S26E76: Hotter than the Sun // Feeding frenzy echo // Earth’s 19-hour long days

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This is Spacetime Series twenty six,
episode seventy six, for broadcast on the

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twenty sixth of June twenty twenty three. Coming up on Spacetime, discovery of

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a brown dwarf hotter than the surface
of the Sun. Detection of a feeding

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frenzy echo omitted by our galaxy supermassive
black hole two hundred years ago, and

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it seems the Earth's day was nineteen
hours long for more than a billion years.

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All that are more coming up on
Spacetime. Welcome to Spacetime with Stewart

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Garry. Astronomers have discovered what appears
to be a brown dwarf that is hotter

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than the surface of the Sun.
Amazing discovery reported in the Nature Astronomy and

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on the prepressed physics website archive dot
org. Was detected orbiting a low mass

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white dwarf star catalogged as WD double
zero three two minus three one seven.

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The white dwarf is located some one
thousand, five hundred light years away and

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has about forty percent the mass of
the Sun. It's orbiting brown dwarf subsequently

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named WD double zero three to minus
three one seven b as between seventy five

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and eighty eight times the mass of
Jupiter and a surface temperature of some eight

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thousand kelvin. By comparison, surface
temperature of the Sun is five thousand,

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seven hundred and seventy eight kelvin.
The extreme surface temperature of the brown dwarf

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is due to its orbital proximity to
the white dwarf, taking just two point

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three hours to complete each orbit.
White dwarves are the exposed cause of stars

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like our Sun, which have ceased
nuclear effusion and lost their outer layers.

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Once these gaseous outer envelopes apart,
staff all that's left is the white hot

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core at the center of the star. In the case of the Sun,

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it has a temperature of around fifteen
million degrees and that's left to slowly cool

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over time. Now, white dwarf
WD double zero three to minus three one

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seven is a lot cooler than that, with a temperature of around thirty seven

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thousand kelvin. However, the immense
radiative heat coming off this core is baking

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the nearby brown dwarf due to its
proximity. Site has first detected WD double

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zero three to minus three one seven
early in the year two thousand using the

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European Southern Observatory's very large telescope,
the VLT Chile. The authors noticed that

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something was tagging at the star,
suggesting that it had a companion, but

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the wobble was too big to be
a planet and too small to be another

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star, and that suggests that it
was a brown dwarf. Orbiting so close

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means the brown dwarf would be gravitationally
tirely locked to the star, with the

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same side always facing it. Scientists
estimate surface temperatures on the day side of

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the brown dwarf would be somewhere between
seven thousand, two hundred and fifty and

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nine thousand, eight hundred kelvin,
while over on the night side of the

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brown dwarf, temperatures would range from
one thousand, three hundred to three thousand

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kelvin. Brown dwarves have failed stars, objects which don't have enough mass to

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sustain the core hydrogen fusion process needed
to make stars shine. However, brown

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dwarves do fuse deuterium, a heavier
form of hydrogen which includes a neutron as

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well as the core proton and then
nucleus, and those above sixty five Jovian

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masses can also burn lithium while most
brown dwarves are born as such, others

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start their lives as spectral type M
red dwarf stars, but over time they

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lose enough mass during the revolution the
cease core hydrogen fusion, turning them from

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red dwarves into brown dwarves. Brown
dwarves fit into a category between the largest

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planets, which have about thirteen times
the mass of Jupiter, and the smallest

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spectral type M red dwarf stars,
which have seventy five to eighty times the

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massive Jupiter zero point zero eight solar
masses. And based on that, what

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this means is that this particular brown
dwarf is very close to being a red

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dwarf this space time still to come. Detection of a feeding frenzy echo emitted

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by a galaxy supermassive black hole two
hundred years ago, and it seems that

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Earth's day was nineteen hours long for
literally billions of years. All that and

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more still to come on space time, astronomers have discovered that Sagittarius, a

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star supermassive black hole at the center
of our mill y way galaxy, emerged

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from a long period of dormancy some
two hundred years ago to undertake a feeding

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frenzy. A report in the journal
Nature claims the monster, which has some

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four point three million times the mass
of our son, awakened as material came

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too close and was then torn apart
by the black hole's immense gravitational title forces.

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The feeding frenzy lasted for about a
year at the beginning of the nineteenth

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century, before the gravity world once
again entered a state of quiescence. The

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studies lead author, Frederick Marin from
the Strasbourg Astronomical Observatory, says no effect

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was filled on Earth from this event. A Sagittarius A star is some twenty

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seven thousand light years away from our
solar system. However, the X ray

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echo detected by Marilyn colleagues, which
was emitted around two hundred years ago,

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reveals that the original intensity was at
least a million times greater than that currently

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emitted by Sagittarius A star. To
get an idea of the increase in intensity

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of X rays when the black hole
emerged from its queercent state, it's as

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if a single glow worm hidden deep
in a forest suddenly became as bright as

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the sun. The findings explain why
galactic molecular clouds knee Sagittarius A Star are

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shining more brightly than usual. It's
because they're reflecting the X rays emitted by

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Sagittarius A Star two hundred years ago. To carry out their research, the

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authors used NASA's XP Imaging X Ray
Plematory Explorer's satellite, which was for the

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very first time able to detect the
polarization of this X ray light with great

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precision and also determine its source,
something which had previously been impossible. Rather

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like a compass, the polarized X
ray light points directly to its source,

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Sagittarius A star. Even though the
latter is now virtually extinct, scientists are

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continuing to study Sagittarius A Star in
order to try and determine just how much

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physical mechanisms are required for a black
hole of the size to switch from a

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queercent state to an active one.
And we'll keep you informed this spacetime still

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to come. Well, the day
may last twenty four hours on Earth now,

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but for a billion years, it
seems an Earth Day was just nineteen

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hours long. And later in the
Science report, Facebook owner Mark Zuckerberg says

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it was the scientific establishment that called
on Facebook to censor posts that turned out

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to be true. All that and
more still to come on Spacetime and You

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study suggests that Earth's current twenty four
hour long day didn't gradually happen as the

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planet's rotation slowed down, but instead
changed in spurts. Earth's rate of rotation

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is governed by various factors, including
the gravitational pull of the Moon. Scientists

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know that the length of an Earth
day was a lot shorter in the past

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because the Moon was closer. Over
time, the Moon has stolen some of

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Earth's rotational energy in order to boost
itself into a higher and more distant orbit.

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It's a process which is continuing today, with the Moon's rate of escape

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being around three cinematists per Earth year. One of the studies authors, Over

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Kushner from Curtain University, says most
models of Earth's rotation predict that the day

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length was consistently shorter and shorter going
back in time, but his report in

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the journal Nature shows the hypothesis of
a slow and steady change in the length

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of a day over time isn't matching
the evidence. And I guess the first

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question that raises is how do researchers
measure ancient day length. In past decades,

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geologists used records from special sedimentary rocks
preserving very fine scale layering in tidal

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mud flats count the number of sedimentary
layers per month caused by tidal fluctuations and

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the number of hours in an ancient
day. But such title records are rare

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and those that are preserved are often
disputed. Luckily, there's another means of

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estimating the length of a day.
Crystal stratigraphy is a geological method that uses

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rhythmic sedimentary layering to detect astronomical Milinkovitch
cycles that reflect how it changes in Earth's

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orbit and rotation affect climate. Two
Milinko cycles, procession and obliquity, are

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related to wobbles and tilt in the
Earth's rotation axis in space. The faster

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rotation of early Earth can therefore be
detected in shorter procession and obliquity cycles in

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the past. The authors took advantage
of a recent proliferation of Milenkovitch records,

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with over half the data French in
times generated in the past seven years,

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and this gave them a chance to
test an alternative hypothesis about planet of this

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paleo rotation. One unproven idea is
that the Earth's length of day may have

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stalled at a constant value when the
distant past. You see, in addition

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to tides in the ocean related to
the pull of the Moon, Earth also

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has solar tides related to the atmosphere
heating up during daytime. Solar atmospheric tides

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are not as strong as lunar oceanic
tides, but this would not always have

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been the case. When Earth was
rotating faster in the past, the tug

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of the Moon would have been much
weaker, and unlike the pull of the

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Moon, the Sun's tide instead pushes
the Earth, So while the Moon slows

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earth rotation down, the Sun speeds
it up. Yesha says this means that

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when the two opposite forces equal each
other, it created a tidal resonance which

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would have caused Earth's day length to
stop changing and remain constant for some time,

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and that's exactly what the new data
compilation appears to show. Earth's day

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length appears to have stopped its long
term increase and then flatlighted at around nineteen

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hours, roughly between two and one
billion years ago. Now, interestingly,

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the timing of this term forestalling intriguingly
lies between two of the largest rises in

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the planet's oxygen levels. A new
study thus supports the idea that Earth's rise

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to modern oxygen levels had to wait
for longer days for photosynthetic bacteria to generate

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more oxygen each day. Casha says, it's fascinating to think that the evolution

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of Earth's rotation could have affected the
evolving composition of the planet's atmosphere. There's

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several factors, I guess. I
mean, the Earth is spinning all the

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time. The Moon plays a very
important role in blowing down the rotation of

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the Earth because they're attracting each other, and the Earth is rotating around the

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Sun, and all this energy is
getting conserved in this system. And so

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if energy is getting transferred from the
Earth to the Moon, then the Earth

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has to slow down. It's not
just the Sun and the Moon which control

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the Earth's rate of rotation. There's
also something else. The Malenkovit cycles tell

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us about them. You know,
that's a very very interesting question, first

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of all, because you know,
in our paper, we took these certain

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aspects together to get information on the
length of day of the Earth, which

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is related very much on the rotation. But on the other hand, where

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you mentioned the milanko which stuck,
they play a very important role in Earth

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climate, in the insulation, let's
say on several places on the Earth,

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and the milanko which tacks are related
to not just one thing, but to

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several aspects of the way Earth is
spinning. Like it's not spinning in the

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plane of all the rotations, but
it has like an angle, so it

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processes around this angle. That's that's
the procession. It's also the rotation around

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the Sun. It's not a circle
but the ellipse, and this ellipse is

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not closed, so this changing is
affecting the insulation. And yeah, also

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the obliquities of this angle is also
plays a role. So these are the

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three main things, and all these
are heavily related to the insulation. And

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has been shown that you can see
this in geologic records, so that you

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can see climate cycles in this with
this wavelength of the milanko which sycle.

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And what's your research involved in,
Yeah, that's a bit of a story

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because I'm the astronomy is I'm basically
I'm a paleomagnetist, So what I do

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most of the time is that I'm
taking this more sampus. I measured the

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magnetization direction in this sampus. Then
I try to figure out the magnetization direction

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during the time of formation of this
rock, and then I reconstruct the continent

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where I took this sampus. So
how Australia moved through Earth history, That's

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kind of my main thing. On
the other hand, I'm using the same

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technique to do like using magnetos statigraphy, like measuring polarities throughout like a section

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in like an outcrop section. So
what happens is as magma cools and solidifies,

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it develops a yeah and that will
solidify in a certain direction. That

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lets you know what direction the magnetic
poles of the Earth were at the time

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that rock solidified. It can use
that like a strata to date various rocks.

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I mean two things, Like because
the direction of the magnetic field right

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now is pointing towards the north pole, so I can calculate the magnetic north

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pole. But I and also use
the inclination to tell me where I am,

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Like when I'm at the equator,
the magnetic field lines will be perfectly

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horizontal, whereas here in Australia.
I think they're like dipping like forty degrees

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or so, and this is related, so I can calculate the paleolatitude where

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this place was. On the other
hand, the magnetic field reverses his polarity

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every now and then, and I
can use this pattern to try and get

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the age. Doing this like having
a geologic section where I tried to figure

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out the age. I can also
measure magnetic parameters to identify these Milanko Wich

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cycles, which then gives me the
like one of the only controls on the

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duration of a certain outcrop. So
we measured We worked on drill courts from

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the Vulkyrie formation in Northern Australia.
This is like one point five billion year

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old sedimentary rocks, and there is
no chance in deciding very precisely how much

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time is conserved within a certain certain
interval. The absolute dating is not is

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not precise enough. But the Milanko
Witch cycles can be used to do this

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kind of things, and that's what
you're using magnetic parameters. That's more what

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I'm doing. And the study we
did now is like using more of this

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study which gives us Milankovich cycle which
can be used to calculate the length of

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day and then the Earth Moon distance
and these kind of things, because there

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the procession is related to the length
of day. And by using that you

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were able to find out that it
wasn't a gradual progression from a shorter day

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to the twenty four days we have
now you found that, yeah, stuck

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on a nineteen hour day for a
while. They last a beat a billion

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years. The thing is, we
are doing these things and this interesting obviously,

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that this evolution of length of day. But then we looked at this

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very recent compilation of newer data got
available and hours included, and then we

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had a look more into these more
theoretical papers about all these rotational theories and

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the tidal aspect, and then we
found suggestions that the moon is one side

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of the story, which which is
the most dominant, the tidal force of

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the Moon on the Earth rotation.
On the other hand, the Sun is

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heating up the atmosphere and this is
creating another force in the opposite direction,

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in resonants mode. This is not
our research is other people have suggested this

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and they said, if these two
forces are in equilibrium, there might be

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a resonant state which could be as
long as a billion years or so,

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we don't know exactly how long.
And we took this up and had a

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look at this, and we did
a very basic statistical step change analysis,

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and we got this interval of fairly
stable length of the evolution of about nineteen

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hours a day. And I mean, there's a lot of uncertainly is still

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big there. But the fact that
we found this with actual data, actual

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real constraint, which is similar to
what other people have suggested, that's I

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think that's the most interesting part of
this study. Actually, what do you

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think caused the stalls? That's a
long stretch of time for the natural slowdown

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of earth rotation to holes. Yeah, definitely. I mean, you know,

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these people suggested already that if you're
in reason and state, you will

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stay there and the length of state
won't change anymore. What they say,

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the more interesting thing is how you
get out of this mode, because one

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question resonance, and this mode where
the atmospheric tight and the lunar tider can

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sting out each other, you will
stay there. But what they were saying

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you might need sudden increase of atmospheric
temperature, which could get you out of

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this and there was like two phases
of maybe not complete snowball Earth, but

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a lot of parts of the Earth
were covered in ice, and once this

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ended because of some reasons also debates
a lot of research going on there.

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But once you get out of this, you might have these couple degrees of

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sudden temperature rise and this might have
caused the exiting of this resonance state.

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On the other hand, our data
now might indicate this was a bit earlier

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than these snowball events, so we
might reconsider what and find other mechanisms to

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break this resonance state. With more
data coming available, our analysis might change

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slightly and we might get more closer
to this change point getting out of this

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resonance state or in the range where
the other people have suggested this so closer

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to this Noble Earth event. But
it might also be that we have to

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look for another feature, which yeah, which is also interesting because one point

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one point three one billion years ago
up to this Noble Earth event, that's

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a very interesting period of time where
we're working more from the paleogeographic side of

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things, where a lot of things
happening there and a lot of also with

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the magnetic field. This would be
interesting how this field evolves in the coming

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time. And if there's no new
new aspects evolving there, that's over Kasher

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from Curtain University and this space,
time and time. That will take a

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brief look at some of the other
stories making us in science this week with

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a science report, Metta and Facebook
CEO Mark Zuckerberg says scientific establishment asked his

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platform the sensor posts about COVID nineteen, claiming they were misinformation, but which

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ended up being either true or at
least open to debate. The admissions were

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made on the Lex Friedman podcast while
Zugerberg was discussing the problems Facebook faced on

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removing misinformation. Zuckerberg says there simply
hadn't been time to fully vet a bunch

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of the scientific assumptions. He said
the establishment encouraged him to enforce what he

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called shaky facts, asking for a
bunch of things to be censored that in

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retrospect ended up being true or at
least opened a more debate. At the

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height of the COVID nineteen pandemic in
twenty twenty one, Zuckerberg admitted that Facebook

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had removed some eighteen million posts,
claiming that what was being claimed at the

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time was misinformation about the virus.
Last year, several US state attorney generals

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compiled evidence alleging that Zuckerberg coordinated with
White House health spokesman Anthony Fauci to discredit

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and suppress the hypothesis that the COVID
nineteen virus may have originated in the Wuhan

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Institute of Virology. It has since
been established that Fauci's National Institutes of Health

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was funding gained a function research on
bat viruses at the Wuhan lab. Earlier

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this year, the US Department of
Energy concluded that the pandemic was most likely

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leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Rology, thereby supporting the earlier conclusions of a

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separate investigation by the FBI. A
new study has found there really is a

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difference in your heart health depending on
whether you're gay, straight, or buy.

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A report in the Journal of the
American Medical Association Cardiology claims bisexual biological

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females may have worse cardiovascular health than
their heterosexual peers, while gay men have

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better cardiovascular health than straight men.
The study assess the cardiovascular health of over

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twelve thousand people and then looked at
how their scores varied with sexual identity.

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The authors say the data suggest that
there's a need for tailored interventions to help

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improve the cardiovascular health of sexual minority
adults, especially bisexual biological females. Japan

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has begun testing new facilities designed the
discharge treated nuclear or wastewater into the North

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Pacific Ocean. The contaminated water had
been used to cool the melted reactors at

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the Fukishimidiachi Nuclear Power Plant, but
after filling more than a thousand tanks,

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storage is expected a rich capacity early
next year. Japan says it's now treated

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water to the point where officials say
it's no longer harmful, and so it

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now intends to dilute and release that
water into the Pacific. Back in March

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twenty eleven, three of the six
nuclear reactors at the Fukishimidachi Nuclear Power Station

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were destroyed after fourteen meter high tsunami
waves from Tohoku undersea earth inundated the facility.

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The earthquake had already triggered an automatic
shutdown of the power plants three operational

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nuclear reactors, the other three having
already been shut down for maintenance. However,

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the tsunami flood had damaged the power
station's emergency diesel generators. Those generators

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were needed to pump water to keep
the reactor cause cool during the shutdown.

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This allowed heat to build up inside
the three reactor cause that eventually triggered a

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meltdown of the nuclear fuel rods inside
the reactor, the exact scenario which Hollywood

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portrayed in the movie China Syndrome.
In the case of Fukushima, the Malta

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nuclear fuel rods melted through the base
of the reactor pressure vessels and then flowed

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onto the bottom of the primary containment
vessels, forming Medusa. The melting fuel

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rods also produced vast amounts of pressurized
hydrogen gas as a byproduct. This eventually

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00:22:52.720 --> 00:22:57.000
reached a critical stage, venting out
of the reactor pressure vessel where it mixed

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with ambient air, and this eventually
rich concentration limits in two of the three

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00:23:02.839 --> 00:23:08.599
reactor buildings and consequently exploded, spreading
vast amounts of contaminated material over the surrounding

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00:23:08.640 --> 00:23:15.000
countryside. A new study has found
that babies born to women who used traditional

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00:23:15.119 --> 00:23:21.319
Chinese medicine were twice as likely to
have birth defects compared to mothers using no

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00:23:21.480 --> 00:23:26.960
medicine or those using conventional Western medical
treatments. The findings are reported in the

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journal Actor Obstetrica at Gana Collegiate Scandinavia
compared sixteen thousand, seven hundred and fifty

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00:23:32.839 --> 00:23:37.400
one women from twelve different provinces across
China. But as Timmentum from Mystery and

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00:23:37.480 --> 00:23:42.160
Skeptics explains, there were some serious
problems in the way the study was carried

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00:23:42.200 --> 00:23:47.799
out. To day in the university
in Shanghai did a test of about with

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00:23:47.920 --> 00:23:52.319
a sixteen thousand, seven hundred women
from twelve different promises in China are people

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00:23:52.319 --> 00:23:56.640
giving no medicine, Western medicine and
traditional Chinese medicine for women during their practices,

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00:23:56.640 --> 00:24:00.680
And what they were saying is that
baby is born to women who underwent

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00:24:00.680 --> 00:24:03.920
traditional Chinese medicine treatments were twice as
likely to have birthday effect compared to mothers

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00:24:03.920 --> 00:24:07.039
who did not, whether they had
Western medicine or were no medicine at all.

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00:24:07.119 --> 00:24:11.839
Pretty shocking result. They say that
a lot of the traditional Chinese medicines

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00:24:11.920 --> 00:24:17.240
carry quote as significant risk of fetal
malformations. They urged expected mothers to use

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00:24:17.279 --> 00:24:21.000
the therapies cautiously, so in other
words, this is a Chinese university doing

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00:24:21.000 --> 00:24:25.920
a study of Chinese people across China
different provinces of how they reacted and what

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00:24:25.960 --> 00:24:27.880
the outcome of the children were.
To get twice as many problems with the

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00:24:27.920 --> 00:24:30.319
traditional Chinese medicine, you say,
oh, hang on here him, there

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00:24:30.359 --> 00:24:33.519
must be something wrong. There is
a trouble, a problem with this study.

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00:24:33.640 --> 00:24:37.279
And as always, keptics like to
point out problems with scientific studies even

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as much as they do for non
scientific studies. This was a group of

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00:24:41.559 --> 00:24:45.200
sixteen thousand, nine twelve thousand,
three hundred of whom did not take any

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00:24:45.240 --> 00:24:48.160
medicines. Four thousand were given Western
medicine and one hundred and eighty nine used

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00:24:48.160 --> 00:24:52.960
traditional medicine. Now one hundred and
eighty nine is not a particularly large sample.

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00:24:52.039 --> 00:24:56.160
The four thousand to god western medicine
is this season study. It doesn't

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00:24:56.160 --> 00:24:59.640
seem to be a balanced study,
and that's a shame because it's a great

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00:24:59.680 --> 00:25:02.880
idea. It's sad for the babies. Obviously, it's unfortunate that the sample

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00:25:02.960 --> 00:25:06.039
they chose. Maybe that number of
people in the sample was chosen by the

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00:25:06.079 --> 00:25:10.279
patients. Maybe most of them wanted
to do Western medicine rather than traditional Chinese

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00:25:10.279 --> 00:25:12.759
medicine. Who knows. That's the
trouble is, there's not enough information from

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00:25:12.799 --> 00:25:17.480
the report that I've seen to actually
show what's happened. The interesting thing is

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00:25:17.519 --> 00:25:19.880
they said that of this one hundred
and eighty nine women who were given traditional

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00:25:19.960 --> 00:25:23.480
Chinese medicine, they were looking at
an average rate of thirty four point six

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00:25:23.559 --> 00:25:30.200
fetuses per thousand that had congenital malformation. So that's a three and a half

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00:25:30.200 --> 00:25:33.680
percent I think it is working out
of people, which is not compared to

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00:25:34.200 --> 00:25:38.759
one and a half percent of those
who were not exposed to medicine. So

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00:25:38.839 --> 00:25:44.960
it's a bit of a difference whether
it's a statistical statistically significant difference considering the

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00:25:45.039 --> 00:25:48.720
lone number of people you're talking about, and when you're talking about pers thousand

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00:25:48.720 --> 00:25:53.000
fetuses, there's not an actual thousand
fetuses amongst the traditional Chinese medicine users.

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00:25:53.000 --> 00:25:59.599
So it's an extrapolation from a fairly
small sample base. But this case interesting

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00:25:59.640 --> 00:26:03.759
cons This is one case where it
does nay more words. That's timendum from

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00:26:03.839 --> 00:26:25.160
Australian Skeptics and that's the show for
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