S26E72: Universal Evaporation // A Pile of Rubble // Trouble Plagued Starliner & Other Space News

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This is Spacetime Series twenty six,
episode seventy two for broadcast on the sixteenth

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of June twenty twenty three. Coming
up on Spacetime, and new study claims

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everything in the universe will eventually evaporate, not only black holes. New evidence

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shows that the asteroid BNOU is nothing
more than a pile of rubble, and

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Bolling's trouble plague starlight of spacecraft suffers
yet more delays. All that and more

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coming up on Spacetime. Welcome to
Spacetime with Stewart Gary You. Theoretical research

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has shown that Stephen Hawking may have
been right about black holes evaporating over time,

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although not completely. The study supports
the idea that Hawking radiation will cause

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black holes to eventually evaporate, But
the event horizon the black holes point of

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no return, isn't this crucial to
the issue it's previously thought. The new

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findings are reported in the journal Physical
Review Letters, suggest that gravity and the

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very curvature of space time itself also
caused the same radiation. This means that

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all large objects in the universe,
like the remnants of stars, will eventually

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evaporate. So how does it all
work? Well? On the quantum scale,

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the universe is filled with virtual particle
pairs constantly popping into and out of

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existence from the quantum field. Each
virtual particle pair consists of a matter and

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antimatter particle, and since matter and
antimatter annihilate when they come into contact with

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each other, the virtual particle pairs
their suppair again as soon as they're formed.

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We call these quantum fluctuations, and
we're no they're real because they can

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be seen in things like the Casimir
effect in quantum field theory. Casimir effect

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is a physical force acting on the
macroscopic boundaries of a confined space, which

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rises from quantum fluctuations in the field. It's named after the Dutch physicist Henry

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Casimir, who predicted the effect for
electromagnetic systems back in nineteen forty eight.

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Stephen Hawking used a clever combination of
quantum physics and Einstein's theory of general relativity

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to argue that the spontaneous creation and
annihilation of virtual particle pairs occurring near the

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event horizon of a black hole could
cause the particle pairs to be separated before

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they can disappear again, with one
half of the particle pairs falling into the

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black hole, forcing the other to
become a real particle. According to Hawking,

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this would eventually result in the evaporation
of black holes through Hawking radiation,

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though it would take trillions upon trillions
of years. In this new study,

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Michael Wandrack Walter van Silo common here
Falk from Right Bound University revisited the process

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and investigated whether or not the presence
of an event horizon was frutual. They

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combine techniques from physics, astronomy,
and mathematics to examine what happens when pairs

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of particles are created in the surroundings
of a black hole, and they concluded

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that new particles could also be created
far beyond the event horizon. The search

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suggested that in addition to the well
known Hawking radiation, there's also a new

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form of radiation far beyond a black
hole. The very curvature of space time

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plays a big role in creating this
radiation, the authors say, particles who

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are already separated there by the tidal
forces of the gravitational field. Whereas it

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was previously thought that no radiation was
possible without the event horizon, they say

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this study shows that the event horizon
isn't even necessary. That means that objects

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without an event horizon, such as
the remnants of dead stars and other large

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mass objects in the universe, also
have this sort of radiation, and after

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a very long period of time,
that would lead to everything in the universe

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eventually evaporating, just like black holes. Now if correct, it all changes

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not only sciences understanding of Hawking radiation, but also our view of the universe

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and its future. This is spacetime
still to come. The asteroid Bernou found

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to be just a pile of rubble, and Boeing's trouble plague style on a

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spacecraft suffers yet another setback. All
that and more still to come on space

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time. Data from Massa's a Cyrus
rex mission has confirmed that the asteroid Bnou

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isn't a solid rock, but composed
mostly of piles of rubble loosely held together

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by gravity. The diamond shaped,
half kilomedwide asteroid is covering gray, jagged

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boulders with sharp rocks and ridges,
holes and craters. It's a wild,

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primitive world whose orbit brings it uncomfortably
close to Earth at regular intervals, resulting

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in Benou being listed as a potentially
hazardous near Earth object with the greatest risk

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of impact currently calculated for September the
twenty fourth, eighty two. The Assiris

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REX mission arrived at Bernou on December
the third, twenty eighteen, following a

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two year journey. It orbited the
asteroid and map Benou's surface in great detail,

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seeking out potential sample collection sites.
Analyzes from orbit allowed calculations of Bernou's

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mass and its distribution. In October
twenty twenty, Assirus REX successfully touched down

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on the surface of Bernou and then
collected a sample using an extendable robotic arm

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that was meant to be a simple
touching goo maneuver. However, unexpectedly,

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the lack of any real surface cohesion
meant the arm and the spacecraft itself for

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that matter, experienced no resistance at
the surface, and so continued to descend

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for about half a meter below the
ground before Osirius rex's rockets activated a preprogram

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burn to lift the spacecraft back up
into orbit. Looking down as it departed,

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the spacecraft saw an elliptical crater some
nine meters long, with some six

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tons of material blasted out of it. If the probe hadn't been pre programmed

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to lift itself back into orbit a
few seconds after landing, the half kilometer

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wide asteroid would have swallowed it whole
and May the tenth, twenty twenty one,

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Osiris Rex successfully completed its departure from
Benou and began its journey back to

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Earth on September the twenty fourth.
This year, a Cirius Rex's return capsule

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will re enter its atmosphere land under
parachute in the US Air Forces Utah Test

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and Training Range, where it will
be eagerly collected and quickly sent to NASSA

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Laboratories. Jonathan Nally, the editor
of a Strand Sky in Telescope magazine,

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says, further analysis of Benou confirms
there wasn't a cohesion or other forces holding

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the outer lays of Benou in place, except that is for the asteroids feeble

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gravity. Yeah, Cyrus Rex isn't
a spacecraft went out to this asteroid Bnou,

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and the idea was that it was
just very carefully, very slowly sidle

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up to this asteroid and stick out
of robot arm and touch the surface of

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the asteroid of the robot arm and
grab some samples of the sort of rocky,

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dusty stuff that was no doubt on
the surface, scooped them up,

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stick them in a canister, and
bring them back to Earth. And that's

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in fact exactly what it's done.
It's it's done the sample collection. Now,

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So what happened when what happened when
these spacecraft sidled up and stuck out

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its robot arm just down touch the
surface. It had it's had a nitrogen

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gas system on the end of the
arm which was designed to let out a

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puff of gas which would stir up
some of the material from the surface and

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blow it into this collection scoop right, all good stuff. So what they

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weren't really expecting is that the surface
its asteroid would be a loose rubble pile

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rather than fairly solid rock with just
a loose or a thin covering of dusty

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rocky stuff. So it's long been
pondered whether some asteroids, or maybe your

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majority of asteroids or all of them, are actual big solid lumps of rock

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or a loose rubble piles just barely
held together by the very tiny gravity.

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So it turns out that the surface
of Bnou is a loose rubble pile.

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And so when this nitrogen gas blast
went out, it gouged a crater nine

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meters long and ejected about six thousand
kilograms of dust and rock how to do

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space and the spacecraft instead of sort
of hitting the surface and stopping it went

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in. The robot arm went in
by about half a meter into the surface

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of this thing. And so if
it had kept going, who knows what

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would have happened, whether it would
have got stuck there or half got buried

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or something. But fortunately it didn't. It was able to back out.

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It's like a giant dust bunny or
quicksandard, like sticking a hand in quicksand

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or something. It's so they were
sort of lucky there. But look,

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this is good because they've learned something
about this asteroid. And this is the

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whole point of doing this about this
as we won't need Bruce Willis after all.

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I think I think we never did, to be honest, but look,

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you could be right. What was
the name of that movie he was

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in, fact or the other one? Oh? No, it was one

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called Armageddon, wasn't it. Yeah? Yeah, the movie. I always

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forget to name that movie. But
you know, so what if I can't

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remember? Armageddon? Not the end
of the world, Thank you very much.

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I'm here all week. We're in
a fascinating time when it comes to

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asteroid studies. Now it's not just
smashing into an asteroid with the Dark mission.

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We've had a couple of Japanese missions, now the higher bus emissions study

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asteroids close up and personal, and
now Cyrus Rex. Yeah. Look,

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and it's really remarkable that they're doing
this, and it's just the most brilliant

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people to be able to devise these
missions and get them out there and make

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them work and bring these samples back
home. Because asteroids are in one sense

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thought to be sort of the builders
rubble of the Solar system, that's sort

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of leftover bits from when everything formed
in our solar systems. So by studying

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them, your study some of the
most ancient, unchanged materials in the Solar

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system. So that's a great interest
for scientists to work on their ideas of

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the formation of the Solar system and
how everything is evolved. But the other

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thing, of course, is that
if we ever do need Bruce willis,

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if you got one of these things
coming towards us, then we really want

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to know is it one big solid
rock? And if we go out and

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give it a nudge, it's just
going to move away or is it a

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loose rubble pile, And if we
go out and give it a nudge,

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is it just going to break up
into lots of pieces and all those pieces

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that are coming towards us and we
can't deal with it. So it really

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is important to know your enemy in
this sense, or your potential enemy,

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which is why they're trying these different
asteroids out there and trying to learn as

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much about them as possible. So
it turns out that probably a lot of

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asteroids are big rubble piles, and
if we ever do spot one coming towards

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us, hopefully we've got enough time
and hopefully decade to go out and do

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a reconnaissance mission see what sort of
asteroid it is, and whether we can

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afford to hit it with something and
knock it off course, or whether we

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have to be a bit more judicious
than what we do try some other methods.

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So it's both scientifically interesting and it
could have a practical app occasion one

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day if we ever spot one coming
towards us. It's exactly the same with

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comets we're finding now do the European
Space Agencies Rose and Mission show that not

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all comets are dirty snowballs. Some
of them are really solid chunks of rock.

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They are. Look, you go
back to the nineteen eighties when Comet

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Halley came around and the Giotto Mission, the European Space Angry Geoto Mission,

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gave us our very first close up
look at a comet, Comet Halley,

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the famous Comet Halley, and what
they were not expecting that it was basically

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pitch black. It wasn't this bright, shiny thing made of ice at all.

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It was it was this tar covered
black thing, quite large. And

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so we quickly went from the old
idea of comets being dirty snowballs to comets

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actually being snowy dirt balls, which
is probably more like it. You know,

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they're they're probably more substantial and then
just covered with ices or mixed in

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with ices. And there's also this
crossover between comets and asteroids. It used

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to be comets made of ice,
asteroids made of rock, and now we

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know that there are sort of ones
in the middle. And some times they

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discover something they think it's an asteroid, and then some time later, months

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or years later, all of a
sudden, it's got a tail. I

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thought was a commet after all,
and vice versa. So it's interesting we're

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learning more and more and more about
what's out there. That's Jonathan Ally,

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the editor of Australian Sky and Telescope
magazine. And this space time still to

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come. Boeing's Troubled Plague starline of
spacecraft stuffers more delays and later in the

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science report, and new study warns
that warming temperatures will see eighty percent of

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the world's coral reefs stye within the
next eighty years. All that and more

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still to come on space time.
The planned launch of Boeing's Trouble Plague Starline

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A spacecraft has been postponed again,
this time following new problems which officials say

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should have been much earlier. The
mission, carrying two crew members to the

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International Space Station was slated for July
the twenty first, but final reviews have

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found issues with parachute lines that don't
meet safety standards, and other problems,

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including why harnesses wrapped in white tape
to protect them against scuffing, which apparently

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are using blue that's flammable. Now, these were issues that were already known

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about and present in last year's unmanned
test flight to the space station, and

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they should have been caught years earlier. Now, Boeing project manager Mark Nappie

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it's refusing to give a revised launch
date for the spacecraft, saying he hopes

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it will take place before the end
of the year. NASA contracted Boeing and

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SpaceX to carry crews to the International
Space Station following the earlier retirement of the

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Space Shuttle fleet in twenty eleven.
SpaceX has now undertaken ten manned flights aboard

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their Falcon Dragons, while Boeing,
on the other hand, had to repeat

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its twenty nineteen unmanned styline at test
flight after software problems prevented the spacecraft from

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reaching the station, and additional software
issues almost destroyed the spacecraft during its atmospheric

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reentry phase. This is space time, and time that to take another brief

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look at some of the other stories
making news in science this week With the

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Science Report, a new study warns
that warming temperatures will see nearly eighty percent

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of corals die in the next eighty
years. The findings were reported in the

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journal Ecology Letters, based on studies
by scientists from the University of New South

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Wales who analyzed one hundred and eight
studies of coral health the coral reefs was

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surveyed for disease symptoms. They then
linked the disease surveys to ocean sea surface

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temperature records understand how climate change,
specifically ocean warming influenced coral disas the prevalence

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worldwide, and then before modeling the
forecast disease under future warming scenarios. The

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study shares the extent to which coral
health will suffer under climate change, which

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threatens to wipe out entire if habitats
and devastate coastal communities. Paleontologists have confirmed

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that one hundred and seven million year
old terrasaur burns, discovered more than thirty

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years ago, are the oldest of
their kind ever found in Australia. The

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findings, reported in the journal Historical
Biology, provide a rare glimpse into the

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life of these powerful flying reptiles that
lived among the dinosaurs during thetatious period.

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The fossils include a partial pelvis bone
and a small wing bone discovered a dinosaur

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cove in the late nineteen eighties.
The authors found the burns belong to two

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different terrasaur individuals. The partial pelvis
belonged to a terrasaur with a wingspan exceeding

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two meters and the smaller wingbone belonged
to a juvenile terrasaur, the first ever

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reported in Australia. During the Cretaceous
between one hundred and forty five and sixty

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six million years ago, Australia was
further south than where it is today,

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and the state of Victoria was within
the polar circle and covered in darkness for

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weeks on entering winter. Despite these
seasonally harsh conditions, it's now clear that

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terrasas not only found a way to
survive, but even thrive. A new

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study has found that drinking a light
to moderate amount of alcohol could reduce your

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risk of a stress related heart attack, but the findings are reported in the

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Journal of the American College of Cardiology, suggests it's probably still not the best

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way to manage this risk. Brain
activity caused by chronic stress is known to

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be associated with heart attacks, so
scientists looked at the brain activity drinking habits

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in the rate of heart attacks amongst
a group of fifty thousand people. They

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found that drinking a light to moderate
amount of alcohol was associated with a lower

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risk of heart attack, which could
in part be explained by the art helping

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to reduce stress. However, given
the numerous other health risks alcohol carries,

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the researchers warned that people should really
be looking for other things to help them

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reduce stress rather than rely on grog
and time. Now for the silliest story

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of the week, and it seems
a real estate agent in California has sold

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the mansion where Michael Jackson overdosed and
passed away. Using an unusual sales pitch,

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he claimed the famous moonwalker's spirit was
still haunting the place. However,

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he admits the only evidence that Jackson's
spirit was haunting the old house were some

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open windows, the lingering sounds of
distant music playing, and broken chandelier,

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although when you think about it,
that could have been liberati tamentum from a

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strange skeptic says it's far more likely
the housekeepers simply forgot to close the windows

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and turn the radio off. But
it was a great sales pitch and it

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does fit right in with the mentality
of the Hollywood set. Michael Jackson was

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a famous pop singer that was before
my time. Michael Jackson famous probably I'm

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one of the most famous things in
the world. Once described as the second

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most famous face in the world after
Muhammad Ali, believe it or not,

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in a survey done there ahead of
many parents into a survey down across the

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especially is so well countried, all
right, Yeah, but Muhammad Ali was

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the most famous face and it was
sort of taken over by Michael Jackson.

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Depends on which face he had at
the time. Occur. Yeah, I

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think he should have stopped after Thriller, I think so. Yeah, looking

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00:18:30.240 --> 00:18:33.799
good there. He died rather prematurely. His mansion was for sale, and

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the agent, necessarily looking after a
high press season property, et cetera,

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would go there every day and he
said that sometime he saw the spirit of

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Michael Jackson was there because there were
some open windows and he could hear music.

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And they noticed on one visit that
the chandelier was broken, and we

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don't know how how broken, and
the weather was one little glass crystal has

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fallen off, or whether the whole
thing was falling out of the ceiling.

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And that's the evidence, and that's
the evidence he says for the the house

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being occupied by Michael Jackson's spirit.
Now, if you're selling an expensive house,

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you might want a part of the
fact was Michael Jackson you might want

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an extra little gimmick to raise interest
in the place. And he referred to

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this house in a book he wrote
actually about his experience as a real estate

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agent, which must be some one
of the most exciting books a thinker.

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They sold his place for eighteen million
US. Anyway, so the new owners

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thought there was an interesting idea to
have Michael Jackson's ghost. There absolutely no

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00:19:26.000 --> 00:19:30.960
evidence whatsoever, one that Michael Jackson
has a ghost, has a spirit,

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two that it was in this house
that he used to own, and three

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that he was actually doing this stuff
opening windows. Good heavens, maybe the

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00:19:37.119 --> 00:19:41.240
real estate agents they got to close
the window. Heaven forbid that. Real

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00:19:41.279 --> 00:19:45.519
estate agents as highly reliable people.
Of course you can trust them absolutely totally.

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00:19:45.759 --> 00:19:48.839
Why would Michael Jackson need a window
to be open to enter the house,

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00:19:48.839 --> 00:19:49.839
Well, exactly, he'd pass right
through the wall, wouldn't he.

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00:19:51.319 --> 00:19:53.359
Why why would you open the window? Would open all the windows. There's

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a few holes in the story.
So yeah, this is this is one

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00:19:56.000 --> 00:20:02.359
of those strange stories that might just
be a sales pitch amendum from Australian skeptics.

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And that's the show for now.
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