S26E94: Voyager 2's Return // Tectonic Shifts // ISS Resupply: Unraveling Space Mysteries

WEBVTT

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This is Spacetime Series twenty six,
episode ninety four, for broadcast on the

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seventh of August twenty twenty three.
Coming up on Spacetime, Voyager two loses

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contact with Earth, claims that plate
tectonics on Earth recently underwent a fundamental change

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and a new mission to the International
Space Station. All that and more coming

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up on Spacetime Welcome to Spacetime with
Stewart Gary. NASA mission managers have confirmed

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that the Voyager two spacecraft is alive
and well. Officials at the Jet Propulsion

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Laboratory in Passinga, California lost contact
with the probe almost twenty billion kilometers away,

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well beyond our Solar System and traveling
through interstellar space. It appears of

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forty command sent up two weeks ago, caused an accidental deviation of the spacecraft's

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antenna by two degrees away from a
direct line of sight to Earth, cutting

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communications. The loss of signal cut
all contact with the Voyager two, preventing

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the spacecraft from receiving commands or transmitting
data back to Earth. Mission managers are

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still traded to determine exactly how the
problem originated. Voyager just simply disappeared off

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the screens, but then NASA's camera
Deep Space Communications Network seventy meter dish detected

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the heartbeat signal of the forty six
year old spacecraft, determining it was still

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alive and well and operating nominally.
The camera tracking station then bombarded Voyager twos

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vicinity with the correct command in the
hopes that it would hit the mark,

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triggering the spacecraft to move its antenna
back into the correct position towards the Earth.

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Traveling at the speed of light.
It still took the signal some eighteen

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and a half hours to reach the
probe, but it worked successfully, instracting

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Voyager two to reoint itself and turned
its antenna back to Earth. Voyager two

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then began returning science telemetry data indicating
its operating nominally and that it remains on

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its expected trajectory. Had the attempt
failed, mission managers would have been forced

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to word until October. That's when
an automatic spacecraft reset was planned to take

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place, which would have seen the
probe reorentos antenna towards the Earth automatically.

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Voyager two was launched on a grand
tour of the Outer Solar System back in

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nineteen seventy seven, along with its
identical twin probe Voyager one. It was

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a rare alignment of the outer planets
at the time, which meant this journey

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could be undertaken, taking the probes
first to Jupiter and then allowing the spacecraft

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to use the gas giant's gravity to
slingshot themselves towards the ringboard of Saturn.

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From the Voyager one headed out of
the Solar System in a northerly direction,

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but Voyager two continued on visiting Urinus
and then using the gravity assists of the

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ice chiant to slingshot it to Neptune
before it two moved out of the Solar

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System southerly direction. Vort You two
reach the Drivin System in nineteen seventy nine,

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the Saturnian System in nineteen eighty one, Urinus in nineteen eighty six,

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and Neptune in nineteen eighty nine.
The probe met its historic entry into interstellar

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space on November the fifth, twenty
eighteen, at a distance of one hundred

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nineteen point seven astronomical units or seventeen
point nine billion kilometers from the Sun,

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moving at a velocity of fifteen point
three four one kilometers per second relative to

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the Sun. An astronomical unit is
the average distance between the Sun and the

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Earth, which equates to approximately one
hundred and fifty kilometers. Who vot you

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Two's twin spacecraft, Voyager one,
is still communicating and working fine as it

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travels through interstellar space in a different
direction. Boger one is now some twenty

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four billion kilometers from the Earth,
making it the most distant spacecraft consequently the

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most distant man made object in existence. The CSROS Glen Nagel from NASA's Canberra

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Deep Space Tracking Station says the silence
from Voyager two is a stark reminder of

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the colossal distances that separate the spacecraft
from their home planet. Yeah. So,

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back on the twenty first of July, we relayed up to the Voyager

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two spacecraft a series of planned command
and is not quite sure yet. It

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could have been something in the command
sequence. It could have been when it

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was received and can something on the
spacecraft causing normally. It could have been

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a flip bit from a cosmic ray
strike on the magnetic tape that it uses

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to record its commands and data,
and it could have been any number of

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things. Tell us about Voyager two
and its sistership Voyager one. So Voyager

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one and Voyager two were launched in
world Vorger two August twentieth, nineteen seventy

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seven, and just a few weeks
later, on September fifth, ninety seventy

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seven, Voyager one headed away from
the Earth. And it sounds funny to

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launch the second spacecraft before the first
one, but because a few weeks later

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we're a little bit closer in our
path around the Sun to get to Jupiter,

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Voyager one could actually get to Jupiter
first, and so it arrived there

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and did it study son. A
few months later, in nineteen seventy nine,

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the Voyager two spacecraft came along and
did its encounter, and then Voyager

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one off to Saturn. Voyager two
files close behind. But then Voyager one

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headed northward out of the Solar System
above the ecliptic plane that the planets orbit

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on, and Voyager two was then
able to continue on to go to Urinus

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and then Neptune in nineteen eighty nine, and then it headed southward out of

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the Solar System, so they're both
generally heading in the same direction, just

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north and south of the ecliptic planements
to the planet's orbit on and then now

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I put on what they called the
Millennium mission, and that was to continue

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their journey outward to reach the inner
boundaries of an edge of our solar system,

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the heliosphere and the Hilo's fear.
Think of it being like going through

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water. It's a bow shock wave
in front of it. So as the

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Solar system travels through the galaxy,
the outward rushing energy of our son collides

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with the inward rushing energy of all
the other stars out there, the interstellar

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wind meeting the solar wind. And
so the Voyager spacecraft ended that wave,

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traveled through it, learned a lot
about that outer edge of our solar system

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and its role in surrounding our entire
Solar system, and then got ahead of

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the wave. And that was an
exciting moment for the science team where we

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saw a dramatic change in the signal. Sort of the outward rushing energy of

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the Sun wasn't there anymore, and
we're for the first time looking at the

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clean air of interstellar space. And
that was quite a remarkable moment. Voyager

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two passed that boundary in two and
eighteen, and we were with it on

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that day when that signal came through
and we saw the change, and I

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can tell you it was a very
excited science team at such a propulsion labs

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that saw that. And of course
they followed on from the Pioneer ten and

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eleven spacecraft which sort of tested the
waters, didn't they. Yeah, they

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headed off a number of years earlier. They also visited Jupiter and Satin,

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but with less instrumentation and had lower
quality cameras. And we're talking we're talking

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cameras, not talking digital at that
time. They're talking about television cameras,

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TV tubes, vacuum tubes for to
take those amazing images. And they go

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to those first clips of those two
giant wealth close up, and that really

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paved the path for the voyages to
head off with all their huge suite of

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instruments and their better quality cameras to
take these close up views not only the

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planets and those planets ring structures,
but also the many many moons around those

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worlds, which in some ways have
become far more intriguing than the planets themselves

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because some of the moons, particularly
Jupiter and Satin, have water in their

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environments under their icy surfaces, and
we've learned that those could be environments that

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could support life somewhere else in our
Solar system. So yeah, they've got

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a grand story to tell, both
the Pioneers and the Void. And the

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pioneers were important because they were the
ones that warned us the high radiation levels

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around Jupiter and that allowed the voyages
to be built to handle that. Yeah,

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we always knew that the Jupiter,
with its very strong magnetic field,

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would create this high radiation environment,
and it really wasn't until the Pioneers gone

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out there that we realized just how
intense that radiation is and how the moons

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interact in that environment and literally create
loops of magnetic energy and radiation a doughnut

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around Jupiter, particularly Io, which
spews out sulfur from its volcanoes on its

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surface which were first spotted by Voyager, and that creates a very dynamic environment.

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So yeah, we were able to
pioneer spacecraft to make the voyages more

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hardy, and then of course from
the voider information we could make missions like

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Galileo and Juno a Jupiter and the
Cassina missionment SAT be quite toughest about to

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handle those environments for not just quick
fly buys, but for years orbiting and

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studying those wells space now an interstellar
space. Where are they going? So

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for Voyager two, twenty billion kilometers
away at the present time, traveling at

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about one point four million kilometers a
day, it's headed off to a distance

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star with well just a serial number. It won't reach that star for another

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two hundred and ninety six thousand years. But for Voyager one, heading on

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its fire paths, it will fly
within the light year of the star series

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in just another forty thousand years from
now. We'll lose contact with them long

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before that happens. So if all
goes well, we get contact with Voyager

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two constantly in contact with Voyager one, we should still have at least a

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radio signal coming back from them that
we can detect into the mid twenty thirties.

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But eventually they'll get so far away
and their signals so small, but

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not even our dishes will detect them
anymore. The signal will be lost in

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the background noise generated by the rest
of the universe in radio frequencies, and

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then they'll just keep going. Eventually, those two spacecraft traveling through our galaxy

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will leave our whole system well behind, leave the stars of our able behind.

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They'll be the last reminder actually that
we ever existed. They'll outlast the

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Earth and outlast the Sun, and
the last reminder of humanity's placed in the

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universe, which is why the great
science seems. Back At that time,

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particularly Carl Sagan and John Calliffe created
the Golden Records on board both Voyager spacecraft

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with a record of music and literature
and languages, cultures, and a little

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time capsule a story about humanity.
And it was sort of a hopeful thing,

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promising thing that we're sending a message
in a little tiny spacecraft bottle often

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too, the universe, that vast
ocean of space, in a hopeful port

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that maybe if there is somebody out
there, they'll find it and learn a

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little bit about us. Even if
we're already long gone and the Pioneers are,

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we still able to talk to them
at all. I know they were

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being used for a little while to
test receivers ability to pick up faded signals.

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What's happening there for the Pioneer spacecraft, they have long since gone silent,

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much smaller spacecraft, less powerful transmitters
than the voyages. The last contact

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we had with the Pioneer ten was
back in two thousand and two. So

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that was the last whisper for that
spacecraft. I'm sure it's probably still out

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there. We're certainly still out there, and maybe even still a faint amount

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of power for its radio transmitter,
but we simply cannot detect it anymore.

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So if they also carry on board
plat with a little bit of information about

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who built them, where they came
from, and our understandings of science and

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mathematics, so maybe another little hopeful
message out to anybody that might be there

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in the universe. Are they heading
for interstellar space as well? They will

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eventually in a sour space, but
they don't quite have the speed the Voyager

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spacecraft, which are traveling at about
nearly seventeen kilometers per second, so they

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won't reach escape velocity for the ultimately
for the entire Solar System, so they

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will stay massive soul or for many
buildings of years to come. Okay,

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and I guess the only other one
then we'll be new horizons. Yeah,

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for the New Horizon spacecraft which visited
Pluto back in twenty fifteen, and then

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the hyper vault jac Aracost in twenty
nineteen. It has certainly the kvelocity of

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the Solars so one day we'll reach
the inner Edge and travel through the Hilio

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Sheath boundary the magnetisphere in our Solar
System and ultimately enter interstellar space. But

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whether that mission is still operable by
that time, and it's taken the Voyager

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spacecraft, you know, more than
forty years, in forty six years now

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to reach into stellar space, we've
still got a long way to go for

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the new Horizon spacecraft, which is
only launched in two thousand and six,

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so it's still got a long way
to go to reach that malster. You

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guys are constantly preparing for new missions. What's on your horizon? So coming

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up actually later in August, we've
got the landing of the Indian Space Agencies

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changed around three spacecraft making their latest
attempt to land on the surface of the

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Moon, and we'll be directly involved
in the landing as we have been right

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throughout the mission since launched. In
September, we've got the return of NASA's

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Osiris REX mission, returning samples from
the asteroid Benu, which will be very

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exciting to add to our knowledge of
those little space wanderers out there, and

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Benu's of particular interest to scientists and
understand more about its composition, because Benu

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has an orbit which actually crosses the
Earth's orbit from time to time, so

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knowing more about it's and its structure
and composition, all of us understand a

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bit more than what we might need
to do if that object one day might

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actually come our way. And then
October a big mission for the year,

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and that's the launch of the Psyche
mission from NASA, heading off to the

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asteroid known as Psyche, which the
science team believes it's the remains of the

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core of a planet that was once
forming in our soul system a long time

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ago, but effectively an object that
ran out of material to grow to become

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a larger world, and then successive
bombardments of that surface with smaller objects have

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blasted away a sort of outer surface
and left behind just the metal iron core.

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So this is going to be a
really unique mission. We can't get

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to the core of a planet,
we can't drill thousands of kilometers into the

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Earth, so getting to have a
sort of his one we made it earlier

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out there in the space. The
asteroid Psyche gives us a chance to go

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and have a look at these objects
and understand more about the formation of planet.

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That's the CSIROS Glen Nagle from NASA's
caberra At Deep space tracking station and

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this space Time still to come claims
Earth's plate tectonics have recently undergone a fundamental

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change and a new mission to the
International Space Station. Oh that and more

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still to come on space time.
A new study claims that planet Earth's system

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of plate tectonics was until recently stratified
into two distinct layers. The revolutionary new

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findings were reported in the journal Nature. Suggests the planet originally had separate upper

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and lower mantle regions that were isolated
from each other. The Earth is truly

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unique among our Solar Systems planets.
It has vast oceans and abundant life.

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But Earth's also unique because it's the
only planet with plate tectonics, and that

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not only shaped its geology, its
climate, and atmosphere, but possibly it

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also influenced the evolution of life.
Plate tectonics describes the movement, interaction,

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and subduction of tectonic plates on the
Earth's surface. That movement is driven by

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the very slow creeping motion of the
Earth's mattle called convection, which carries heat

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from the interior of the planet to
its surface. Researchers believe that convection in

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the mantle, started shortly after the
Earth's formation four point five billion years ago,

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occurs at the scale of the entire
mantle, so when plates collide on

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the Earth's surface, one gives way
and sinks into the hot mantle, ending

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up in a sort of plate graveyard
on the top of Earth's metallic core.

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However, a new study suggest that
this style of plate tectonics may actually be

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a more recent feature in earths geologic
history than previously thought. One of the

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studies authors, Martin Schillett, from
the University of Copenhagen, says the new

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research suggests that foremost of Earth's history, convection in the mantle was stratified into

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two distinct layers, namely upper and
lower mantle regions, that were virtually isolated

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from each other. This transition between
the upper and lower mantle occurs at about

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six hundred and sixty kilometers below the
Earth's surface. Now, at this depth,

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certain minerals undergo phase transition, and
Schiller and colleagues believe that this phase

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transition may well be the reason and
why the upper and lower mantle origins remain

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mostly isolated. The findings indicate that
in the past, recycling and mixing of

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the subductive plates into the mattle was
restricted to just the upper matal where there

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is strong convection, and this is
very different from how the authors believe plate

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technonics operates today, where subducting plates
can sink all the way down in the

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lower matle, just above the core
metal boundary. Chiller and colleagues reach their

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conclusions after developing a new method to
produce ultra high precision measurements of the isotopic

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composition of the element titanium in various
rocks. Isotobes are versions of the same

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element that have slightly different masses,
and the isotopic composition of titanium is modified

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when crust is formed on the Earth, and this mixed titanium isotobes useful to

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trace how surface material like the crust
is recycled into themantle through geologic time.

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Using this new technique, the authors
were able to determine the composition of mantle

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rocks that formed the earliest three point
eight billion years ago all the way through

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to modern day lavas. If the
recycling and mixing of tectonic plates was restricted

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to just the upper mantle. As
postulated in this new study, it means

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that the lower mantle could contain undisturbed
primordial material. The concept of a primordial

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mantle refers to a reservoir of mantle
material that's remained relatively unchanged and therefore preserved

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since the very early days of Earth's
formation four point five billion years ago.

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That's when the even earlier proto Earth, which formed four point six billion years

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ago, was hit by a Mars
sized planet called Thea, which turned the

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whole thing back into a magma ocean, resetting the clock for differentiation and eventually

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separation of the planet. It's a
separate outer and inner cause, mantle and

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crust. Now, the very idea
of a primordial reservoir existing deep in the

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Earth isn't new. It's been suggested
previously based on the isotopic composition of rare

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gases trapped in lavas from modern day
deep seated volcanoes. However, the interpretation

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of this state has always been ambiguous, and some have suggested the isotopic signal

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comes all the way from the Earth's
core as opposed to the deep mantle.

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But because we know titanium isn't present
in the Earth's core. It therefore provides

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a fresh perspective on this long standing
debate. It's an interesting result this space

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time still to come a new mission
to the International Space Station, and later

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in the science report, Australia to
supply the United States military with a new

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generation of guided missile. All that
and more store to come on spacetime.

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The Northrop grumm Signus ND nineteen cargo
ship carrying some three thousand kilograms of supplies

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00:20:04.599 --> 00:20:10.880
as successfully docked to the International Space
Station. The mission, which launched from

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NASA's Wallops Island flight facility on the
Virginian mid Atlantic Coast, was Northrop Grumman's

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nineteenth cargo flight to the Space station
and it's eighth under its second commercial resupply

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services contract with NASA four three two
one DOT and Terry's Invent ninety falls Tip

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00:20:34.440 --> 00:20:42.039
Authority ferries taking north of Grumman's commercial
resupply mission nineteen into urban to the International

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00:20:42.079 --> 00:20:49.559
Space Station remains. Flight controllers reporting
a nominal ascent for in Terry's at a

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prenominal humber pressure stations no remain as
rust steady is on TVC is on at

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00:20:57.400 --> 00:21:03.359
are nominal GLAD to be the main
phenomenal hundred powers nominal a vehicle passing improved

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magical good without passing through MAXCU.
MAXCU is the maximum dynamic pressure experienced on

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00:21:11.039 --> 00:21:15.839
terries. Corp pressure reization valves are
nominal. Engines are main nominal stay LCA,

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00:21:15.880 --> 00:21:19.039
your co cut speed in Terris,
Thank you LA. Half through the

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00:21:19.079 --> 00:21:23.599
burn one hundred seconds to MIKO passing
through thirty thousand feet attitude nominal attitude rains

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00:21:23.640 --> 00:21:29.119
nominal engine remains nominal SAT eight hundred
percent passing through five thousand feet per second.

258
00:21:29.400 --> 00:21:33.400
Corp pressurization remains nominal. Electrical powers
nominal TVC remains nominal. Engines remain

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00:21:33.480 --> 00:21:37.640
nominal for proximity. Forty seconds from
MICA flow throttled down has begun. Attitude

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00:21:37.680 --> 00:21:41.799
nominal TBC pre set down SLEW has
started. Three minutes into the flight of

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00:21:42.079 --> 00:21:47.920
terries. We had about fifteen seconds
until main engine cutoff down STADA fifty five

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percent thrust and we have main engine
cutoff. Elvis is taking care of business.

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00:21:51.759 --> 00:21:56.160
We have stage separation confirmed Stage separation
as we lose terries into the clouds

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on this hazy evenings. Stage two
agmission time expected at mission time tooty.

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Stage two ignition expected and approximate ten
seconds varying is separated and Terry's currently in

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a coast phase. Stage two ignition
and TVC batteries nominal. Second stage solid

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00:22:14.920 --> 00:22:18.000
rocket motor has ignited. Remains normal. The stage will burn for two minutes

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and forty four seconds. The castor
thirty XL will burn from approximate two point

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five minutes. Power remains nominal.
Stage two TVC is nominal. Fly controllers

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report reporting good performance on the second
stage. Power remains nominal. TVC remains

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nominal in stage two and power approximate
one hundred seconds from stage two burnout at

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a troop phil nominal power remains nominal. Stage two TVC remains nominal. Fifty

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seconds to stage two burno TBC elect
for power remain nominal. Beginning to see

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tailoff and motor pressure and we have
stage two burnout six minutes fifty five seconds

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into the flight. The second stage
solid rocket motor has burned out. As

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enabled. They will enabled now entering
about approximately a two minute coast phase is

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an orbit and will coast for roughly
one hundred seconds prior to biload separation seven

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00:23:06.119 --> 00:23:11.279
minutes forty five seconds into the flight
of Entries. After spacecraft separation, it

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00:23:11.319 --> 00:23:15.759
will take approximately two hours thirty minutes
until the solar arrays are unfurled to start

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collecting power for the Signus vehicle.
Spacecraft separation is coming up on thirty seconds

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continuous to coast prior to biload seperation, and we have baiload separation and the

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flight control teams confirmed Signus has separated
from the Entries second second stage, flying

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free and beginning its journey to the
International Space Station. All right, launch

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00:23:36.799 --> 00:23:41.039
team, I'll see on countdown that
we're going to go ahead and proceed with

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00:23:41.119 --> 00:23:45.920
our post launch checklist. We've confirmed
that we've had SIGNS separation. Congratulations to

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the SIGNA team. This mission also
marked the final flight for the Entire's two

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thirty rocket, originally developed by Obital
Science as the Tourists too. A new

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version of the rocket, to be
known as the Entirees three third using a

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00:24:00.799 --> 00:24:06.200
Firefly Aerospace first stage, was expected
to launch next year, but the LEAs

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in development have now pushed that launch
date back to the twenty three mission in

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00:24:10.440 --> 00:24:15.119
twenty twenty five, so to fill
the gap, at least three Signals missions

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will be launched aboard SpaceX Falcon nine
rockets instead. That means that, as

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well as launching its own Dragon cargo
ships to the International Space Station, the

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Dragon crew capsules transporting astronauts, SpaceX
will also be firing at least three missions

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for its competitor Northrop Grumman. As
to what happens with the other two teams

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contracted to fly to the International Space
Station, namely Boeing Starline A transporting crews

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aboard an Atlas now Vulcan rocket and
Sierra Nevada's Cream Chaser reusable lifting body space

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plane, well there both will behind
schedule, although birth are still expected to

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fly sometime. We'll have updates on
both those projects next week. The supply

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is being brought to the space station
aboard the NG nineteen signals will support dozens

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of research experiments now being undertaken by
the Expedition sixty nine crew. These include

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new gene therapy tests designed to demonstrate
the formation of three dimensional neuron cell cultures

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in microgravity and to test a neuron
specific gene therapy. Also aboard is the

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sixth spacecraft fire experiment that's the last
in a series to test flammability of different

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00:25:23.000 --> 00:25:27.759
oxygen levels and to demonstrate fire detection
and monitoring, as well as post fire

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00:25:27.799 --> 00:25:33.920
cleanup capabilities. That's an experiment that
will take place aboard the Sigma's cargo ship

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00:25:33.039 --> 00:25:40.240
after that spacecraft is departed from the
International Space Station. Another experimental measure atmospheric

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00:25:40.400 --> 00:25:45.720
density using a multi needle aMule probe
to monitor plasma densities in the ionosphere that's

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where the Earth's atmosphere meat space.
The flights also delivered a new improved water

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sterilization and sanitation unit. It'll reduce
microbial growth in stored water supplies and can

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00:25:56.799 --> 00:26:00.759
also provide heartwater for crew consumption and
for food pre operation. And there's also

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an old friend return of the space
station, a little cube shaped robotic helper

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called astrob. It's been sent back
into orbit after some modifications in order to

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help out with routine tasks. Signals
has also delivered a condensation module and heat

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00:26:17.359 --> 00:26:22.440
transfer system for a flow boiling condensation
experiment that will help scientists better understand heat

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00:26:22.559 --> 00:26:29.359
distribution and fluid space. And there's
also an upgrade Banessa's colde Atom Lab quantum

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00:26:29.440 --> 00:26:33.920
physics facility, which makes use of
the microagravity environment of the space station to

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study quantum phenomena in ways which simply
at possible on Earth. The upgrade will

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give scientists more data in a wider
variety of experimental conditions. Once it's all

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unloaded, the Signal spacecraft will be
loaded with space station refuse and in October

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00:26:49.559 --> 00:26:55.160
it'll depart the space station loaded with
several thousand kilograms of trash and will then

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burn up in the atmosphere this space
time and time. How to take a

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brief look at some of the other
stories making news and science this week with

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00:27:19.440 --> 00:27:25.599
a science report. Australia has entered
into a new deal with the United States

325
00:27:25.759 --> 00:27:30.240
just apply the US military with a
new generation of guided missiles and multiple rocket

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00:27:30.319 --> 00:27:36.400
launch systems. Under the agreement,
Australia will need to begin manufacturing the missiles

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within two years. The Australian government
recently set a side two point seven billion

328
00:27:41.839 --> 00:27:47.559
dollars to acquire a long range strike
capability, which would bolster Australian stockpiles and

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00:27:47.680 --> 00:27:52.720
could also be exported to the United
States and other friendly nations. The announcement

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00:27:52.839 --> 00:27:57.400
comes as Western nations continue to deplete
their own munitions and logistics reserves in the

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00:27:57.519 --> 00:28:04.559
ongoing conflict again Russian invasion of Ukraine
that war is exposing weaknesses in many Western

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00:28:04.640 --> 00:28:10.680
military supply chains, which are now
starting to run low on ammunition and missiles.

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The missile announcement was made during a
two day Australian US meeting held in

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00:28:15.920 --> 00:28:22.039
the shadows of the vast Talisman Saber
Joint military exercise in Northern Australia. Talisman

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00:28:22.119 --> 00:28:26.640
Sabers see the deployment of over thirty
thousand military personnel from Australia, the United

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00:28:26.720 --> 00:28:32.079
States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, France, Japan, South

337
00:28:32.240 --> 00:28:37.680
Korea and several Pacific island nations.
It comes as Australia is forced to embark

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00:28:37.720 --> 00:28:41.359
on its own armed forces overhaul and
build up, moving towards long range strike

339
00:28:41.440 --> 00:28:48.440
capabilities in an effort to keep China
at arms length. Beijing's undertaken a massive

340
00:28:48.519 --> 00:28:53.119
expansion of its military, both in
terms of conventional firepower and in nuclear weapons.

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00:28:53.839 --> 00:29:00.400
China now operates the world's largest military
and aggressively targets any nation entering the

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00:29:00.480 --> 00:29:03.640
South China Sea, which it now
claims to have taken possession of country to

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00:29:03.759 --> 00:29:10.079
international law. As part of the
new deal between Camera and Washington, Australia's

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00:29:10.119 --> 00:29:15.559
agreed to an American request to expand
to military bases in the strategically important north

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00:29:15.720 --> 00:29:19.279
end of the country, thereby allowing
them to host more training exercises and increased

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00:29:19.400 --> 00:29:26.480
rotations of American troops and warships.
Both nations will also continue working towards using

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00:29:26.519 --> 00:29:30.480
Australia as a safe forward base for
the storage, maintenance, repair, an

348
00:29:30.680 --> 00:29:37.839
overhaul of critical US source munitions and
weapons systems. The meeting also discussed progress

349
00:29:37.920 --> 00:29:41.839
on the Orcus Security treaty between Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom

350
00:29:41.920 --> 00:29:48.039
that'll see Australia built its own nuclear
submarines and purchase at least three US never

351
00:29:48.200 --> 00:29:52.359
Virginia class subs Congress permitting. As
part of the deal, Australia will share

352
00:29:52.440 --> 00:29:59.759
its hypersonic rocket and missile technology with
the United States. A world first for

353
00:30:00.160 --> 00:30:04.920
ability study conducted in Australia through a
joint public private sector collaboration has realized the

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00:30:06.000 --> 00:30:12.000
potential of DNA sequencing to expand and
improve population newborn screening. The findings are

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00:30:12.039 --> 00:30:18.279
reported in the journal Critical Chemistry.
Examine the feasibility of targeted gene sequencing by

356
00:30:18.359 --> 00:30:22.920
screening all newborns at or shortly after
birth for multiple genetic conditions in a single

357
00:30:23.039 --> 00:30:30.000
test. The technology is based on
next generation GENA sequencing tools, allowing hundreds

358
00:30:30.039 --> 00:30:37.319
of genes to be simultaneously analyzed for
variations that cause genetic diseases. Scientists have

359
00:30:37.440 --> 00:30:41.519
identified a gene variant common in people
who experience no symptoms when they get COVID

360
00:30:41.640 --> 00:30:45.960
nineteen. The findings are reported in
the journal Nature. Looked at one hundred

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00:30:45.960 --> 00:30:51.559
and thirty six people who reported no
COVID symptoms, finding one in five carried

362
00:30:51.599 --> 00:30:56.799
a gene variant named hla b star
fifteen zero one, which is involved in

363
00:30:56.880 --> 00:31:00.880
immune responses. In a separate arm
of the study, Situs found T cells

364
00:31:00.960 --> 00:31:06.359
that reacted to some fragments of COVID
nineteen in people with the gene variant who

365
00:31:06.440 --> 00:31:11.079
had never had COVID nineteen, suggesting
they may have developed some form of immunity

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00:31:11.119 --> 00:31:17.440
to COVID nineteen through previous exposure to
other infections. Almost seven million people have

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now been killed by the COVID nineteen
coronavirus since it was first detected near China's

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00:31:22.000 --> 00:31:29.640
Wuhan Institute of Virology around September twenty
nineteen. The World Health Organization estimates the

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00:31:29.720 --> 00:31:33.720
true death toiles likely to be around
eighteen million, with some seven hundred and

370
00:31:33.799 --> 00:31:41.480
seventy million confirmed cases globally, that's
ten percent of the world's population. Well,

371
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with all the talk of unexplained anomalous
phenomena across the United States at the

372
00:31:45.160 --> 00:31:49.759
moment, a Washington State resident can
almost be forgiven for thinking she saw what

373
00:31:51.079 --> 00:31:56.000
must have been a U foe one
morning. Instead, however, she's discovered

374
00:31:56.039 --> 00:32:00.759
a new level of embarrassment in public
humiliation after posting a video online of what

375
00:32:00.000 --> 00:32:07.319
she claimed was an alien spacecraft.
The rather bulbous rocket shaped unidentified flying object

376
00:32:07.559 --> 00:32:12.799
was spotted hovering silently above the tree
line in the golden morning sunlight. The

377
00:32:12.880 --> 00:32:17.119
woman filming the incident described the object
as enormous, very fat, and appearing

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00:32:17.160 --> 00:32:22.200
to have fins coming out of the
bottom. Possibly it's an alien mothership,

379
00:32:22.839 --> 00:32:25.960
timentum from a Straian skeptic says,
In reality, it was a hot air

380
00:32:27.039 --> 00:32:30.799
balloon shaped like a comical fat rocket. It's been operated for the past sixteen

381
00:32:30.920 --> 00:32:37.680
years by a local hot air balloon
company. Well, actually usists. They

382
00:32:37.680 --> 00:32:42.519
actually started Bend Washington, didn't they. Of course, yes, the Arnold

383
00:32:42.559 --> 00:32:45.480
flying source of things. They started
up in brand Washington near Mount Rainier.

384
00:32:45.599 --> 00:32:50.440
Again, this is sort of silly
stories you get all the time people who

385
00:32:50.559 --> 00:32:52.559
film something, and people can film
everything all the time these days, so

386
00:32:52.640 --> 00:32:57.799
they're carrying the camera in their pocket
and they'll film something and they'll instantly put

387
00:32:57.839 --> 00:33:00.920
it up on Facebook or wherever there
for them and say, look, this

388
00:33:00.079 --> 00:33:04.519
is mysterious. It cannot be explained. And some of them can't be explained

389
00:33:04.519 --> 00:33:07.119
because you just don't have any detail, and therefore you have to leave it

390
00:33:07.160 --> 00:33:09.160
as unexplained. It's a lot of
people don't understand what that means. In

391
00:33:09.279 --> 00:33:14.119
newfos, it's unidentified for a reason
you can't explain. It doesn't mean it's

392
00:33:14.119 --> 00:33:16.440
the flying ser but anyway, that's
a different issue. But people keep putting

393
00:33:16.480 --> 00:33:20.519
up these videos of things they've seen, and of course instantly everyone goes,

394
00:33:20.559 --> 00:33:23.079
oh, well, the flying scer. Someone saw this shape that looked to

395
00:33:23.160 --> 00:33:28.759
be a huge round dish elongated shape
floating in the sky and they seem to

396
00:33:28.799 --> 00:33:30.799
have fins off it, and someone
said that looks like an alien rocket,

397
00:33:30.880 --> 00:33:35.079
and someone pointed out, it's not
an alien rocket. It's a balloon that

398
00:33:35.240 --> 00:33:37.559
looks like a rocket with fin Someone
designed it that way and they's you've seen

399
00:33:37.640 --> 00:33:40.599
these hot air balloons and things like
that. They often designed to look at

400
00:33:40.599 --> 00:33:44.960
the most amazing shapes, and this
one someone had designed it to look like

401
00:33:45.160 --> 00:33:47.880
a rocketship vertical, the fins coming
out the side, and someone had filmed

402
00:33:47.880 --> 00:33:51.480
that. And because they instantly assume, I don't know what it is there

403
00:33:51.480 --> 00:33:52.920
for it must be a flying sorcer
for an alien of some sort, they

404
00:33:52.960 --> 00:33:57.160
put it up and everyone believes it. And these things take about oh ten

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00:33:57.240 --> 00:34:00.400
seconds to debunk. And if a
person who had put it up thought about

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00:34:00.400 --> 00:34:01.920
it for ten seconds, they might
have hesitated. But if you're the sort

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00:34:01.960 --> 00:34:06.880
of person who believes in UFOs,
and this was described as a mothership UFOs.

408
00:34:07.319 --> 00:34:09.280
Mothership's a good term to use because
it's big rather than a little thing

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00:34:09.320 --> 00:34:14.760
whizzing ran and it was very strange, very silly, very jumped to conclusions,

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00:34:14.960 --> 00:34:16.559
and a lot of pilpa who would
believe it because it's just strange that

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00:34:16.639 --> 00:34:27.159
therefore they instantly say strange alien rather
than strange funny looking balloon. That's timendum

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00:34:27.440 --> 00:34:30.639
from Australian skeptics. And you can
see a picture of the hot air balloon.

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00:34:30.719 --> 00:34:35.719
Come you have a mothership on our
website. Just go to the Spacetime

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00:34:35.840 --> 00:34:55.320
Tumbler blog and that's the show for
now. Spacetime is available every Monday,

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00:34:55.400 --> 00:35:00.760
Wednesday and Friday through Apple podcast,
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00:35:00.800 --> 00:35:07.159
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00:35:07.320 --> 00:35:13.079
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00:35:13.920 --> 00:35:17.679
Spacetime's also broadcast through the National Science
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00:35:17.880 --> 00:35:22.360
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00:35:28.719 --> 00:35:32.280
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00:35:40.880 --> 00:35:45.239
Just go to Spacetime with Stewart Gary
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00:35:45.280 --> 00:35:49.559
you want more Spacetime, please check
out our blog or you'll find all the

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00:35:49.639 --> 00:35:52.599
stuff we couldn't fit in the show, as well as heaps of images,

427
00:35:52.920 --> 00:35:57.440
news stories, loads of videos and
things on the whereby find interesting or amusing.

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00:35:57.880 --> 00:36:01.679
Just go to Spacetime with Stewart Gary
Tumbler dot com. That's all one

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00:36:01.840 --> 00:36:06.920
word and that's Tumbler without the E. You can also follow us through at

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00:36:06.960 --> 00:36:10.639
Stewart Garry on Twitter, at Spacetime
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00:36:10.719 --> 00:36:15.159
our Spacetime YouTube channel, and on
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00:36:15.400 --> 00:36:21.360
forward slash Spacetime with Stewart Gary and
Spacetime is brought to you in collaboration

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00:36:21.480 --> 00:36:25.960
with Australian Sky Telescope magazine. Your
Window on the Universe. You've been listening

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00:36:27.039 --> 00:36:32.039
to Spacetime with Stuart Gary. This
has been another quality podcast production from bites dot com