S27E09: The Dark Energy Survey’s Unique Insights

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This is Spacetime Series twenty seven,
Episode nine, for broadcast on the nineteenth

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of January twenty twenty four. Coming
up on Space Time, the Dark Energy

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Survey's unique insight into the expansion of
the universe. Europe's Einstein Probe lifts off

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on a mission to monitor the X
race guys and using Earth's magnetic field to

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understand key ancient historical events. All
that and more coming up on space Time

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Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary. Back in nineteen ninety eight, astrophysicists

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discovered that the universe was expanding at
an ever accelerating rate. They attributed this

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expansion to a mysterious force they called
dark energy. The universe has been expanding

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outwards ever since its creation in the
Big Bank some thirteen point eight two billion

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years ago. Now. Initially,
scientists hypothesized that the force of gravity from

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all the mass in the universe should
be slowing down that rate of expansion.

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Eventually, depending on how much mass
there is in the universe, the expansion

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would finally stop, leaving the universe
in a steady state of perfect balance.

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Alternatively, if there was enough mass
in the cosmos, then gravity could become

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the dominating force, causing everything to
slowly begin to contract again, accelerating faster

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and faster, so eventually everything would
crash together and what scientists describe as a

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big crunch that could be followed by
another big bang, then another big crunch,

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and so on. However, that
view of the cosmos changed in the

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nineteen nineties as astronomers began studying distant
thermonuclear type one A supernovae. The stars

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would create the supernovae all exploded about
the same mass and consequently with the same

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explosive power and hence luminosity. So
by using the inverse square law, astronomers

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can determine how far away these supernovae
are. Unexpectedly, astronomers found more than

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fifty of these supernervae were fainter than
what they should be for their measured redshift,

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that is, how quickly it's moving
away from Earth due to the expansion

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of the universe, and consequently how
far away they are. Some unknown force,

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which astronomers call dark energy dark because
they don't know what it is,

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it's causing space time to expand at
an ever accelerating rate. Now it's worth

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pointing out the idea of a dark
energy force isn't new. It was first

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invented by Albert Einstein back in nineteen
seventeen. See, like most scientists of

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his day, Einstein just naturally assumed
that the universe was stable and everything in

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it was in balance, just as
it should be. The trouble is his

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own field acquis were showing that in
such a universe, gravity would have been

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the dominating force, crushing everything together. Einstein felt he was missing something,

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but he couldn't work out what it
was, so he simply invented an expansion

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force for the energy density of space, a sort of vacuum energy, if

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you will. It was designed to
counter gravity in his gravitational field equations,

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thereby creating a cosmological constant to return
the universe to a steady state. However,

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Einstein was forced to abandon the idea
of a cosmological concept in nineteen thirty

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one after astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that
everything in the universe really was expanding away

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from everything else, and the further
away from us something is the faster it's

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expanding. This forced Einstein to describe
his cosmological constant as his biggest blunder.

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The recent discovery that the rate at
which space time is expanding is accelerating,

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has now resurrected the cosmological constant,
which, if correct, would automately lead

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to what astronomers are calling the Big
Freeze, in which all the galaxies would

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eventually expand so far away from each
other. Only our local galactic group would

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remain together in what would be a
very cold, dark and empty universe.

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And if that's not frightening enough,
a more extreme version of dark energy,

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called phantom energy, could see the
forces involved increase so much that they would

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eventually lead to what scientists are calling
the Big Rip. A big rip would

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see the expansion of space time occur
not just on the cosmic scale of relativity

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theory, but also on the subatomic
scale of quantum mechanics, ripping apart atoms

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into the constituent protons, neutrons,
and electrons, and even overcoming the force

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of gluons in side protons and neutrons
to rip off quarks. Now, twenty

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five years after the initial discovery of
dark energy, scientists working on the Dark

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Energy Survey have released the results of
an unprecedented analysis using the same technique.

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The further probe the mysteries of energy
and the expansion of the Universe. The

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Dark Energy Survey is an international collaboration
comprising more than four hundred astrophysicists, astronomers,

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and cosmologists from more than twenty five
institutions around the world. Led by

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members of the US Department of Energy's
FERMI National Accelerated Laboratory, the survey mapped

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in area almost one eighth of the
entire sky using especially built Dark Energy Camera,

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a five hundred and seventy megapixel digital
device built by Fermi Lab and funded

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by the US Department of Energy's Office
of Science. It was mounted on the

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Victor M. Blanco Telescope of the
National Science Foundation Sarah Tololo Inter American Observatory,

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a program of the National Science Foundation's
NORI Lab. They've been at a

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place the strongest possible constraints on the
expansion of the universe ever obtained with the

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Dark Energy Supernova Survey. Their report
in the Astrophysical Journal has covered some fifteen

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hundred new high redshift type one A
supernovae using the full five year data set

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of the survey, and the results
are consistent with an outstandard cosmological model of

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the universe with an accelerated expansion,
yet the findings are not definitive enough to

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rule out a possible more complex model. The Dark Energy Survey scientists took data

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for seven hundred and fifty eight nights
across six years to understand the nature of

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dark energy and measure the expansion rate
of the universe. The scientists performed analysis

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with four different techniques, including the
supernova technique used in nineteen ninety eight.

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Astrophysicists traced out the history of cosmic
expansion with large samples of supernovae spanning a

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wide range of distances. For each
supernova, they combine its distance with a

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measurement of its red shift. They
can use that history to determine whether the

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dark energy density has remained constant or
whether it's changed over time. Dark Energy

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Survey Director Rich Crohn from FERMILABS says
that as the universe expands, the matter

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density goes down, but if the
dark energy density is constant, that means

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the total proportion of dark energy must
be increasing as the volume decreases. The

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standard cosmological model, known as Lambda
cold dark matter is based on dark energy

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density being constant over cosmic time.
It tells us how the universe evolves using

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just a few features, such as
the density of matter, the type of

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matter, and behavior of dark energy. The supernova method constrains two of these

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features very well, matter density and
a quantity called W, which indicates whether

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the dark energy density is constant or
not. Now, according to the standard

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cosmological model, the density of dark
energy in the universe is constant, which

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means it doesn't dilute as the universe
expands. Now, if this is true,

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then the parameter represented by the letter
W should equal minus one, and

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the result found for W wass zero
point eight zero plus or minus zero point

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one eight. Using supernova data alone, now combined with complementary data from the

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European Space Agency's Plank telescope, W
reaches the minus one within the error bars.

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But those error bars are important.
It means W is tatalizing but not

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exactly on minus one, but it's
close enough that it is consistent with minus

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one. Still, a more complex
model might yet be needed in order to

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determine if dark energy may indeed vary
with time. To come to a definitive

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conclusion, scientists will need more data. The problem is the Dark Energy Survey

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won't be able to provide that data
because the survey stopped taking data in January

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twenty nineteen. The final dark energy
supernova analysis made many improvements upon the survey's

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first super and ova result, which
was released in twenty eighteen that used just

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two hundred and seven supernovae and three
years of data. For the twenty eighteen

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analysis, scientists combined data about the
spectrum of each supernova in order to determine

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their red shift and to classify them
as a tie or not. They then

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used images taken with different filters in
order to identify the flux at the pick

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of the light curve, a method
called photometry. The problem is spectra are

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hard to acquire, requiring lots of
observing time on the largest telescopes, and

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that will be impractical for future dark
energy surveys like the Legacy Survey of Space

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and Time, which will be conducted
on the vera's Sea Roubn Observatory. So

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the new study will pioneer a new
approach using photometry, with an unprecedented four

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filters being used in order to define
the supernerva, classify them, and measure

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their light curves. Follow up spectroscopy
of the host galaxy using the Anglo austrain

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telescope at Siding Spring will provide precise
redshifts for every supernerva. The use of

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the additional filters will also enable data
to be more precise than previous surveys.

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It's all a major advancement compared to
the original nineteen ninety eight supernova samples,

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which only used one or two filters. The Dark Energy surveys searchers used advanced

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machine learning techniques and artificial intelligence to
aid in supernova classification. Among the data

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from about two million distant galaxies observed, the Dark Energy Survey found several thousand

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supernovae. Scientists ultimately used one thy
four hundred and ninety nine Type one A

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supernervee with high quality data, making
it the largest deepest supernova sample for a

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single telescope ever compiled. Back in
nineteen ninety eight, astronomers used just fifty

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two supernervay to determine that the universe
was expanding at an accelerating rate. So

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when you think about it, it's
really been a massive scale up in just

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twenty five years. Of course,
the r minor drawbacks with a new photometric

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approach compared to spectroscopy. Since the
supernervay do have spectra, there's greater uncertainty

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in classification. However, the much
larger sample size enabled by the photometric approach

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more than makes up for this.
The innovative techniques the Dark Energy Survey's pioneered

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will shapen further drive future estrophysical analyzes
projects like the VERA ce Ubon Legacy Survey

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of Space and Time. And that'sa's
Nancy Grace Retman Space Telescope. We'll pick

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up with a dark energy survey left
off this report from Fermi Lab and the

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United States Department of Energy. I'm
a member of the Dark Energy Survey Collaborations

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and I'm here on Sarah Talolo,
working to help commission the new dark energy

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camera that we've just installed on the
Blanco telescope. The whole purpose of our

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project is to understand what is dark
energy. Dark energy was discovered using in

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part this very telescope, and it
was discovered by its effect on the universe.

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So dark energy is our name,
and it's just a name that we

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give to the phenomenon that's causing the
universus expansion to accelerate. We're not trying

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to figure out if dark energy exists. We're not trying to find it.

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We know dark energy exists. We're
trying to characterize it. We're trying to

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understand what it does to us,
what it does to the universe, to

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its expansion rate, and to the
gravitation attraction of things like galaxies. I

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work with the Dark Energy Survey and
I am working on CISPY, which is

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the softer end of the camera,
and right now we are in the control

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room for the camera. We're doing
a survey, so we want to cover

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a large section of the sky over
five years. The Dark endges of Survey,

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we'll scan five thousand square degrees of
sky far back in time and far

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away from us, in order to
measure the distances of supernovae and the distributions

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of galaxies. Since we're covering a
large section of the sky, we've got

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to move the camera to cover all
of it, and we have to track

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the sky as it moves, because
the sky moves very fast, and we're

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doing long enough exposures that if we
weren't following the sky as it moved,

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it would get blurry. We are
at an observatory and we're looking at the

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stars, and you don't see the
stars in the daylight, so generally the

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observers will start working sort of around
twilight, around dinner you can start taking

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some calibration frames and dome flats.
You can do those when the daylights out,

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but you can't open the dome till
after dark. And so right now

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it's about twelve twenty, and this
is very early in the night for an

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astra and so an astronomer will generally
stay here and work until sunrise when you

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can't take any more data. Every
time I come to Sarah to Loolo,

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I realize how special an experience it
is. Last night when we were looking

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up at the sky and when you
could see the Milky Way so clearly,

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but you know that as a galaxy, it's a line. You know that

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the plane of it is a line, and you see a curved across the

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sky. What else can that do
to you but make you feel like you're

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like you're on this sphere with all
these other people, with the people here

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on the mountain but everyone else,
like you know that you're home. In

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so many ways, this job is
a whole lot of fun. I've really

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enjoyed seeing from At first, all
I was seeing was the software and it

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was very abstract, and it's been
really neat to see first the telescope simulator

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being built at for ME Lab,
and then just to come here to Chili

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and be able to actually see the
telescope take data. It's really exciting in

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some sense the purpose of our experiment
and what we'll learn by understanding more about

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what dark energy is to find out
about the fate of the universe. What

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is going to happen into the future. Is the universe really going to keep

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expanding faster and faster and faster or
not. Over three hundred people from professors

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to engineers to students and postdocs putting
together the Dark Energy Survey and all the

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infrastructure, from simulations to theory and
everything that went into making the survey possible.

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One might think, oh, and
you know, I'm just one little

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piece in this large process. But
when you think again about what we're exploring,

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when you think about the images that
we're going to take, when you

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think about how far and away and
how far back in time we're going to

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look, you can't help but feel
like you're a part of something that's really

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important, that's helping us see not
just about the past of the universe,

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but the past of us, where
we've been and really where we're going to

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go. And in that report from
FERMI Lab and the US Department of Energy,

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weird from Aaron Rudman from the Stanford
Linear Accelerated Center, Brian Nord from

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FERMI Lab, and Elliot from Ohio
State University. This space time still to

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come, Europe's Einstein Probe lifts off
on a mission to monitor the X ray

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skies and using Earth's magnetic field to
better understand ancient historical events. All that

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and more still to come on space
time. The European Space Agency the Max

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Planck Institute in China have joined forces
to launch the new Einstein X ray space

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Telescope into orbit. The Einstein Observatory
will survey the sky, hunting for bursts

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of X ray light and other high
energy astrophysics from objects such as neutron stars

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and black holes. The mission was
launched about a long March two sea rocket

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from the Jai Chang Satellite Launch Center
and Sichuan pro in southwestern China. The

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four hundred and fifty kilogram probe was
placed into a six hundred kilometer high orbit,

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circling the planet every ninety six minutes
at an inclination of twenty nine degrees,

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thereby allowing it to monitor almost the
entire sky in just three orbits.

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Over the next six months, mission
managers will test and calibrate the instruments before

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its initial three years scientific mission begins. The probe is equipped with both a

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wide field X ray telescope and a
follow up X ray telescope. The optics

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of the wide field X ray telescope
were inspired by the compound eyes of lobsters

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in a modular layout employing hundreds of
thousands of square fibers that channel light under

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the detectors. This gives the probe
the unique capability of observing nearly a tenth

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of the celestial sphere in a single
glance. New X ray sources spotted by

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the wide field X ray telescope and
then be targeted with a follow up X

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ray telescope, which is a narrow
field of view but is more sensitive and

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able to capture more details. The
ability of the Einstein telescope to spot U

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X ray sources and then monitor how
they change over time is fundamental to improving

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sciences grasp of some of the most
energetic processes in the universe. These include

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powerful blasts of X rays that occur
when neutron stars collide, when supernovae explode,

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and when matter is swallowed by black
holes or ejected by the crushing magnetic

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fields that envelop black holes. The
Einstein prob will also enables scientists to catch

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X ray light from collisions between neutron
stars and find out what's causing some of

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the gravitational wave events detected. Often, when these elusive space time gravitational wave

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ripples are registered, astronomers are unable
to locate the sources quickly enough, But

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by promptly spotting a burst of X
rays from one of these events, scientists

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00:17:48.480 --> 00:17:53.880
might be able to better pinpoint the
origin this space time still to come using

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a magnetic field to better understand key
ancient historical events, and later in the

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00:17:59.839 --> 00:18:04.519
Science report, the new study that
identifies the bacteria that inhabits human air piercings

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all that and more still to come
on space time. Archaeologists have used changes

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in Earth's magnetic field provide the most
accurate yet dating techniques for archaeological finds.

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The new technique, which has been
reported in the journal plus one, scientifically

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corroborates an event first described in the
Old Testament Second Book of Kings the conquest

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of the Philistine city of Gath now
Telesafi in central Israel by Hazil, king

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of Aram. The method developed by
Tel Aviv University, the Hebrew University of

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Jerusalem, Baharan University, and Arial
University is based on measuring the magnetic field

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00:19:00.160 --> 00:19:03.359
corded in burnt bricks, which were
the primary building material of the time.

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The new findings are important for determining
the intensity of the fire and the scope

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of destruction ingaff which was the largest
and most powerful sitting in the region at

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that time, and also for understanding
the construction practices of the day. See

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00:19:18.039 --> 00:19:22.519
throughout the Bronze and Iron ages.
The main building material in most parts of

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the Land of Israel were mud bricks. This cheap and readily available material was

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used to build the walls of most
buildings, sometimes on top of stone foundations.

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But during the same time, dwellers
of other lands such as Mesopotamia,

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00:19:37.240 --> 00:19:41.359
where stones were hard to come by, would fire mud bricks inside kilns in

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order to increase their strength and durability. This technique is mentioned in the story

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of the Tower of Babel in the
Book of Genesis or at states, and

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00:19:51.039 --> 00:19:53.880
I'm quoting here, they said one
to another, come let us make bricks

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00:19:55.000 --> 00:20:00.119
and fire them thoroughly. So they
used bricks for stone Genesis eleven. Most

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00:20:00.160 --> 00:20:04.240
researchers, however, believe this technique
didn't reach the land of Israel until much

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00:20:04.359 --> 00:20:08.279
later, with the Roman conquest.
It was also during the time of the

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00:20:08.359 --> 00:20:14.640
Roman conquest that the land of Israel
was renamed Palestine or Pallistia to be more

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00:20:14.680 --> 00:20:19.039
accurate. But until the Roman conquest, the inhabitants of Israel use sun dried

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mud bricks. The new magnetic earth
dating method relies on measuring the magnetic field

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00:20:25.400 --> 00:20:29.640
recorded and locked into a brick at
the time it was burned and cooled down.

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00:20:30.359 --> 00:20:33.279
See The clay from which the bricks
were being made contained millions of tiny

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ferromagnetic particles minerals with magnetic properties to
behave like very tiny compasses or magnets.

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In sun dried mud bricks. The
orientation of these magnets is virtually random,

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00:20:45.960 --> 00:20:48.920
so that they cancel one another out. Therefore, the overall magnetic signal from

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a brick which has been dried in
the sun is weak and not uniform.

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00:20:53.039 --> 00:20:56.880
But by heating a mud brick to
two hundred degrees celsius or more inside a

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00:20:56.960 --> 00:21:03.359
kiln, it releases the magnetic cild
signals of these magnetic particles, and statistically,

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they tend to align with the outh's
magnetic field at that specific time and

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place. So when the brick cools
down, the magnetic signal remains locked in

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00:21:11.799 --> 00:21:18.240
that new position, and the brick
attains a strong and uniformly oriented magnetic field,

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which can be measured with a magnetometer. Then, by reheating the bricks

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in a lab under controlled temperatures and
magnetic field conditions, the bricks magnetic signature

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00:21:26.599 --> 00:21:32.000
slowly begins to break down again,
and scientists can then determine the temperature at

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00:21:32.000 --> 00:21:36.799
which the bricks were initially fired.
So when bricks are found in an archaeological

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00:21:36.839 --> 00:21:40.759
excavation, scientists need to determine if
the bricks will first fight in a kiln

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prior to construction, or if they
will fight in situ and say a destructive

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00:21:45.079 --> 00:21:48.880
event during the burning down of a
city. In this way, this new

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00:21:48.920 --> 00:21:53.160
method can provide a conclusive answer,
which is crucial for correctly interpreting the findings.

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The new technique can also determine the
orientation of the Oarth's magnetic field when

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the bricks originally down. Now in
Israel this means north and downwards. But

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when builders take bricks from m kill
and then build a wall, they'll lay

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them in a random orientation, thus
randomizing the recorded signals. On the other

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00:22:11.400 --> 00:22:15.359
hand, when a wall is burnt
in Situs would happen when the city's being

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00:22:15.400 --> 00:22:18.880
destroyed by an enemy magnetic field,
of all the bricks would be locked in

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00:22:18.920 --> 00:22:23.079
the same orientation. The real test
came when the new method was applied to

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00:22:23.119 --> 00:22:30.839
the Telessafri archaeological ruins. A prevalent
hypothesis based on the Old Testament historical sources

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00:22:30.880 --> 00:22:34.880
and carbon fourteen dating, attributes the
distraction of the structure to the devastation of

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00:22:34.920 --> 00:22:41.319
Gath by Hazil, king of Aram
Damascus, around eight thirty BCE. However,

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00:22:41.400 --> 00:22:45.480
a different paper proposed that the buildings
had not been burned down but had

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simply collapsed over decades, and that
the fired bricks found that the structure had

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00:22:49.359 --> 00:22:53.960
been fired in a kiln prior to
construction. Now, if this hypothesis were

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00:22:55.039 --> 00:22:59.680
correct, it would be the earliest
instance of brick firing technology discovered in the

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00:22:59.720 --> 00:23:03.839
land of Israel. To settle the
debate. The authors simply applied the new

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00:23:03.880 --> 00:23:07.240
method to samples from the wall at
the dig site and to collapse debris from

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00:23:07.319 --> 00:23:12.559
around the site, and the findings
were conclusive. The magnetic fields of all

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00:23:12.599 --> 00:23:17.799
the bricks in the walls and the
collapse debris around the walls all displayed the

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00:23:17.880 --> 00:23:23.160
same orientation north and downwards. That
means that the bricks were indeed burned and

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00:23:23.200 --> 00:23:27.440
then cooled down in situe right where
they had been found, namely in the

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00:23:27.440 --> 00:23:33.680
configuration in the structure itself, which
collapsed within a few hours. Had the

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00:23:33.680 --> 00:23:37.279
bricks been fired in a kiln and
then laid in the wall, their magnetic

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00:23:37.359 --> 00:23:41.640
orientations would have been random. Furthermore, had the structure collapsed over time and

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00:23:41.680 --> 00:23:45.680
not in a single fire event,
the collapse debris would also have displayed random

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00:23:45.720 --> 00:23:51.440
magnetic orientations. So what does it
mean, Well, it means the account

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00:23:51.519 --> 00:23:56.200
of the Bible's Old Testament is essentially
correct. These findings are important for deciphering

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00:23:56.200 --> 00:24:00.920
the intensity of the fire and the
scope of the destruction of Gas, the

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00:24:00.039 --> 00:24:03.519
largest and most powerful city in the
Land of Israel at the time, as

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00:24:03.519 --> 00:24:07.759
well as for understanding the building methods
which we used at the time. In

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00:24:07.799 --> 00:24:14.039
other words, the findings indicate the
brick firing technology was probably not being practiced

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00:24:14.039 --> 00:24:17.839
in the land of Israel at the
time of the Kings of Judah and Israel.

295
00:24:18.640 --> 00:24:37.000
This space time and time that to
take another brief look at some of

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00:24:37.039 --> 00:24:41.680
the other stories making news in science
this week with a science report, A

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00:24:41.759 --> 00:24:47.240
new study has found that kids and
teens with autism are less likely to undertake

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00:24:47.279 --> 00:24:52.039
physical activity and have worse sleep patterns
than kids and teens who aren't on the

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00:24:52.079 --> 00:24:56.519
spectrum. The findings, reported in
the Journal of the American Medical Association,

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00:24:56.759 --> 00:25:00.240
found that kids with autism spectrum disordered
take longer to form of sleep after lights

301
00:25:00.279 --> 00:25:04.400
out, slept for shorter amounts of
time, and had less efficient sleep than

302
00:25:04.440 --> 00:25:10.119
their peers. The gap in physical
activity levels between kids on the spectrum and

303
00:25:10.200 --> 00:25:14.440
their peers also got bigger as kids
got older, which could be because kids

304
00:25:14.440 --> 00:25:18.640
on the spectrum are less likely to
participate in sports with higher social demands,

305
00:25:18.720 --> 00:25:25.319
such as basketball, football, and
volleyball. Scientists have discovered that fairy wrens

306
00:25:25.400 --> 00:25:29.799
will help raise the relatives' babies in
the hope of having an affair with their

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00:25:29.839 --> 00:25:34.359
relatives partners. Some fairy rens have
been seen having their own chicks in order

308
00:25:34.400 --> 00:25:40.160
to help others raise their brood,
something known as cooperative breeding, but the

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00:25:40.319 --> 00:25:45.279
murtive for this apparently altruistic behavior has
always intrigued. Scientists now are reporting the

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00:25:45.359 --> 00:25:49.799
Journal of the Ray Society Opened Sciences
found that these helpers would only help a

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00:25:49.880 --> 00:25:55.440
relative, and were most likely to
help breeding pairs that contained both a relative

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00:25:55.480 --> 00:25:59.519
that was of the same sex as
them and a potential mate. The authors

313
00:25:59.559 --> 00:26:03.960
suggest that the helpers are getting some
indirect benefits, such as social bonds,

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00:26:03.000 --> 00:26:07.119
from helping the realies, and that
some are even getting some direct benefits,

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00:26:07.279 --> 00:26:14.880
possibly from a potential mate. Zero
Dear. Scientists in Canada have uncover the

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00:26:14.880 --> 00:26:19.279
bacteria that inhabit human ear piercings.
They found that even though people have their

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00:26:19.359 --> 00:26:25.319
skin sterilized before a piercing, these
sites regularly end up with a greater diversity

318
00:26:25.359 --> 00:26:30.440
of bacteria living there than on regular
eelobe skin, and the process of piercing

319
00:26:30.680 --> 00:26:34.839
changes the local microbiome then you.
Findings reported in the Journal of the Proceedings

320
00:26:34.920 --> 00:26:40.160
the Raw Society be showed that the
piecings cause a shift towards a moist skin

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00:26:40.279 --> 00:26:45.240
microbiome, which they say could be
because the piecings can potentially trap moisture.

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00:26:45.799 --> 00:26:48.039
The authors say that as well as
being a form of culture or religious and

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00:26:48.119 --> 00:26:53.680
personal expression, ear piercings also represent
a form of ecosystem self engineering of the

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00:26:53.720 --> 00:27:00.079
ecological landscape of the human skin.
A British newspaper has used an image of

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00:27:00.079 --> 00:27:04.759
the shroud of Turin and apply it
a little artificial intelligence in order to find

326
00:27:04.759 --> 00:27:10.519
out exactly what Jesus might have looked
like. However, as Tim Mendum from

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00:27:10.559 --> 00:27:15.000
Austrian Skeptics points out, the first
problem is whether the shroud itself is real.

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00:27:15.119 --> 00:27:17.400
We're talking about the shroud. Well, someone just wanted to know what

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00:27:17.720 --> 00:27:21.880
Jesus looked like, and as you
will have seen from most European representations,

330
00:27:21.880 --> 00:27:25.839
he doesn't look like a Middle Eastern
person. Looks more like a Norwegian first,

331
00:27:25.839 --> 00:27:29.720
a blonde that of aran. Look
at that Norwegian jew that's the one.

332
00:27:29.799 --> 00:27:32.799
Yes, it's the interesting idea.
So anyway, trying to think what

333
00:27:32.920 --> 00:27:36.640
Jesus looked like, I'm not going
to go into the fact that Jesus exists

334
00:27:36.400 --> 00:27:38.920
with he did. What did he
look like? Some have subjected that he

335
00:27:40.000 --> 00:27:45.799
looked very Middle Eastern, so dark
here be that someone applied artificial intelligence assessment

336
00:27:45.960 --> 00:27:48.759
to the Shroud of Turin. Now, the Shroud of Turin is supposedly the

337
00:27:48.799 --> 00:27:52.319
story does the material that was wrapped
around Jesus again when he was put in

338
00:27:52.319 --> 00:27:56.599
the in a case in the term, et cetera, and that for some

339
00:27:56.759 --> 00:28:00.759
particular supernatural reason, his image was
transfer knitted onto the shroud itself, an

340
00:28:00.799 --> 00:28:06.000
electrical discharge, a chemical reaction,
whatever, And the shroud first noticed in

341
00:28:06.079 --> 00:28:07.880
about the twelve hundred and seven hundred
something like that. That's when the first

342
00:28:07.880 --> 00:28:11.960
references come to it. There's a
local bishop who said, there's this guy

343
00:28:11.119 --> 00:28:15.559
showing this cloth around reckons it's the
shroud of Jesus, et cetera, and

344
00:28:15.559 --> 00:28:18.160
that we should stop him. Didn't. Then kept on appearing and going through

345
00:28:18.200 --> 00:28:22.720
private hands, and eventually ends up
in the Cathedral Tury in Italy, where

346
00:28:22.759 --> 00:28:25.839
they show it every forty years and
you get minyes of people coming through to

347
00:28:25.920 --> 00:28:27.240
have a look at it. The
emas of Jesus, which is a bit

348
00:28:27.279 --> 00:28:30.359
hard to see. It's not very
clear, but if you've photograph it turning

349
00:28:30.359 --> 00:28:33.359
into a negative et cetera, you
can apparently see it better. So UK

350
00:28:33.599 --> 00:28:38.160
Daily Star got an ai specialist under
with it and looked at the image obviously

351
00:28:38.160 --> 00:28:41.599
not the shroud itself, and looked
at an image and then processes and created

352
00:28:41.640 --> 00:28:45.240
a three D version of it.
This is not particularly difficult, I think,

353
00:28:45.240 --> 00:28:48.319
I mean doing this with land forms
three years so they did this with

354
00:28:48.400 --> 00:28:51.960
the face. Pull it up and
you think that's what Jesus. Fuck.

355
00:28:52.640 --> 00:28:55.440
No, first of all, the
shroud is probably not real. It's not

356
00:28:55.519 --> 00:28:59.000
the real it's not really of Jesus. And therefore the image on the shroud

357
00:28:59.119 --> 00:29:02.480
it's probably not jess probably not even
a true shroud. In fact, that

358
00:29:02.559 --> 00:29:04.440
suggestions it was made at the time
of the midiupl eight. You could do

359
00:29:04.480 --> 00:29:07.319
this thing with a Mona Lisa or
anything like that to see what he actually

360
00:29:07.319 --> 00:29:11.559
looks like. This is Jesus sounds
more important. Yeah, it's a problem

361
00:29:11.559 --> 00:29:15.000
with AI, so that sort of
people give it more credence, more sort

362
00:29:15.000 --> 00:29:18.920
of special notice than it really deserves, because in this particular case, there's

363
00:29:18.920 --> 00:29:22.720
something more than that computer generated image, which is pretty easy to do,

364
00:29:22.839 --> 00:29:26.559
I think if you have a bit
of technology to hand, but just mention

365
00:29:26.680 --> 00:29:30.440
AI and everything becomes very exciting,
super diuper sort of impressive results. There's

366
00:29:30.480 --> 00:29:34.640
a video of the generation of this
image, which goes through variations. There

367
00:29:34.640 --> 00:29:37.559
were all different sort of looking Jesus, from a Middle Eastern person to a

368
00:29:37.720 --> 00:29:41.880
Northern European person to FA's then por
Harry whatever, which just goes to show

369
00:29:41.920 --> 00:29:45.000
that you can generate any sort of
image you like if you remember the technique

370
00:29:45.039 --> 00:29:48.400
of morphing from one photo to another, and you can see the different stages

371
00:29:48.440 --> 00:29:52.400
between the computer generated imagery. I
think Michael Jackson used it in a video

372
00:29:52.440 --> 00:29:55.400
clips to one of his songs,
you know, and you go from face

373
00:29:55.400 --> 00:29:57.119
to face to face to face and
you're morphing from one face to the next.

374
00:29:57.279 --> 00:30:00.200
It doesn't necessarily show that Jesus,
for the very paper you can do

375
00:30:00.279 --> 00:30:06.640
these from this one source indicates that
you can do. That's tremendum from Ustralian

376
00:30:06.720 --> 00:30:26.200
skeptics. And that's the show for
now. Space Time is available every Monday,

377
00:30:26.279 --> 00:30:32.160
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