity, these organic
icebergs could well explain the magic island phenomena.

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00:27:27.920 --> 00:27:33.240
And in addition to the magic islands, a thin layer of frozen solids

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coating Titans seas and lakes would also
explain the liquid body's unusual smoothness, And

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so these findings could explain two of
Titan's many mysteries this space time still to

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come, the Pereguine Lunar Lander breaks
up in the skies above Australia and the

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South Pacific, and later in the
science report, Chinese scientists say they've been

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experimenting with a new mutant strain of
Cover nineteen that is guaranteed one hundred percent

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lethal. All that and more still
to come on Spacetime Mission managers have now

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confirmed that the troubled Pereguine Luna Lander
made a fire return to Worth on Thursday,

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burning up in the skies over eastern
Australia in the South Pacific during atmospheric

347
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reentry. The two hundred and eighty
three kilogram spacecraft had been launched ten days

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earlier as the primary payload aboard the
maiden Thud of the United Launch Alliances new

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Vulcan Centre rocket. Included aboard the
Lander were a series of NASA experiments,

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as well as the partial remains of
at least seventy people and a dog as

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part of a space burial promotion.
While the launch of the Vulcan Center and

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load deployment went smoothly, the Pereguine
Lander began experiencing problems soon afterwards. Pereguine's

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operators astrobotics say technical anomalies began when
Pereguine failed to orient its top solar panel

354
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array towards the Sun in order to
change its batteries at the same time it

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was drifting off course, and then
suddenly communications were temporarily lost. Eventually,

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engineers were able to re establish contact
and reorient the spacecraft to keep it tilted

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in the right direction to keep its
solar panels pointing towards the Sun. The

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problem was eventually traced to a faulty
valve in part of the spacecraft's propulsion system.

359
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An image taken by an onboard camera
showed the multi layer insulation badly damaged

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by what appears to have been some
sort of propulsion system explosion, resulting in

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a dramatic loss of fuel and in
the process doing the mission to fail.

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It means Peregrine would never have had
enough fuel to make a soft landing on

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the Moon. While Paragua and could
have been commanded to crash onto the lunar

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surface or left drifting in space,
Astrobotic instead elected to return the probe to

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Earth so it could burn up in
the atmosphere and prevent it from adding to

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the growing problem of space junk.
While the Paragua mission is now over for

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Astrobotic, all is not last.
Astrobotic have another chance to reach the Moon

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in November when their Griffin spacecraft lander
transporting NASA's Viper Lunar rover, will attempt

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a turn landing on the lunar surface
at the South Pole. We'll keep you

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informed this Space time and time out
to take a brief look at some of

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the other stories making news and science
this week with a science report. Ice

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sheets around the world have been retreating
over the last few decades, but a

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new study shows that the Greenland ice
sheets have been shrinking at an especially fast

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rate since the nineteen nineties. The
findings were reported in the journal Nature,

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are based on new satellite observations showing
that Greenland has lost more than one thousand

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gigatons of ice since nineteen eighty five. The new observation showed the extent of

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this retreat. They find that Greenland
has lost about five thousand and ninety one

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00:31:26.599 --> 00:31:30.079
square kilometers of ice cover just in
the last four decades. In fact,

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the analysis shows the ice sheet shrenk
by an average of two hundred and eighteen

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00:31:33.640 --> 00:31:40.480
square kilometers every year since January two
thousand. The authors say this loss doesn't

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appear to substantially contribute to sea level
rise because the ice is already floating on

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the water, but it may be
playing a critical part in ocean circulation patterns

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consequently, how heat energy is distributed
across the planet well. Just four years

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after the start of the COVID nineteen
pandemic in Wuhan, China, Chinese scientists

385
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have confirmed that they're experimenting with a
new mutant strain of COVID nineteen that has

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00:32:05.960 --> 00:32:10.000
proven itself to be one hundred percent
lethal in humanized mice. The deadly new

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virus, known as GXP two V
attacks the brain after first infecting the lungs,

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bones, eyes, and trachea,
with victims dying within eight days.

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A report on the preprint website bio
Archive states that in the days before their

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deaths, victims lost a lot of
weight, exhibited a hunched posture, and

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moved extremely sluggishly, with their eyes
turning completely white on the day before death.

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An ex post by Professor Francois Balu, an epidemiology expert at the University

393
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College London's Geneics Institute, slammed the
research, describing it as terrible and scientifically

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totally pointless. Others say it could
be a new biological weapon. Official figures

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suggest over seven million people have already
been killed by the COVID nineteen coronavirus since

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it was first detected among workers at
China's Willhand Institute of Virology back in September

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twenty nineteen. However, the World
Heath Organization estimates the true death toll is

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likely to be above eighteen million,
with some seven hundred and seventy five million

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confirm cases globally. Scientists have successfully
cloned a healthy reesius monkey, which has

400
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now survived more than two years.
While cloning has become more and more common

401
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with plants and lower level animals,
Cloning primates has been especially difficult. Now.

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A report in the journal Nature Communications
claims the key to success with primates

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involves providing a cloned embryo with a
healthy placenta. The authors analyze the differences

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between two early stage embryo is made
from two reproductive technologies, those using in

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00:33:47.480 --> 00:33:53.720
vitro fertilization and those cloned using a
process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. They

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00:33:53.799 --> 00:33:59.680
found abnormalities in the way genetic information
can be assessed and read by the developing

407
00:33:59.720 --> 00:34:04.359
clone embryo, and in the size
and shape that placenter's enclosed monkeys developing in

408
00:34:04.400 --> 00:34:08.039
surrogate mothers. To address these issues, researchers have now developed a method to

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00:34:08.039 --> 00:34:14.599
provide the developing cloned embryo with a
healthy placenta, in the process successfully developing

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00:34:14.639 --> 00:34:20.880
a healthy clone monkey. A new
study suggests that narcissists are far more likely

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00:34:20.920 --> 00:34:24.480
to believe in conspiracy theories than the
rest of the population. The findings are

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00:34:24.519 --> 00:34:30.920
based on your research looking at the
different characteristics and personality traits associated with belief

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00:34:30.960 --> 00:34:37.599
in conspiracy theories. Scientists found a
consistent link between conspiracy beliefs and narcissism,

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00:34:37.840 --> 00:34:43.800
especially conspiracy theories supporting a person's belief
system and worldview. Timendum from a Strands

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00:34:43.800 --> 00:34:49.159
Skeptics says, buying into conspiracies make
some people feel like they have special knowledge,

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00:34:49.239 --> 00:34:52.159
which when you think about it,
is incredibly alluring to any narcissist.

417
00:34:52.440 --> 00:34:58.800
This research by a PSCs at University
in Queensland was trying to see the motivations

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00:34:58.800 --> 00:35:01.280
for people to believe in conspiracy theory
why they picked up on this one,

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00:35:01.320 --> 00:35:05.400
not that one, et cetera and
whatever, and they were suggesting that one

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00:35:05.519 --> 00:35:10.079
characteristic of some conspiracy theory believers is
narcissism, their own belief in themselves and

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00:35:10.079 --> 00:35:15.199
the wonderfulness that they are. He
was suggesting this this research is that following

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00:35:15.239 --> 00:35:17.800
a conspiracy theory makes you feel special, right, that I've got this knowledge

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00:35:17.840 --> 00:35:22.199
that others don't have. Therefore I'm
pretty cool, and that you don't have

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00:35:22.239 --> 00:35:25.400
a your student un bright and therefore
I will believe a conspiracy theory because I

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00:35:25.440 --> 00:35:29.840
believe in how important I am and
my judgment is now. One thing the

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00:35:29.960 --> 00:35:35.440
researcher doesn't say that you could add
is also that definitely narcissistic that a conspiracy

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00:35:35.480 --> 00:35:38.000
theory is there after me because I'm
important, I have this special knowledge,

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00:35:38.039 --> 00:35:42.920
et cetera. So that's very narcissistic
because it ends up being paranois. Just

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00:35:43.000 --> 00:35:47.840
describe my friend George, and I
describe people I know who say, yeah,

430
00:35:47.840 --> 00:35:51.280
there after me, they will try
and kill me. And I once

431
00:35:51.280 --> 00:35:53.320
said, You're not that important that
people would want to kill you, that

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00:35:53.440 --> 00:35:59.559
argument with George, and because it's
narcissistic. But what this researcher was saying

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00:35:59.639 --> 00:36:02.360
is that people who have a high
opinion of themselves, where's the Dunning Kruger

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00:36:02.400 --> 00:36:06.920
high opinion themselves? They're really not
worthy of it for high opinion themselves,

435
00:36:06.960 --> 00:36:09.440
and that therefore they can see things
that others can't and wipe up they see

436
00:36:09.480 --> 00:36:13.519
it. It's so obvious to me
because I'm super bright and so observant,

437
00:36:13.599 --> 00:36:16.039
and at the same time, oh, I'm so important. I can see

438
00:36:16.039 --> 00:36:19.559
this stuff, and that they will
come and kill me because they have this

439
00:36:19.679 --> 00:36:23.320
secret knowledge and because I'm important,
and therefore the narcissism works into paranoia and

440
00:36:23.360 --> 00:36:27.480
all sorts of things. So it's
definitely about the belief that they have special

441
00:36:27.559 --> 00:36:30.840
skills. At other sides, Now, not every believe in a conspiracy theory

442
00:36:30.880 --> 00:36:32.639
is going to be a narcissist,
but not every narcissist is going to believe

443
00:36:32.679 --> 00:36:37.000
every conspiracy theory. But it makes
for an interesting concept because you can't tell

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00:36:37.159 --> 00:36:40.519
narcissistic people that that's what they are, and they have a firm commitment to

445
00:36:40.559 --> 00:36:44.920
the conspiracy theory that they follow,
so you can't sun necessarily weed them off.

446
00:36:45.079 --> 00:36:49.039
But that's true of anybody, whether
they're narcissistic or not. Narcissists will

447
00:36:49.079 --> 00:36:52.960
take a correction as the personal attack. Yeah, when my friend George raises

448
00:36:52.000 --> 00:36:55.320
this issue and I challenge him on
it, that's why are you're going after

449
00:36:55.400 --> 00:36:59.719
me. I'm brighter than you.
Therefore I have special knowledge and you don't.

450
00:37:00.000 --> 00:37:20.800
That's timendum from Australian skeptics, And
that's the show for now. Space

451
00:37:20.840 --> 00:37:24.440
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