S27E07| NASA Delays Manned Return to the Moon

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This is Spacetime Series twenty seven,
Episode seven, for broadcast on the fifteenth

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of January twenty twenty four. Coming
up on Spacetime, NASA delays a man

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returned to the lunar's surface until twenty
twenty six. A successful maiden flight for

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United launches new Vulcan Center rocket,
and NASA's Parker's Solar Probe completes its eighteenth

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close encounter with the Sun. All
that and more coming up on Spacetime Welcome

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to Space Time with Stuart Gary.
NASA has scrubbed this year's planned Artemis two

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man mission around the Moon. The
agency says the flight, the first to

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tech humans to the Moon in over
fifty years, will be delayed until at

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least September next year, in the
process, pushing the return of people to

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the lunar surface aboard the Atomis three
mission back from December twenty twenty five until

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at least September twenty twenty six.
NASA has put the delays down to a

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range of safety concerns with the Lockheed
Martin built Orion spacecraft, as well as

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development issues with the new Moon suits
and continuing delays with SpaceX's Starship Mega rocket,

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which will carry crews from the Orion
spacecraft orbiting around the Moon, down

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to the lunar surface and back up
again. The twenty five day unmanned Artemis

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one mission to the Moon back in
November twenty twenty two appeed to go smoothly

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with no serious issues disclosed at the
time. However, it's now been revealed

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that the Artemis one Orion capsule suffered
more extensive charring damage to its ablative heat

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shield during amos free re entry and
was initially expected, and tests on another

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Orion spacecraft have now uncovered a designed
fall with a life support systems electronics,

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as well as a separate issue which
is popped up with one of the battery

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systems. There have also been two
fouled launch attempts from its Texas star base

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by SpaceX's one to twenty one meter
Toll Starship, which are posing serious concerns.

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Both launch failures saw the Starship super
Heavy explode in the skies over the

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Gulf of Mexico. A third test
flight is now planned for next month,

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but the longer it takes to get
Starship into Earth orbit, the longer NASA

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will have to wait before it can
launch its Atomus three mission, and there

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are other complications with Starship as well. SpaceX points out that Starship will need

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to have its fuel tank refilled once
it's in orbit around the Earth before it

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heads off to the Moon. An
estimated ten fuel transfers will be needed to

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do the job, and so SpaceX
are planning to build an orbital fuel depot.

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And there have also been ongoing issues
with the manufacture of the new EVA

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spaces for you from the Lunar's surface, which developed by Houston's Axiom Space.

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The Apollo eraist space suits, which
we used during the late sixties and seventies

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and are still the basis for the
EVA spacesuits used by NASA today, aren't

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really suitable for use on the lunar's
surface. That's because they become damaged by

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the ultra fine but extremely sharp lunar
dust or regulars, which is the Apollo

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astronauts found out became a real problem. Not only did the dust get everywhere

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on the suit, clogging equipment and
causing radiators to overheat, but it was

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so sharp that it quite literally wore
a hole in the knee on the outer

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spacesuit garment. During one geological EVA
NASA Administrator Bill Nilsen says the delays will

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give the atemist teams more time to
work through the challenges. The ten day

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Artemis two mission, which includes three
Americans and one Canadian astronaut, will be

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a full scale, dressed rehearsal for
Atomis three. It'll but the Earth twice

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in order to get enough speed for
translunar injection, taking humans further from the

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Earth than ever before into an extended
lunar orbit that will result in a free

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return trajectory back to Earth if successful. That'll be followed by the Artemis three

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mission, which will land astronauts on
the Moon's south Pole, which Nilsen describes

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as a different moon from the Sea
of Tranquility, where Apollo eleven astronauts nearl

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Armstrong and buzz Aldron landed in nineteen
sixty nine. The Sea of Tranquility was

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relatively flat terrain. The lunar south
pole, on the other hand, is

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pot marked with dick craters, and
because of the angle of the sunlight,

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most of those craters are in total
darkness. NASA says that delays shouldn't effect

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the following Artemis four mission, which
will be the first to use the new

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Lunar Gateway Orbital space station. It
currently remains on track for launch. In

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twenty twenty eight, during NASA as
Apollo era, twelve Americans walked on the

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lunar surface, in the process,
winning the space race and demonstrating to Moscow

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that Washington held the ultimate Cold War. Today, the competition isn't the Soviet

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Union, but rather China were expecting
to have taker knots walking on the Moon

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by twenty thirty this space time still
to come. The United Launch Alliances new

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Vulcan Centaur rocket undertakes a successful maiden
flight, and NASA's Parker Solar Probe completes

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its closest encounters so far with the
Sun. All that and more still to

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come on space time. The United
Launch Alliances new Vulcan Centaur rocket has undertaken

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a highly successful maiden flight. The
new sixty two meter tall, two stage

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Vulcan Centaur was initially designed to meet
the design to phase out the current Russian

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Idea eight engines used on the Atlas
five, which are no longer being supported

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by Moscow following the Western boycott of
Russia in response to the Kremlins invasion of

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Ukraine. It also provided the United
Launch Alliance with an opportunity to replace the

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heritage Delta four rocket with a new
single launch system. The Vulcan's twin Blue

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Origin sourced B four liquid methane and
liquid oxygen powered core stage replaces the Keerrot

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scene in liquid oxygen fueled I one
eighties used on the Atlas five, as

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well as the liquid hydrogen on liquid
oxygen core stage engines used on the Delta

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four, and the Vulcan core stage
is designed to be fitted with up to

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six strap on solid rocket boosters,
depending on payload and target orbit. On

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top of that, there's a new
Centaur five upper stage. It replaces the

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earlier design common Centaur and Centaur three
variants which we used on the Atlas five.

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The mission called CIRT one blasted off
from Space Launch Complex forty one at

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the Cape Canaverals Space for Space in
Florida. Status JECK Go Vulcan Go Centaur

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GO parents ten nine eight seven six
five four three. We have ignition and

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lift off of the first United Launch
Alliance Vulcan rocket, launching a new era

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in space flight to the Moon and
beyond. Just laborating two good SRBs hitting

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peak pressure on the SRBs. Everything
looking good. You got pitching our programs

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in coming into normal rates for that
event. We have good hydraulic pressure on

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both engines, good chamber pressure on
both engines. Everything looking good. Coming

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up on sixty seconds into the flight. Everything looking good, two good engines,

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two good SRBs. Body rates look
good, nice and smooth, and

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we've hit our first throttle point on
the B fours. Everything looking good and

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we have passed through MAK one.
We are now supersonic, coming up on

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max Q at max dynamic pressure.
Everything looking good. We're rolling off on

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the SRBs and we have cut off
on the SRBs, coming up on jettison

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and approximately thirty seconds fifteen seconds that's
their p jet. P fours continue operate

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nominally, seeing expected PU activity and
the boost remains and we have separation of

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both SRBs. Everything looking good.
The E fours continue to operate normally.

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We up on two minutes into the
mission. We are now seventeen miles in

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altitude. We just heard confirmation of
solid rocket booster jettison. We have about

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three minutes until we reach our next
mission event. Booster engine cut off and

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we see booster PU correcting towards the
nomenal IMR. Everything looking good. Both

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engines continue to pre normally, and
we now weigh probably half of our lift

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off weight. Everything looking good,
and we fired the power valve, activating

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the reaction control system on the upper
stage. Pressures are rising as expected.

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P four continues to operate normally.
Vehicles continue to apply down the center of

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the range track. Everything looking good. Thirty three miles in altitude, fifty

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two miles down range, traveling at
four thousand miles per hour. Then you

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see excellent performance out of the b
E four's chamber pressure, Nice and smooth.

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Vehicles settle accelerating a little over two
g's at this time, good body

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rates, nice and smooth operation of
the booster. Forty seven miles in altitude,

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ninety five miles down range at fifty
five hundred miles per hour. Engines

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continue to burn normally. Everything looking
good, and the vehicle now weighs one

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quarter of us slipped off weight as
they passed through the carbon line. Next

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mark Wet. We're looking for a
boot space chill down on the centaur.

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Main engines. Boost remains continue to
operate normally, and we've been on boot

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space chill. Housing tents are dropping
as expected. Coming up to the end

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of the boost phase. Prost me
ten seconds to BICO throttle down. In

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preparation for BICO. We've completed boot
space chill down and we have cut off.

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Coming up on Fulcan Center separation.
We have Vulcan Center separation. Everything

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looking good coming up on the Centaur
phase and experiencing a good data loss here.

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We've recovered the data center. Our
engines are up and running normally steady

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state pressure, and we've just jettisoned
the payload pairing two good break wires,

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good steady state operating levels on the
Centaur mainze, two good engines on the

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open loop control on Center PU.
This is Vulcan Mission Control at T plus

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five minutes fifty seven seconds. We
just heard flight commentator Rob Gannon confirm the

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successful completion of the early phase of
today's flight and all systems continue to operate

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nominally. Our next event, main
engine cut off will occur in about ten

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minutes while we wait. I'm joined
by Amanda Piquetti e LA, Director of

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Vehicle Upgrades. Amanda, thank you
so much for joining us, and I

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know it's still early, but congratulations. Thank you you as well. This

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is amazing. How did it feel
to watch the Vulcan rocket lift off for

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the first time? Oh, just
absolutely amazing. I didn't expect it to

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be the way it was. It's
just my heart is still pounding. It

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was excellent and just I'm so proud
of all the work that the team did

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to get where we are today.
Absolutely, and developing a new rocket is

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an enormous endeavor of what you were
a huge part again, and we're still

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early, but how do you imagine
the whole Vulcan team is feeling right now?

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I feel like they have to be
the same way, you know,

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smile ear to ear. I know
the team is at all our sites,

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friends and family. They've been supporting
us for many years to get to where

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we are, so I'm sure they
are jumping up and down just like me.

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It's been amazing. How is the
Vulcan rocket going to change the industry?

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Yeah, that's a great question.
So Vulcan is very much based on

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our heritage rockets, the Delta four
and Atlas five vehicles, but we've brought

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in a lot of new innovation and
capabilities that are going to allow us to

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even better support our war fighters,
exploration as well as connecting the world.

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The great thing about Vulcan is it's
highly versatile, meaning we can use that

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vehicle to do anything we want.
Allows for affordability for anybody who needs access

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to space. This is the first
certification flight. What are the next steps

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for Vulcan after this? Yeah,
so with the first flight we are well

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under the way from a certification perspective. We do have a second fight that

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we'll need to do here later this
year. Once that complete get completed,

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we'll have about two months or so
of post flight data testing, and then

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at that point we will be certified
by the US Base Force and we will

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be ready to fly all their important
payloads for them. Coming up on five

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hundred seconds into the mission, everything's
looking good. Tinuing to burn Centaur,

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body rates right as expected, steady
acceleration just under half a g, and

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we are now two hundred and thirty
five miles in altitude, eight hundred and

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thirty six miles down range, traveling
at eleven thousand, one hundred and fifty

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miles per hour, continuous nominal performance
from Centaur, and approaching the halfway point

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of this first burn of Centaur.
Everything looks good, you know. On

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thousand miles down range, traveling at
eleven thousand, tive hundred miles per hour.

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This is Vulcan mission control at T
plus ten minutes seven seconds. Our

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next event, main engine cutoff,
will occur in about five minutes. While

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we wait, I'm joined by Eric
Manda, part of ULA's mission design team.

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Eric, thanks for joining Usmana,
thanks for having me, of course.

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So we're still pretty early in this
fight today, but can you tell

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us how the data is looking so
far? Yeah? Absolutely so. I

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just want to say that it was
so I ran outside so I can watch

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this thing lift off, and that
was so cool after so many years of

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development to watch this thing fly,
that was fantastic. Absolutely, I bet.

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Yeah. So what is the data
showing us so far? Yeah?

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Absolutely so. I've had a very
quick look. Obviously we're very early in

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the flight still, but I've taken
a look at the S and B performance

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as well as the boost performance so
far, and everything looks just spot on,

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just perfect. Unfortunately, we've had
a lot of these systems on at

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List and Delta for a long time, and so we've had a lot of

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flight data to anchor our models,
and everything is lining up just like we

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would expect can you talk a little
bit about why we need three burns and

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how we use those three burns to
complete our mission today. So the first

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burn performs our injection into lower thorbit. Unfortunately, if we just continue that

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burn from that point in time,
we wouldn't necessarily be aligned with where we

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need to be in order to get
to the Moon. So what we do

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after we get to lower thorbit is
we shut those engines down, we coast

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around until we get to the right
spot to do that, and then we

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light those engines up again. When
we do that and complete the burn,

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that will allow us to send the
Astrobotic Paragrin Lander onto the Moon. So

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we shut those engines down again and
we are ready to do that and then

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start them one more time in order
to do the third burn, and that's

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just going to take Celestici's Enterprise mission
out to deep space. So let's talk

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a little bit about where these things
happen. We're going to go ahead and

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shut down the main engines on the
Centaur when we get about halfway across the

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Atlantic Ocean, and then we're going
to coast the rest of the way across

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the Atlantic Ocean across Africa, and
go ahead and start the engines up again,

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and we get to Madagascar and that's
where we'll do the second burn,

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and then we coast again until we
get about to pop in New Guiney,

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and when we get about to over
pop in New Guiney, that's where we'll

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go ahead and do that third and
final burn. The second burn will be

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about four minutes long, and then
we'll have another coast for thirty minutes before

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we have a pretty short twenty second
burn for the final burn. Once we've

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done that, then we've got some
engineering demos we're going to do before we

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finally safe the state and shut everything
off. And then at about four days

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later is when the center will leave
the Earth Moon system and beyond find its

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way to the deep space. Depending
on its configuration, the new Vulcans Center

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a launcher can carry a paillot of
up to twenty seven point two tons into

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Loweth orbit, fifteen point three tons
in a geostationary orbit, and twelve point

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one tons in the Luna transfer orbit, making it comparable with SpaceX's Falcon nine

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aboard. The Vulcan's maiden flight was
astrobotics Pereguine Lunar Lander Its mission, however,

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wasn't nearly as successful as the vulcans. The robotic lander is separated from

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the center upper stage without incident,
and its avionics systems powered up and perform

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nominally sending telemetry back to Astrobotics mission
managers through NASA's Deep Space Network. However,

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just hours later, Astrobotics began reporting
technical problems, starting with what appeared

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to be an inability to orient Pereguin's
top mounted solar panels towards the Sun that's

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needed to keep the lunar landers on
board batteries charged up. Pereguine then began

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to drift off course and communications were
temporarily lost. Eventually, engineers were able

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to re establish contact with a one
thousand, two hundred and eighty three kilogram

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Lander and were able to send instructions
to keep it tilted in the right direction

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to keep its solar array pointing towards
the Sun. As mission managers try to

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work out what was going wrong,
they eventually traced the problem to a faulty

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valve in part of the spacecraft's propulsion
system. An image taken by one of

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the onboard cameras showed the multi layer
insulation badly displaced and damaged. That explained

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some of the telemetry which was showing
a critical loss of propellant on board the

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spacecraft. In fact, judging by
the loss rate, Peregune was destined to

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run out of fuel within forty hours. That loss of propellant meant the mission

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was doomed to fail, with a
soft landing on the Moon now out of

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the question. Good news was that
experiments on board the lander were performing well

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and they were sending back good data. Astrobiotics were now simply committed to getting

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the Pereguine as close to the Moon
as possible before it loses its ability to

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maintain its sunpointing position and subsequently loses
all power and enters an uncontrollable tumble.

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Peregon was supposed to enter Luna orbit
and remain there for several weeks before committing

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to a landing in the mid latitude
region of the Moon at a place called

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Sirius Visco Sitatis on February the twenty
third. This space time still to come

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NASAs Parkersloprobe completes its closest encounter with
the Sun and later in the science report,

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meteorologists have now confirmed that twenty twenty
three was the hottest year ever recorded

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on planet Earth. All that and
more still to come on space time messis

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Parker Solar Probe has just undertaking its
eighteenth close approach to the Sun, skimming

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just seven point twenty six million kilometers
above the visible solar surface. The close

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encounter, known as perihelion, began
on Christmas Eve and continued until January the

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teid, with the spacecraft swooping down
at some six hundred and thirty five thousand,

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two hundred and sixty six kilometers per
hour. The close approach distance matched

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the record set by a park It
during its previous close encounter back in September

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last year. It also matched the
speed record set during that encounter. Mission

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managers at the JOHNS. Hopkins Applied
Physics Laboratory in Laurel Maryland's report that the

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spacecraft entered its close encarnter with the
Sun in good health, with all systems

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operating nominally. Following close approach,
the Parker Solar Probe checked back in with

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mission managers sending it state of speak
in turn on January the fifth. The

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00:19:03.279 --> 00:19:07.640
spacecraft is now transmitting science data from
the encounter, including the properties, structure,

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and behavior of the solar wind will
give you more details when they come

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to hand. This space time and
time. That'll take a brief look at

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some of the other stories making us
in science this week with a Science report.

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Scientists have now confirmed that twenty twenty
three was indeed the hottest gear ever

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recorded on planet Earth. The findings
by the European Unions Copernicus Climate Change Service,

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which are based on both ground and
satellite readings, show that the planet's

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average temperature in twenty twenty three was
one point four to eight degree solsius warmer

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than the average for the eighties fifty
to nineteen hundred pre industrial period, as

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well as being the planet's hottest recorded
year by a substantial margin. The new

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readings also suggest that last year would
have been the planet's warmest year in at

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least the last one hundred thousand years. The findings are based on global temperature

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records going back to eighteen fifty,
and they're then checked against paleoclimatic data records

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from sources such as tree rings and
ice core air bubbles. Twenty twenty three

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was also the first year in which
every day was more than a degree celsius

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hotter than pre industrial levels. With
two days both in November, being two

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degrees celsius warmer than pre industrial levels. Last year was also zero point one

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seven degrees hotter than twenty sixteen,
which was the previous hottest year on record.

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Meteorologists say that while the arrival of
an El Nina weather pattern has worse

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than the situation, global warming caused
by the use of fossil fuels and other

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greenhouse gases, remains the primary cause
behind the temperature increase and emissions of carbon

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dioxide, the most significant greenhouse gas
remain stubbornly high. For example, last

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year, the concentration of carbon diox
on the atmosphere rose to its highest ever

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recorded level of four hundred and nineteen
parts per million. The Word Meetingological Organization

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says China remains the world's biggest carbon
dioxide polluta, producing almost a third of

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the total global output, amounting to
more than ten point one million tons annually.

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A team of researchers working for a
company that's designed a new cancer testing

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regime claimed that a six specific panel
of just ten proteins can pick up eighteen

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different early stage cancers, representing all
the major organs of the human body.

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A report in the British Medical Journal
claims the team whittled down a list of

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some three thousand blood plasma proteins down
to the finalists of ten, which they

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see are expressed differently among the plasma
of cancer patients in healthy people. The

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authors say they were able to identify
ninety three percent of stage one cancers among

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men in the sample group of four
hundred and forty and eighty four percent of

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women. An attached to editorial to
the study says that while there are still

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several problems in the tests that need
to be addressed before it can be deployed

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to the general population, this new
method may be a good means of improving

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current issues related to sex specific detection
tests. A new study may have finally

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00:22:29.160 --> 00:22:33.240
solved the mystery disappearance of the largest
of the great apes from Asia. A

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report in the journal Nature focused on
the extinction of the largest ever primate,

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Gacantipithecus Blackie, which went extinct at
a time when other Asian great apes were

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thriving. The new evidence, uncovered
by a team of Australian, American,

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and Chinese scientists, found that the
largest primate to ever walk on the Earth

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went extinct between two hundred and ninety
five thousand and two hundred and fifteen thousand

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00:22:56.480 --> 00:23:02.480
years ago, simply because they were
unable to adapt their food preferences and behaviors,

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00:23:02.759 --> 00:23:07.480
and because they were vulnerable to the
changing climates which eventually sealed their fate.

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Measurements of the fossilized teeth have allowed
paleontologists to estimate Joacandipithecus's height at around

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00:23:14.160 --> 00:23:18.799
three meters it's nine point eight feet
with a mass of around two hundred to

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00:23:18.799 --> 00:23:23.599
three hundred kilograms. Back in the
nineteen fifties, bigfoot enthusiasts began to hypothesize

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00:23:23.640 --> 00:23:30.039
that stories of Yeti, Yowie's and
Sasquatch were actually descriptions of encarnters with relic

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00:23:30.119 --> 00:23:36.279
populations of Dagandipithecus that had somehow survived
in isolation from the changing world around them.

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00:23:36.640 --> 00:23:41.480
But the most obvious problem with the
Gigantipithecus Bigfoot connection theory is the simple

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00:23:41.559 --> 00:23:48.039
fact that no scientific evidence supporting Bigfoot
has ever been found. A recent letter

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00:23:48.240 --> 00:23:55.440
signed by more than one hundred distinguished
scientists has sought to discredit integrated information theory,

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00:23:55.680 --> 00:24:00.799
labeling the leading hypothesis of consciousness as
nothing more than sew the science.

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00:24:00.559 --> 00:24:04.640
However, it's two men them from
a strange Skeptics points out, no hypothesis

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00:24:04.640 --> 00:24:11.519
of consciousness is currently empirically testable,
so strictly speaking, no such idea is

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00:24:11.599 --> 00:24:15.119
scientific. It is a great debate
and actually has the sounds with esoteric,

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00:24:15.200 --> 00:24:18.720
but it actually has broader implications.
Now I have the prefaces we're saying,

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00:24:18.720 --> 00:24:22.640
I'm not a neurologist, I'm not
practicing philosopher, fuly amateur, and I'm

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00:24:22.640 --> 00:24:25.920
not necessarily an expert on consciousness.
But looking at this, there is a

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00:24:25.960 --> 00:24:30.799
debate right now about different ways of
measuring and explaining what consciousness is. Generally

305
00:24:30.799 --> 00:24:34.279
speaking to the view is that consciousness
is how you are aware of the world

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00:24:34.319 --> 00:24:37.559
around you, of your role in
it, and what's happening to you,

307
00:24:37.680 --> 00:24:42.079
et cetera. Now, consciousness,
this idea has bigger implications beyond just the

308
00:24:42.480 --> 00:24:47.559
esoteric one of how the brain works. It has implications for legal issues and

309
00:24:47.599 --> 00:24:51.480
all sorts of things you imagine,
like fatal consciousness of the fetus of the

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00:24:51.559 --> 00:24:55.759
data before born. Does that have
consciousness? That has an implication for abortions

311
00:24:55.799 --> 00:24:59.440
in medical treatments of various sorts.
Do animals have consciousness? And that has

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00:24:59.480 --> 00:25:04.039
the implication for everything from laboratory testing
to actually eating and using animals to plants

313
00:25:04.039 --> 00:25:07.079
out consciousness. That's been suggested too, that yeah, should you be coming

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00:25:07.119 --> 00:25:11.400
down plants? Do they screen when
you sort of pull them out of the

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00:25:11.400 --> 00:25:15.920
ground, letters screams when you cut
it up? That's right? Do they?

316
00:25:15.079 --> 00:25:18.160
Oh? Yes, they do?
Yes, But whether that's consciousness or

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00:25:18.160 --> 00:25:22.799
just the chemical reaction and automatic chemical
reaction, okay, even as far as

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00:25:22.839 --> 00:25:26.000
suggesting that the universe have consciousness,
So I'm not quite sure how we going

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00:25:26.039 --> 00:25:30.160
to I'm through that. But basically
consciousness comes down to two different aspects,

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00:25:30.160 --> 00:25:33.599
as a physical one, which can
be measured by neurological measurements et cetera,

321
00:25:33.759 --> 00:25:37.279
sticking things to your head and measuring
electrical impulses that sort of stuff, which

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00:25:37.319 --> 00:25:41.720
is pretty straightforward. And then there's
a subjective measurements of consciousness, which is

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00:25:41.759 --> 00:25:45.359
how people suggest what they have seen, you know, for the witnessing of

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00:25:45.680 --> 00:25:48.440
activities, et cetera. Now it's
a very broad area, isn't. Are

325
00:25:48.440 --> 00:25:55.400
we talking about simple chemical reactions or
are we talking about I guess sentience because

326
00:25:55.519 --> 00:25:57.920
the line is very blurred between them. That's right, and that's a bit

327
00:25:57.920 --> 00:26:02.519
of a contentious issue. It is
as much a philosophical issue as it is

328
00:26:02.559 --> 00:26:06.000
a scientific one. But anyway,
the argument right now is about one particular

329
00:26:06.039 --> 00:26:11.519
theory of assessing and explaining consciousness,
and it's called integrated information theory, which

330
00:26:11.519 --> 00:26:17.680
is pretty dull and broad. It
which is suggesting that these subjective and objective

331
00:26:18.079 --> 00:26:21.400
measurements are measuring the same thing,
that they are the same and they're just

332
00:26:21.480 --> 00:26:23.039
different ways of looking at it.
I mean, the skeptics would know that

333
00:26:23.079 --> 00:26:26.960
there is a difference between reality and
how people perceive it. That we know

334
00:26:26.079 --> 00:26:30.599
that witness testimony can be very dodgy, especially over a period of time.

335
00:26:30.720 --> 00:26:33.720
We know that things like neurological testing
through things like polygraph machines, which is

336
00:26:33.759 --> 00:26:38.119
the live detectors, are almost useless
and are certainly not recognized in most courts

337
00:26:38.200 --> 00:26:42.440
because they're only measuring stress rather than
truth, and they're not necessarily stress but

338
00:26:42.559 --> 00:26:47.400
not necessarily great indicator of truth.
So anyway, there's this debate about integrated

339
00:26:47.480 --> 00:26:51.920
information theory with a letter that was
written by one hundred and twenty odd scientists

340
00:26:51.920 --> 00:26:56.160
recently presumably practicing neurologists or philosophers,
who were saying it's sudo science, and

341
00:26:56.240 --> 00:27:00.039
the response from at least one person
who has studied it says, you can't

342
00:27:00.079 --> 00:27:04.400
say, you can't highlight that one
as being suito science because all the theories

343
00:27:04.480 --> 00:27:08.319
is their science, which is that's
not on the people who are promoting consciousness

344
00:27:08.359 --> 00:27:12.039
theory wanted to hear. But there's
a range of different theories. There's the

345
00:27:12.119 --> 00:27:18.000
one called global neuronal workspace theory,
and there's another one called the higher order

346
00:27:18.200 --> 00:27:21.640
thought theory, which is higher order
thought, which is hot the hot theory.

347
00:27:21.799 --> 00:27:26.000
And there's basically what you called subse
fusion agreements, which is the way

348
00:27:26.039 --> 00:27:30.720
that people identify problems and that inferences
about consciousness as the experiment or does the

349
00:27:30.759 --> 00:27:33.160
experiment to play a role, and
all sorts of different things. Anyway,

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00:27:33.519 --> 00:27:37.480
it is a complex area, but
it does have implications in the in the

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00:27:37.519 --> 00:27:41.440
real world. As we've said,
is AI a form of consciousness? Well,

352
00:27:41.480 --> 00:27:42.759
that's exactly right. That's where it
comes to. That's where you get

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00:27:42.759 --> 00:27:47.160
into this big areas and suddenly we
get back to the three laws of robotic

354
00:27:47.519 --> 00:27:49.200
which is obviously an AI issues.
As I guess, the one of three

355
00:27:49.240 --> 00:27:52.599
laws that robots have to obey,
you robots have to protect you, and

356
00:27:52.759 --> 00:27:56.200
robots can't do anything that will hurt
you. I usually power down when they

357
00:27:56.200 --> 00:28:00.359
come up, and so you know, very seriously progected. I mean imagine

358
00:28:00.359 --> 00:28:03.559
coma pace. How conscious are they
and what do you do? Stem cell

359
00:28:03.640 --> 00:28:07.319
research? Is that a consciousness issue? Organoid testing as they call it,

360
00:28:07.319 --> 00:28:11.839
which is often just fits to the
brain put in the patridish you use that

361
00:28:11.000 --> 00:28:15.599
it or something and that Yes,
yes, I mean frog legs, et

362
00:28:15.680 --> 00:28:19.440
cetera. Are they consciousness? They
get an experiment with pig brains recently whether

363
00:28:19.480 --> 00:28:25.519
they were able to get reactions which
rendered the test questionable, and in fact

364
00:28:25.720 --> 00:28:29.160
it's been now banned because there was
an issue of that whether or not those

365
00:28:29.200 --> 00:28:33.440
brains had become conscious and had achieved
sentience. Again, yes it is.

366
00:28:33.480 --> 00:28:36.680
I mean you could take it down
to the extreme and say everything is conscious

367
00:28:36.799 --> 00:28:41.720
and therefore can you do anything to
anything without impinging on it consciousness rights.

368
00:28:41.880 --> 00:28:45.559
That's when you get into very interesting
philosophical areas and where sort of stuff will

369
00:28:45.599 --> 00:28:48.200
help you. It doesn't go anywhere, is it applicable? Is it useful?

370
00:28:48.359 --> 00:28:52.319
And Pera's not And anyway, these
people are arguing that the methods that

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00:28:52.359 --> 00:28:55.920
are being suggested the series of consciousness, what it is, how it can

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00:28:55.960 --> 00:29:00.799
be assessed, et cetera. Pseudoscience
quite possibly will never understand consciousness. We

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00:29:00.839 --> 00:29:03.519
can might get a duplicate it with
AI, et cetera. The consciousness will

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00:29:03.519 --> 00:29:08.960
also involve sort of ethical decision making, all sorts of appreciations of other people's

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00:29:10.160 --> 00:29:12.559
right, civil rights, all that
sort of aspects should be coming into consciousness

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00:29:12.599 --> 00:29:15.799
your own right primary amongst that.
Can an AI do that? I don't

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00:29:15.839 --> 00:29:19.279
know? Can you program in ethics, free laws of robotics, et cetera.

378
00:29:19.599 --> 00:29:23.000
And therefore this argument, which is
sounds bit esoteric and certainly complex,

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00:29:23.240 --> 00:29:45.559
that's timendum from Australian skeptics, And
that's the show for now. Space Time

380
00:29:45.640 --> 00:29:49.680
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