S26E78: Life's Building Blocks in Deep Space // NASA Upgrades // Rocket Lab's Cyclone Satellites

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This is Spacetime Series twenty six,
Episode seventy eight, for broadcast on the

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thirtieth of June twenty twenty three.
Coming up on Spacetime, an amino acid

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essential for life found in interstellar space, Important upgrades the NASA's Deep Space network

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and rocket labs, coming to a
storm the EU. All that and more

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coming up on Spacetime. Welcome to
Spacetime with Stewart Garry. Astronomers have discovered

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trip to Fan, one of the
twenty amino acids considered essential for life as

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we know it in deep space.
The detection, reported in the Monthly Notices

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of the Royal Astronomical Society, was
found in data from NASA Spitzer Space Time

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Colescope during observations of a nearby star
forming region. Amino Acids are the building

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blocks of proteins, which are the
key macromolecules for the development of life on

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Earth. The authors identified more than
ten emission bands for the molecule trip to

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Fan inside the perseous molecular cloud complex
and in particular inside the stellar system I

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SEE three forty eight, located a
thousand light years away. This region is

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generally invisible to the unaided eye,
but it shines brightly when viewed in infrared

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wavelengths. One of the studies authors, Susanna Iglesias Growth from the Canary Islands

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Institute of Astrophysics, says, given
the spectral coverage in the infrared and the

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large spectroscopic database from the Spitzer telescope, this amino acid was an obvious candidate

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to search for in space. Ice
three forty eight is an exceptional star forming

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region and an extraordinary chemical laboratory,
and thanks to its proximity to the Earth,

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astronomers carry out some of the most
intensive searches for molecules in this to

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stellar medium. In glecious Growth that
also recently detected molecules such as water,

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carbon dioxide, hydrogen, cyanide,
acetylene, benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,

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and fulorines in the same region,
she says the novelty of this work is

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that tripp to Fan has never before
been detected in interstellar space, and in

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spite of decades of research, there
has never been a confirmed detection of other

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amino acids in any other star forming
region. Glecius Growth believes evidence for tripp

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to fan associated emission lines might also
be found in other star forming regions,

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as could other amino acids. In
fact, they may be common in the

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gas from which stars and planets are
formed. She says. It's also likely

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amino acids are enriching the gas in
protoplanetary disks and in the atmospheres of annually

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formed exoplanets, perhaps accelerating the emergence
of life. The analysis of the molecules

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emission bands also allowed the authors to
estimate the clouds temperature in the region.

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They found it was around two hundred
and eighty kelvin at seven degrees celsius,

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a temperature very similar to that already
measured for molecular hydrogen and water in her

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previous studies. The new work also
provides an estimate for the abundance of trip

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to fan in this region, finding
it was around ten billion times lower than

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for molecular hydrogen. Amino Acids are
often found inside meteorites on Earth, and

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so they may have been present as
early as the formation of the Solar System

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four point six billion years ago,
and Glesius Growth says this new discovery,

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and hopefully that of other amino acids
in the near future, could indicate that

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protein building agents, which are the
key to the development of living organisms exist

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naturally in the regions of space where
stars and planetary systems are formed, and

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that suggests that life may also be
more common in our galaxy than what we

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could have predicted this space time still
to come, major upgrades and NASA's deep

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space communications network and Pocket Lab coming
to a storm near you. All that

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and more still to come on spacetime, NASA isn't the process of upgrading its

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deep space communications network. The upgrades
necessary in order to communicate with more spacecraft

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than ever before and to accommodate evolving
mission needs managed by the che Propulsion Laboratory

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in passing into California. The deep
space network is what enables missions to track,

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send commands to and receive scientific data
from fire away spacecraft. For example,

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when NASA's Mass Perseverance rover touched down
on the Red Planet, it was

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the agency's deep space network which provided
direct communications with the rover, enabling the

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mission to send and received data that
helped make the event possible. And when

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Cyrus REX took samples from the asteroid
Banou, it was the deep space network

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which played a crucial role, not
just in sending the command sequence to the

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probe, but also for transmitting its
stunning images back to Earth. In fact,

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the Deep Space Communications Network has been
the backbone of NASA's communication system since

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nineteen sixty three. It's currently supporting
more than thirty nine missions, with thirty

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more missions now in development, and
with that sort of a workload, NASA

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needs to upgrade its capacity. The
Deep Space Network consists of tracking antennas across

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three complexes evenly spaced around the planet. There's the Goldstone Complex near Barstow,

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California, There's one in Madrid,
Spain, and then there's the tid Been

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Millar Deep Space Nearwork near the Australian
capital of Canberra. In addition to supporting

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missions, the antennas are regularly used
to conduct radio science, studying planets,

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black holes, and tracking near Earth
objects. As part of this upgrade,

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NASA's constructed two new anten dishes,
increasing capacity from twelve to fourteen. In

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January twenty twenty one, the Deep
Space Network commissioned its new thirty four meter

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dish named DSS fifty six at its
Madrid complex. While previous antennas were limited

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in the frequency bands they could receive
or transmit, and that often restricted them

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to communicating with specific spacecraft. The
new Madrid dish is an all in one

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antenna able to send and receive the
full range of communications frequencies used by NASA.

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Soon after bringing DSS fifty six online, that's a completed eleven months of

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critical upgrades to DSS forty three.
That's the massive seventy meter dish at Tidbin

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Bella, and it was a crucial
upgrade because DSS forty three is the only

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dish in the Southern Hemisphere with a
transmitter powerful enough to broadcast at the right

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frequency to send commands to the distant
Voyager two spacecraft, which is now hurtling

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through interstellar space and is the most
distant man made object in history. In

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fact, the DSS forty three refurbishments
paved the way for similar upgrades to the

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seventy meter dishes at Goldstone and the
Drid. The improvements are all part of

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a project to meet not just the
heightened demand, but also the evolving mission

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needs of NASA. Missions increasingly generate
far more data now than what they did

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in the past. In fact,
the data add from deep space spacecraft has

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grown by more than ten times since
the first lunar missions in the nineteen sixties,

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and as NASA looks towards any humans
demas, the need for higher data

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volumes will only increase further, and
optical communications is one tool that can help

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meet this demand for higher data volumes, using lasers to enable higher bandwidth communications.

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Experiments doing this and now being carried
out. Meanwhile, the Deep Space

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Networks radio antennas remain the backbone of
its operations. This report from NASSA TV.

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NASA has robotic explorers all over our
Solar System and beyond, but how

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do we communicate with the far away
spacecraft. We communicate with them by using

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the big antennas of the Deep Space
Network or DSN. The DSN has three

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antenna complexes evenly spaced around the world
in the United States, Spain, and

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Australia. That means that as the
world turns, at least one antenna complex

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can always contact spacecraft no matter where
they are in the sky above Earth.

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This antenna was constructed in nineteen sixty
five a massive seventy meter dish which has

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a total area of approximately one acre. This large antenna includes not only the

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seventy meter dish, but also a
base that can turn to point it at

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any place in the sky, and
along with the DSN antennas across the world,

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has helped us communicate with rovers landing
on Mars, the New Horizons mission

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to Pluto, the Voyager missions to
Jupiter, Saturn and beyond, and more.

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The Deep Space Network sides the crucial
connection for commanding spacecraft and receiving never

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before seeing images and scientific information.
The seventy meter antennas are driven by hydraulic

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drive systems using a two hundred horsepower
motor that's the power of a car engine.

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The seventy meter antennas can communicate in
S band and X band radio signals,

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which are two different types of radio
communications used for talking with far away

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spacecraft. This is spacetime Still to
come. Rocket Lab launches the second of

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its two dedicated missions, Fanessa,
deploying a constellation of tropical cyclone monitoring satellites,

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and later in the science report he
studies warn that September Arctic SAIS could

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be gone by the twenty thirties.
All that and more still to come on

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spacetime. Rocket Lab is successfully launchs
the second of two dedicated missions for NASA

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to deploy a constellation of tropical cyclone
monitoring satellites. The Electron coming to a

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storm near EU. Mission lifted off
from Launch Complex one, Pad B on

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New Zealand's Mahia Peninsula, deploying the
two final cube sets of NASA's Tropics constellation,

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the first pair of satellites. We're
launched back on May eighth, Stage

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one, Stage two press for flight, hyperage, flow, engine purge and

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evils deluge activated KEEN nine eight seven
six five four three two one. And

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that is a beautiful liftoff for Electron. The final two trophic satellites are on

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their way and coming to a storm
near you. With Electron now having cleared

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the pad, the next milestone is
max Q. This is the point where

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the forces on Electron are at their
greatest clear MAXQU, And there we have

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it. Electron has passed through max
Q and continues on the way to space.

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Right now, Electron is traveling at
over two thousand kolometers per hour and

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as an altitude of twenty kilometers.
Now. Coming up next is main engine

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cutoff or MIKO, where the nine
Rutherford engines on Electron's first stage shut down

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to make way for separation between the
first and second stages within seconds. The

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single space optimized Rutherford engine on the
second stage will ignite to carry the kickstage

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and the Tropic satellites all the way
to orbit. That should take place shortly

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at a round T plus two and
a half minutes. Stage probation still nominal.

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They stand by for Mikol roughly at
seconds fifteen seconds to MIKO Chatham Station

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and Miko con from suble stitch the
mission, and just like clockwork, we

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have had MIKO stage one and stage
two separation and ignition of Electron second stage

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coming up very shortly. We'll also
see electrons faring separate and fall away.

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These two carbon composite halves form a
protective nose cone over the Tropic satellites,

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keeping them safe during ascent. Once
we're in space, though they're not needed

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as the forces on Electron are not
nearly as great, so we can get

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rid of them and clear the way
for payload separation now for this mission,

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because we're headed to that five hundred
and fifty kilometer circular orbits straight away with

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stage two, we're leaving the faring
attached just a little bit longer than usual.

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Separation successful and that's fairing separation confirmed. We are at four minutes into

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flight now and coming up next is
a process unique to electron battery hot spot.

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The pumps on Electron's Rotherford engines are
powered by electron pumps which draw their

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energy from batteries. Once we deplete
the batteries, they are dead weights that

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we don't want to carry all the
way to orbit, so we eject and

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swap over to a fresh set in
flight. So far a nominal mission for

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coming to a storm near you.
The second of two dedicated launches to deploy

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a storm monitoring constellation for NASA Stage
Door Propulsion are still holding nominal code and

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SOUS remaining. Now we're coming up
on that all important battery hot swap.

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Powering engines with batteries is one of
the things that makes the Rutherford engine special.

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The single stage two engine requires real
longer duration than the Stage one engines,

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so we have to hot swap the
spent batteries to a third fresh one.

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This is one of the final gates
to orbits, so let's listen into

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the operators and mission controls for that
calling hop stortling down. It's good,

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and there you have at a clean
hot swat for the second stage Rutherford Engine.

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Electron continues to orbit with around two
minutes remaining in today's Stage two burn.

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Speed is good, altitude is good, Electron is good. T plus

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seven minutes into the second Tropics mission
for NASA, These two CubeSats, along

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with the two that we launched just
eighteen days ago, will provide members of

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the meteorological community with hourly returns over
the same storm to more accurately predict patterns

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which could save the lives and livelihoods
of millions of people. T plus eight

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minutes in and we are now around
thirty kilometers away from that five hundred and

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fifty kilometer target orbit. This Stage
two burn is taking us all the way

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to a circular orbit. Then we
have that dog leg inclination change just over

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the equator to put us in the
correct plane the payload deployment coming up.

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At thirty three minutes into the mission, Electron is continuing well at speeds of

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over nineteen thousand kilometers per hour ahead
of SICCO and kickstage separation. SICCO stands

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for second engine cutoffs. Immediately after
that shutdown, electrons kickstage separates from the

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second stage, and in around one
minute the Curry engine will ignite and begin

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that plane change maneuver a hit of
payload deployment STAGEY separation controvet, I'm trans

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to orbits and that is sec confirmed
as planned. The kickstage has also cleanly

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separated, ready for that final CURI
burn in around twenty minutes from now,

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followed by payload deployment at T plus
thirty three minutes. The timing was key

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for the mission in order to get
the full satellite constellation in the correct position

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with deployment into their operational orbit within
a sixty day period, with the two

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dedicated launches needing to take place within
eighteen days of each other. The spacecraft

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are all now in a five hundred
and fifty kilometer high orbit at an inclination

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of around thirty degrees. They're designed
to collect tropical storm data more frequently than

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other weather satellites, allowing meteorologists and
weather forecasters to improve their understanding of what

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are storms doing. But to reach
the low thirty degree inclination, electrons second

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stage placed the kickstage and the tropic
satellites into a circular orbit, and the

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kickstage then needed to carry out a
plane change maneuver in order to position the

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satellites at thirty degrees. Here's the
question, how does a group of satellites,

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each no more than a foot long, help improve forecasts for tropical storms

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and hurricanes. Let's take a look. Hurricanes are some of the most powerful

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and destructive weather events on Earth.
The twenty twenty Atlantic hurricane season was brutal,

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producing a record breaking thirty name storm. What's more, ten of those

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storms were characterized as rapidly intensifying,
some throttling up by one hundred miles per

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hour in under two days. Many
weather satellites will generally measure a storm only

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once every few hours, leaving gaps
in coverage where a storm may quickly strengthen.

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To help fill this observation down,
NASA is launching Tropics, a collection

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of satellites designed to make a big
impact on our understanding of damaging storms.

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Their mission to provide near hourly observations
of a storm's precipitation, temperature, and

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humidity, allowing scientists to better understand
what drives a storm's intensification. To achieve

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this, researchers at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory
developed a miniaturized microwave radiometer that's about the

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size of a cup of coffee.
This small instrument will measure storm strength by

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detecting the thermal radiation naturally emitted by
the oxygen and water vapor in the air.

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As Earth's climate continues to change,
cost effective but powerful satellites like Tropics

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will be an important tool to help
us better observe developments driving rapid changes in

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powerful storms and help forecasters better predict
and prepare for the weather ahead. The

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two Tropics launches mac rocket Labs thirty
six and thirty seventh Electron missions. They

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also MAC the company's fourth and fifth
missions this year, bringing the total number

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of satellites launched by Electron to one
hundred and sixty three and a dozen end

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there. The launch was far by
the successful test flight of a modified version

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of the Electron called the HASTY,
which stands for Hypersonic Accelerated Suborbital Test Electron.

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It's designed to carry heavier payloads up
to seven hundred kilograms on suborbital sounding

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rocket missions. To do this,
it uses a modified kick stage for hypersonic

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payload deployment and has options for different
tailored fairings in order to accommodate larger payloads

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including air breathing, ballistic reentry boost
guided and space based equipment. The inaugural

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launch of the Hasty took place from
Rocket Labs Launch Complex two in Nassa's Wallops

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Island Flight Facility on the Virginia mid
Atlantic coast, carrying a classified payload.

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This Space Time and Time That take
another brief look at some of the other

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stories making us in science this week
with a science report. A new study

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warns that the sea ice that usually
forms around the Arctic during September could be

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completely melted by as soon as the
twenty thirties. The findings are reported in

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the General Nature Communications are based on
detailed studies by Korean, Canadian, and

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German researchers who model the future of
the Northern Pole under current and low emission

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scenarios. The authors say this future
puts the ice dooms day clock a full

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decade earlier than previously thought. A
new study shows that people with cannabis used

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disorder are at a higher risk of
being diagnosed with illnesses such as depression,

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as well as non psychotic and psychotic
bipolar disorder. The findings are reported in

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the Journal of the American Medical Association, are based on the study of over

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six and a half million people in
Denmark. The researchers looked at diagnosis data

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for cannabis used disorder against diagnoses of
the psyche patric disorders, and they say

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the disorder was associated with a higher
risk for all of them, especially psychotic

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bipolar disorder. The researchers say the
risk of being diagnosed with depression or bipolar

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disorder was highest in the six months
after cannabis used disorder diagnoses. Scientists at

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the Queensland Museum Network have described three
new species of carnivorous sponges collected on the

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Great Barrier Reef. The sponges were
collected at a depth of one eight hundred

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and fifty meters by the Schmidt Ocean
Institute's research vessel Falca using an rov.

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You can read the details of the
discovery and a description of each species in

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the journal Zootaxia. Nobel Prize syndrome
or nobelitis is a phenomenon associated with scientists,

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including Nobel Prize winning researchers, who
indorseable form study in pseudo scientific areas

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in their later years, usually although
not always, after having won the esteem

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some legitimate scientific achievement. What makes
the syndrome so special is the fact that

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you normally think that of all people
in the world, Nobel laureates would be

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the most resistant pseudo science crackery.
However, timendum from a Strange skeptic says,

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it seems, on the contrary,
nobil disease underscores the fact a human

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simply aren't immune to falling for crank
ideas, pseudo scientific dogma and wu.

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In the case of an American academic
who was doing stuff on neurobiology and doing

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sort of reasonable stuff on depression and
that sort of stuff and the impact of

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the brain and then on these conditions
on the physical positions, then he was

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moving into some slightly fringy area.
He started looking at the impact of someone's

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birthdate on their brain structure and the
function of the brain. So you wander

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spectically astrology, almost looking from a
birthdates and comparing them with brain skins.

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Now whether you see what you want
to see. He got mixed up with

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a group called the Institute of Noetic
Sciences, which has been around for a

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while, started by astronaut edgar Mitchell
to look into sort of paranormal areas.

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And this group has been looking at
a lot of things psychic and influence of

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psychipics. They definitely believe in telepathy
and psychokinesis, which is moving stuff with

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you mind, astral protection your body, going outside your body, is that

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handeling, which is about calling up
ancient spirits. So an academic moving into

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further and further, not that disguise
necessarily involved in those worry things, but

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it's certainly getting involved in some strange
areas is not that uncommon. Unfortunately,

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that's what we call the Nobel rot
of a number of Nobel scientists who have

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moved into some very fringy areas normally
outside the areas for which they want a

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Nobel prize. And I think because
they want a Nobel prize, they have

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a certain inframater given to what they're
doing now, which is selling a vitamin

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or we're working in some particulars of
the esoteric field. It happens a lot,

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and we've come across academic senior academics, professors and as we say,

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Nobel Prize winners who do this sort
of stuff. And whether it's because they

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believe that they can do no wrong
because they've had this great a seatment,

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or whether because they're just looking for
something different, or whether they've just gone

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up. It's amazing how common Nobel
Price syndrome can be. That yeah,

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it happens. It happens a lot, well a lot to all of us

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would be bit unkind, but iman
it happens a mask to who happened to

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you or me for example, never
but I know, I know of skeptics,

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people who have been firm skeptics who
have just suddenly turned and gone down

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a rabbit hole. Very sad to
see when someone is obviously, if someone

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who applies strong critical thinking techniques then
doesn't to something which means something more to

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them itself. Story, if you're
balancing emotion and desire against that of rationality,

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often rationality goes out of the window. Unfortunately, something you really really

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want, you're going to go down
that past for a lot of people,

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whether you're an academic or whether you're
an or new person on the street,

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you're really going to be careful about
and think about where you're going. And

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you'd hope in your academics and scientists
and things would do that, but apparently

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they don't. That's timendum from Australian
Skeptics and that's the show for now.

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