S26E61: New way to measure the expansion of the universe // Earth’s abrupt glacial transitions // Money axed from spaceport investment

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This is Spacetime Series twenty six,
episode sixty one, for broadcast on the

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twenty second of May twenty twenty three. Coming up on Spacetime, a new

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way to measure the expansion rate of
the universe, understanding the Earth's abrupt glacial

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transitions, and millions acts from Spaceport
investment in the federal budget. All that

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and more coming up on Spacetime.
Welcome to Spacetime with Stewart Garry. Astronomers

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have developed a new way to determine
the Hubble constant, a key measurement of

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the universe's rate of expansion. The
cosmos and everything in it is expanding out

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from the Big Bang, which began
about thirteen point eight two billion years ago.

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We know it's expanding because we can
see that the more distant galaxies are

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all moving away from us, and
the more distant they are, the faster

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they're moving. It's a quantity astronomers
referred to as redshift, and the number

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is the Hubbart constant. It's named
after Edward Hubble I first realize the universe

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was expanding, and it's important because
it will help scientists determine the ultimate fat

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of the universe. Will the cosmos
keep expanding forever until the stars in the

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sky are all too far away to
see, leaving the heavens black as ink,

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what astronomers referred to as the big
freeze. On the other hand,

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if the rate of expansion is slowing
down, then eventually it could create some

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sort of a steady state where things
basically stop moving away from each other and

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the universe remains the way it looks
today. Or will the universe's rate of

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expansion eventually stop with gravity taking over
and then slowly drawing everything back together again

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in a sort of big crunch and
so you see. Knowing the hubble of

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constant and how it changes over time
really is important for answering one of science's

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biggest, if not the biggest question
of all, what is our ultimate fate?

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The problem is measuring cosmic distances and
hence the rate of expansion of the

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universe is really difficult. Now,
thanks to data from a magnified modibly image

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supernova, astronomers have successfully used a
first of its kind technique to measure the

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expansion rate of the universe. Their
data provides new insight into a long standing

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debate in the food of cosmology,
and it could help scientists moraculately determine the

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universe's age and therefore better understand the
cosmos. The work has been divided into

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two papers, one published in the
journal Science and the other in the Astrophysical

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Journal. Right now, in Astronomy, we have two precise measurements for the

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expansion reader the universe Hubble constant.
One version is calculated by observations of supernovae,

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while the second uses the cosmic microwave
background radiation that began to stream freely

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through the universe shortly after the Big
Bang. However, there's a problem.

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You see, these two measurements differ
by about ten percent, and that's causing

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widespread debate amongst physicists and astronomers.
Now, if both measurements are accurate,

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it means sciences current theory about the
makeup of the universe is incomplete. The

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studies lead author Patrick Kelly from the
University of Minnesota says, if the new

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independent measurements confirm this disagreement between the
two measurements of the Hubble constant, it

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would become a chink in the armor
of sciences understanding of the cosmos. Kelly

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says, the real question here is
whether or not there's a possible issue with

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one or both of the measurements.
The work by Kelly and a huge team

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of international colleagues addresses this problem by
using a new, completely independent, different

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way to measure the expansion rate of
the universe instead of Supernerva and cosmic background

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radiation. The authors were able to
calculate the value using data from a single

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Supernerva discovered by Garie in twenty fourteen. But this was a special Supernerva.

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It was the first example of a
moudibly imaged Supernerva, meaning the telescope captured

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four different images of the same cosmic
event. After the initial discovery, teams

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around the world predicted that the Supernerva
would reappear in a new position in twenty

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fifteen, and the University of Minnesota
team detected this additional image. Now,

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the reason these moudible images appeared was
because the Supernerva they're exploding stars, by

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the way, was gravitationally lensed by
a galaxy cluster in front of it.

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It's a phenomenon first proposed by Albert
Einstein in his theory of general relativity.

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Space time causes mass to bend light, which means that the four ground galaxy

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cluster as so much us in it
that it's physically acting like a lens,

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magnifying and bending the light from the
background Supernerva. And because the same light

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is using several different paths to reach
us thanks to the magnifying galaxy cluster,

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it has to travel different distances and
therefore reaches us at different times. In

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this case, we're actually getting four
separate images of the same cosmic event.

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By using the time delays between the
appearance of the twenty fourteen and twenty fifteen

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images, the studies authors were able
to measure the Hubble constant using a theory

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developed in nineteen sixty four by Norwegian
astronomer saus Year Raftaw that had previously been

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impossible to put into practice. Now. The new findings don't absolutely settle the

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debate, but they do provide more
insight into the problem and therefore bring astronomers

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and physics us closer and obtaining a
more accurate measurement of the universe's age.

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One of the studies co authors,
Brad Tucker from the Australian National University,

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says the new measurements for the Hubble
constant favors the value of the cosmic microwave

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background radiation, although it's not in
strong disagreement with the supernova value either.

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Taka says if observations a future supernovae
that are also gravitationally lends by clusters yield

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similar results, then it would identify
an issue with our current supernova value or

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with sciences understanding of galaxy cluster dark
matter. So the Hubble constant is the

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term we used for the measuring the
growth rate or the expansion or the speed

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of the universe. So this is
the standard of saying this is how fast

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the universe is growing at a point, it's the universe's speed. Now it's

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obviously named after Edward Hubble, who
use stephid stars and other galaxies to measure

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and show that the universe was indeed
expanding, And so this has always been

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a critical measurement to understanding the properties
of the universe and getting it right.

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So finding new ways, new techniques
and better ways in better techniques to measure

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this speed has been critical for a
stronomers cefy it stars or cefi variables.

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These are very specific types of stars, aren't think that's right? So these

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are the variable star that has a
very specific pulse and henrietted Liviette and the

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early nineteen hundred show that there is
this relationship, which we now called the

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Oliviett law between the poles. So
how long it takes this star to poles

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and then how bright it get?
That there's a very regulated, regular relationship

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between the two and this is critical. This gives us something we call a

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standard candle, meaning we can measure
a property of a celestial object and by

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looking at this timing the differences and
brightness between the pulses, use it to

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actually get a distance to it using
whatever our square law, meaning you know

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how bright something is, you can
measure how the light fades with distance.

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Roughly, it's like looking at a
bunch of street lights down the road.

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Exactly. If you know how bright
the street light is right next to you,

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you can measure how bright the street
light at the end of the road

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appears, and you know it's the
same bowl. You can figure out that

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distance, and that's exactly the same
techniques. But the problem is, how

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do you know the intrinsic brightness when
stars have all sorts of different sizes and

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properties. Well, the SEFID with
this relationship, gaven us the way of

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finding a consistent way of understanding its
brightness. Therefore, then we can measure

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a distance and over time, if
you look at the distances, you can

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measure the growth for speed of the
universe. And another option rather than SEFID

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variables, would be exactly the fact
project I've been on. We've been trying

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to find seffiids in galaxies and then
type one A supernova in those galaxies.

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Because supernova, the type one A
supernova, we can see over much further

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distances than the sefids, because the
stars themselves aren't fat bright, so you

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can only see them in a handful
of galaxies. At the type one A

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supernovel we can see over large distances. And so by finding galaxies that have

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both, we can do what's called
the cosmic distance latter, and that is,

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have one accurate distance measurement and then
calibrate it to another and then and

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keep going that far. That's the
technique Brian Schmidt originally used to measure and

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show that the universe is accelerating.
It wasn't just growing, it was speeding

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up in its growth. As well
as using these cosmic distance markers, there's

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another methode exactly, and this is
critical and that is we called the C

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and B. It's the cosmic microwave
background. This relic lights, the leftover

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lights or radiation that kind of permitted
went everywhere through the universe three hundred and

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eighty thousand years after the Big Bang. And if you can measure and model

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this light, you can actually measure
the speed of the universe at the very

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beginning essentially, or is the beginning
as we can get. And so this

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is an important measurements can understand what
is the speed? Now we can check

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against the speed at the beginning.
And the problem is the answers don't degree

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as in what we measure with sepids
and supernova what we measure with the cosmic

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microwave background. The answers differ as
much as about ten percent, and that

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actually is enough to create some problems
and consternation for us. What's going on?

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Are we mess else? There's something
we're missing, or it's something else

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that played in the unit. Yeah, I think it's not just something as

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simple as time being measured differently in
today's universe compared to what it would have

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been thirteen point eight billion years ago, or something along those lines. Yeah,

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exactly, it's it's you know,
there's a lot of things to go

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into the model of what the universe
is, the ratios of dark matter to

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dark energy, the property the kind
of growth rate of as a whole as

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the universe, and then our understanding
of the tools we use as well.

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That's always simple. We are doing
complex measurement. We may have gotten something

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wronged along the way. These are
all very likely scenarios. But is it

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the measurement wrong, it's measurement wrong, is it both? Is it something

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else? A lot of these are
huge questions, so looking for different tools

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is key to see and point us
in the right direction. And part of

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the job has been to get these
measurements as precise and accurate as possible.

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The trouble is, as we're doing
that, the difference between the two measurements

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isn't getting smaller, it's getting larger. It's getting more more confirmed exactly in

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the huge project was on when we
did improve the step of supernova measurement,

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instead a change, it was just
the uncertainty, as you said, so

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it got stronger. This different So
when we keep finding better ways of improving

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these measurement, understanding what errors or
problems may going and fixing them. The

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answers aren't budging, just our uncertainty
is getting folded. Now, the uncertainty

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getting smaller and the error getting smaller
is a good thing. But the fact

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that these answers aren't getting closer together
is leading to the idea more and more

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that maybe something else as a play. So how did these new independent measurements

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fit in. Yeah, so with
this new technique, we looked at one

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particular supernova, Supernova Rubal. Now
this is really cool because this supernova exploded,

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or we detected its explosion back in
twenty fourteen. But it happened to

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be behind a cluster of galaxies,
and as Einstein's predictions say, something called

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gravitational lends happening, meaning if you
have a lot of maths and an object

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or an area which is a lot
of gravity, that gravity can bend and

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magnified light. Now, the great
thing about it was the supernova happened to

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happen behind this area. So instead
of seeing one supernova, we sold multiple

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appearances of supernova. In fact,
we've seen five now appearances of the same

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supernova. Now this is really cool
because you have the same object that happened

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at this same point in space,
but as it appears at different times to

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us, it's because that light has
taken a slightly different path around the magnifying

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lens. It says this, one
train left the city and went straight from

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the next city. Another took a
detour via the coast, another via the

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mountain, another did a few stops
along the way. Supernova leaves and a

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rise at the same point in space, but it takes a different path through

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space, meaning the only thing that
changes is the growth of the universe,

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allowing us a different way to measure
the growth of the universe. And what

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did you find? So we found
that it actually the answer was closer to

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the CMB result, even though we
should have gotten an answer closer. We

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bought to the supernova results. So
we got about seventy three point eight kilometers

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per second per megaparsect. That's the
way we measure the tubles pump set how

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much in kilometers per second, and
essentially a million par sects of the universe

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grow. We take a chunk of
the universe and measure a speed. And

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so the fact that we got this
answer closer to one of them, you

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know, it's hard to say what
is the meaning it's one of those things

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you would like you to say,
Hey, we clearly understand now what's going

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on. We don't. Is it
again that there's something wrong with the measurement.

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Is there's something that changes in the
universe that kicks in a speed differently?

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But I think at the end of
the day we at least have a

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different measurement along the path of understanding
is this a measurement error or is this

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something different? And the fact that
we got close to one of those answers

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instead of something completely different shows that
actually, probably maybe it's not a measurement

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error, but maybe there's just something
else about the universe we're not understanding.

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I think when we look at type
one supernova we're finding more and more.

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The idea with type one A supernova
is that they all explode with exactly the

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same amount of luminosity and brightness,
and therefore, if you know how luminous

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it is and you can see how
bright it is, you can determine its

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distance. What we've been finding in
the last decade or so is that type

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one A supernova A don't actually all
explode it exactly the same mass. That's

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exactly right. There's different types actually
a type one a supernova now, and

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this is a big effort we're trying
to understand is what are the actual explosions

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of the stars and how does it
relate to the energy being output, which

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then is that understanding of the brightness
of the ball. So there's still a

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long way to go. None of
this means that things like dark energy or

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dark matter go away. It actually
shines the light that's saying, hey,

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these things actually kind of exists,
clearly exist from a different measurement, but

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there's a lot more understanding into what
they actually are that we have to go.

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What do you draw out of this? How has this changed due in

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your view of the universe. I
think the cool thing is is that every

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time we get one of these measurements, it's not a forward case of understanding

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it. And this's the beautiful thing
I think about cosmology, the study of

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the universe as a whole, it's
very unique compared to every other science.

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We have one of them, right, even stars. We have trillions of

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stars in the university, have trillions
of galaxies, even more planets. We

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have one universe at least that we
know of, and so a lot of

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our understanding and modeling is quite interesting
because in some ways we may be understanding

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the properties of what our universe could
be, but it doesn't mean that's what

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our universe is, or vice versa
in our understanding of what our universe actually

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is. Maybe universes can come in
different shapes and sizes and flavors, and

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so this is a beautiful thing of
setting the properties of the universe is that

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it's a very different way of thinking
scientifically than say any other field, even

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other aspects of astrophysics. That's Brad
Tucker from the Australian National University. And

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this space time still to come,
understanding the Earth's abrupt glacial transitions and millions

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acts from Spaceport invest in the federal
budget. All that and more still to

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come on space time. A new
study has supported the long hypothesized Malakovit cycles,

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which are thought to control major swings
in planet that's climate. Malakovit cycles

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and named after the Serbian gef physicist
and astronomer Maluten Malankovic, who in the

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nineteen twenties hypothesized that variations in the
Earth's orbital eccentricity and the planet's axial tilting

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procession resulted in cyclic variations in the
amount of solar radiation reaching the planet's surface.

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The Earth's seasons occur because of a
tilting earth spin axes, which is

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inclined by twenty three point four degrees
in relation to the Earth's orbit around the

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Sun. Now, generally speaking,
Earth's axes always points to the same position

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in deep space, regardless of the
Earth's position and it's orbit around the Sun.

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So on the day of the December
solstice, earth south pole is tilted

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towards the Sun, so the southern
hemisphere ends up getting more daylight and more

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direct sunlight, so it's hotter,
and that means the southern hemisphere is experiencing

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summer. Six months later, during
the June solstice, it's the north pole

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which is tilted towards the sun,
and so the northern hemisphere experiences summer,

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while the Southern hemisphere gets less daylight, longer nights, and the sunlight strikes

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the surface at a shallower angle,
meaning less heat, and so the Southern

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hemisphere is now in winter. In
between these two we give the March in

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September equinoxes. That's when the northern
and southern hemisphere get roughly equal amounts of

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daylight and heat, giving us the
seasons of spring and autumn. However,

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while I said the Earth's axis always
points to the same direction in space regard

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of Earth's oital position around the Sun, that's really only true in terms of

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out day to day lives. Over
much longer time scales of thousands of years,

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a gravity induced effect known as axial
procession causes a slow and continuous change

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in the orientation of Earth's rotational axis. You can see the same effect in

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00:18:21.440 --> 00:18:25.920
the procession of a spinning type or
a gyroscope, as the spin axies gradually

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00:18:25.920 --> 00:18:30.519
traces out a pair of cones joined
at their apexes. Earth's axial procession is

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00:18:30.599 --> 00:18:37.240
known as the procession of the equinoxes
because the equinoxes move westwards along the ecliptic

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relative to fix background stars. The
ecliptic is the playing created by the Earth

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00:18:41.880 --> 00:18:47.640
as it orbits around the Sun.
This slow procession means that over twenty five

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00:18:47.720 --> 00:18:51.480
thousand, seven hundred and seventy two
years, the positions of the South and

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00:18:51.599 --> 00:18:56.880
North celestial poles appears to move in
circles compared to space fixed background stars.

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00:18:57.559 --> 00:19:03.400
So while today the star Polaris lies
approximately at the north celestial pole. This

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00:19:03.519 --> 00:19:08.799
will change over time, with Gamasefi
becoming the pole star in about thirty two

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00:19:08.880 --> 00:19:14.240
hundred years from now. Of course, it also means the seasons slowly moved

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00:19:14.279 --> 00:19:18.920
through different calendar months, but we
make adjustments in the calendar to compensate for

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00:19:18.000 --> 00:19:23.799
that. And like axial procession,
Earth's orbit also changes gradually over time,

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00:19:25.039 --> 00:19:30.720
getting more or less elongated, meaning
changes in perihelion and aphelian When the Earth's

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at its nearest and most distant orbital
positions from the Sun see Instead of being

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a perfect circle, Earth's orbit around
the Sun is slightly elongated, and the

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00:19:40.079 --> 00:19:45.759
amount of elongation changes over time.
In fact, even the tilt of Earth's

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00:19:45.759 --> 00:19:49.440
spin access changes over thousands of years. Right now it's twenty three point four

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00:19:49.480 --> 00:19:53.599
degrees, but in the past it's
been both much more than that and far

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00:19:53.720 --> 00:20:00.519
less. Proxy data that's indirect records
of the Earth's climate found unlikely places like

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00:20:00.720 --> 00:20:07.720
coral pollen, trees, and sediments
show interesting oscillations approximately every one hundred thousand

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00:20:07.839 --> 00:20:12.400
years, starting about a million years
ago. Strong changes in global ice volume,

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00:20:12.640 --> 00:20:18.359
sea level, carbon dioxide concentrations,
and surface temperature all indicate cycles of

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long, slow transition to glacial periods
and then abrupt switches to a normal and

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00:20:25.279 --> 00:20:30.160
short interglacial period. This idea suggests
there may be some sort of predictability in

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the long term climate. A notoriously
complex system. Now reporting the journal Chaos

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00:20:37.519 --> 00:20:42.400
proposes a new paradigm to try and
simplify the verification of the Melankovich hypotheses.

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The studies lead author, Stefano Perini
from the Parthenope University of Naples, says

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00:20:48.240 --> 00:20:53.319
he wanted to characterize and illustrate the
Melancovitch hypotheses in a simple, elegant and

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00:20:53.519 --> 00:21:00.759
intuitive way. Many models suggest that
Malankovic is correct. However, such methods

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are often extremely complicated and detailed,
hard to explain, and they incorporate climate

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feedback loops. For example, increased
ice cover reflects more radiation back in a

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space that leads to further cooling and
more ice cover, and this means an

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abrupt jumping climate only occurs once a
specific parameter riches are given tipping point.

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Perini's circle deterministic excitation paradigm combine the
physics concepts of relaxation, oscillation, and

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excitability to link Earth orbital parameters and
the glacial cycles in a more generic way.

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00:21:36.319 --> 00:21:41.240
The relaxation oscillation component describes how the
climate slowly returns to its original glacier

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state after it's been disturbed. At
that point, the excitability piece of the

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00:21:47.519 --> 00:21:52.119
model captures the external orbital changes and
triggers the next glacial cycle. By using

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his own threshold crossing rules and adapting
a classic energy balance model, Perini obtained

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00:21:57.240 --> 00:22:03.519
correct and robust timing for the most
recent glacial cycles. In fact, it

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00:22:03.599 --> 00:22:07.640
can explain the timing of at least
the last four glacial terminations. Perine now

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00:22:07.720 --> 00:22:12.400
plans on extending the same analysis to
the whole place to scene epoch in order

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00:22:12.440 --> 00:22:18.359
to determine its accuracy over longer time
scales. He believes similar methods could be

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00:22:18.440 --> 00:22:22.400
used in other fields of nonlinear science
and in connection with other climate phenomoma.

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00:22:23.079 --> 00:22:30.160
This spacetime still to come millions quietly
acts from spaceport investment. In the federal

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00:22:30.200 --> 00:22:36.599
budget and later in the science report, the World Meteorological Organization says there's a

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00:22:36.680 --> 00:22:41.200
ninety eight percent chance of setting a
new global heat record in the next five

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00:22:41.400 --> 00:23:00.960
years. All that and more still
to come on spacetime. Well, you

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00:23:02.000 --> 00:23:06.240
probably didn't hear this in the mainstream
legacy media. But the federal budget had

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00:23:06.400 --> 00:23:12.079
down last week there's quietly acts thirty
two million dollars from Australian spaceport development.

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00:23:12.680 --> 00:23:18.519
The cut by the alban Easy government
is part of seventy seven million dollars which

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00:23:18.519 --> 00:23:22.559
had been slashed from science, including
a key part of Australia's involvement in the

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00:23:22.599 --> 00:23:29.519
Moon to Mars Artemis program. Now, these were all crucial aspects of Australia's

288
00:23:29.599 --> 00:23:34.359
STEM science, technology, engineering and
mathematics future under the previous coalition government.

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00:23:34.920 --> 00:23:41.640
The Australian Space Agency Spaceport Investment Program
was designed to make similar projects overseas,

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00:23:41.799 --> 00:23:47.960
allowing the nation to share in the
multi trillion dollar global space industry, which

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00:23:48.000 --> 00:23:52.599
Australia helped pioneer over sixty years ago. Now, when the money was first

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00:23:52.680 --> 00:23:57.519
allocated, Jesus says that the funding
would provide opportunities to advance technology and increase

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00:23:57.599 --> 00:24:04.200
operational experience modible space flights from Australian
soil. That funding would have helped Australia

294
00:24:04.319 --> 00:24:10.839
regained space flight qualifications which at lost
in the nineteen seventies with the downgrading of

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00:24:10.839 --> 00:24:15.799
the Womera rocket range in Outback South
Australia from orbital flights to ballistic sounding rockets.

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00:24:17.519 --> 00:24:21.559
Remember, at one stage, Womera
was the busiest spaceport in the world

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00:24:21.799 --> 00:24:26.400
other than Cape Canaveral. Federal Labor
Science and Minister Ed Husach dismissed the funding

298
00:24:26.440 --> 00:24:33.079
cuts, claiming the projects simply don't
align with the Albanesi government's priorities. Still

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00:24:33.079 --> 00:24:37.880
a bit of good news now and
Black Sky Era Space has got approval to

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00:24:37.920 --> 00:24:42.400
develop a new facility in southern Queensland
which will both manufacture and test fire rockets

301
00:24:42.400 --> 00:24:48.920
and missiles. The complex will include
research, development and manufacturing facilities, as

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00:24:48.920 --> 00:24:53.599
well as rocket murder test beds and
associated fueling infrastructure. Blast Guy recently began

303
00:24:53.680 --> 00:24:59.920
producing ammonium perchlorate, a key chemical
used as an oxidizer in solid fuel rocket

304
00:25:00.039 --> 00:25:04.960
murders. When ignited, the oxygen
from ammonium chlorate combines with aluminum to produce

305
00:25:06.000 --> 00:25:11.440
aluminum oxide, aluminum chloride, water
vapor, nitrogen gas, and lots of

306
00:25:11.559 --> 00:25:15.839
energy, which causes the water,
vapor and the nitrogen to rapidly expand,

307
00:25:15.039 --> 00:25:37.119
creating thrust. This is Space Time
and time out to take a brief look

308
00:25:37.160 --> 00:25:40.599
at some of the other stories making
using science. This week with a science

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00:25:40.640 --> 00:25:47.119
report, the World Meteorological Organization is
warning that there's a ninety eight percent likelihood

310
00:25:47.200 --> 00:25:51.640
that at least one of the next
five years will be the hottest on record

311
00:25:51.920 --> 00:25:56.519
thanks to the combination of El Nino
and climate change. The latest global annual

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00:25:56.559 --> 00:26:02.759
to decatal climate update also warn that
there's a sixty six percent chance that annual

313
00:26:02.799 --> 00:26:07.960
global surface temperatures will at least temporarily
exceed one point five degrees celsius above pre

314
00:26:08.079 --> 00:26:12.759
industrial levels at least once in the
next five years. Now, while that

315
00:26:12.960 --> 00:26:18.119
doesn't mean that we will permanently exceed
the one point five degrees celsius limit specified

316
00:26:18.160 --> 00:26:23.000
in the Paris Agreement, the World
Meteorological Organization is still sounding the alarm that

317
00:26:23.039 --> 00:26:30.920
we will breach that one point five
degrees celsius level with increasing frequency, as

318
00:26:30.960 --> 00:26:34.960
well as spying on your every Internet
action and giving you search result which favorites

319
00:26:34.960 --> 00:26:41.720
own advertisers. A major study is
confirmed that Google cannot be trusted on political

320
00:26:41.720 --> 00:26:47.720
issues. The findings by All Sides
News bias analyzes found that sixty one percent

321
00:26:47.839 --> 00:26:52.599
of one hundred and fifty one media
outlets presented on Google News home page over

322
00:26:52.640 --> 00:26:56.319
a five day period we're all from
sources which tended to lean to the liberal

323
00:26:56.480 --> 00:27:02.200
left side of politics. At the
same time, only thirty six percent were

324
00:27:02.240 --> 00:27:07.599
from the center or non rated news
outlets and just three percent were from conservative

325
00:27:07.640 --> 00:27:11.039
news sources. And when the Stadies
authors used the search term election, they

326
00:27:11.119 --> 00:27:15.680
returned Nerve results from center or right
leaning media outlets. In the days leading

327
00:27:15.759 --> 00:27:22.000
up to the twenty twenty two United
States midterms, however, twenty eight percent

328
00:27:22.000 --> 00:27:26.000
of the articles presented by Google News
for the search term were from the left

329
00:27:26.079 --> 00:27:30.960
leaning CNN and sixteen percent of articles
from the more extreme left leaning New York

330
00:27:32.000 --> 00:27:37.680
Times. The findings confirm that Google
isn't like the phone book. It's not

331
00:27:37.759 --> 00:27:42.799
impartial, but rather it pushes a
socialist political agenda, sometimes subtly, other

332
00:27:42.880 --> 00:27:48.640
times more blatantly. And of course
Google aren't alone. In a twenty twenty

333
00:27:48.680 --> 00:27:55.279
one court case brought about by journalist
Stephen Stocell, Facebook admitted under oath that

334
00:27:55.400 --> 00:28:00.519
its fact checks were simply opinion.
The court was told that fact checkers and

335
00:28:00.680 --> 00:28:07.599
non unbiased arbiters of the truth,
they're simply useful distractions. Paleontologists have described

336
00:28:07.640 --> 00:28:14.279
the new species of Spinus sauroid dinosaur
discovered in Spain, dating back to the

337
00:28:14.279 --> 00:28:18.119
early Cretaceous between one hundred and twenty
seven one hundred and twenty six million years

338
00:28:18.119 --> 00:28:22.000
ago. The new discovery has been
named Protolithus sink Torrensis, the champion from

339
00:28:22.039 --> 00:28:26.039
the town of Sint Torrens, where
it was discovered. The specimen, which

340
00:28:26.079 --> 00:28:30.359
is estimated to have been around eleven
meters long, is based on fossil fragments

341
00:28:30.359 --> 00:28:37.279
including a right chawbone, a tooth, and five vertebrae. Spinus sauroids comprise

342
00:28:37.440 --> 00:28:42.000
different groups have often semi aquatic bipedal
carnivores, some of which, such as

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00:28:42.039 --> 00:28:48.319
the cellback Spinosaurus, grew larger than
tracks. The new findings, published in

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00:28:48.359 --> 00:28:52.759
the journal Science Reports, sheds new
light on the origin and evolution of spinosauroids

345
00:28:52.839 --> 00:28:59.480
across what today is the Iberian Peninsula. Based on the new find the authors

346
00:28:59.480 --> 00:29:04.119
proposed that this new species may indicate
that spinos Sauroids appear during the early Cretatious

347
00:29:04.119 --> 00:29:07.960
in Laurasia, a large area of
land in what is now the Northern Hemisphere,

348
00:29:08.079 --> 00:29:14.839
with two subgroups of the species occupying
Western Europe. Spinosaurids may then have

349
00:29:14.880 --> 00:29:22.200
migrated to Africa and Asia as they
diversified health authorities in Mexico are going to

350
00:29:22.319 --> 00:29:27.319
encourage greater use of traditional native medicines
in the countries worthfully under equipped public health

351
00:29:27.359 --> 00:29:33.720
system. The head of Mexico's largest
public hospital network says the department will hire

352
00:29:33.799 --> 00:29:40.119
seven hundred and fifty three traditional healers. Tementum from Australian skeptics says it's the

353
00:29:40.200 --> 00:29:45.440
same form used by Chinese in Indian
governments to quill the crime bring poor and

354
00:29:45.599 --> 00:29:49.400
sick in their countries. Mexico country
that has problems with medical infrastructure, especially

355
00:29:49.440 --> 00:29:53.359
in regional areas that's not very well
set up in also areas where it's dangerous

356
00:29:53.359 --> 00:29:57.000
to set it up in considering crime
levels and gangs and things. So therefore,

357
00:29:57.039 --> 00:30:02.000
in certain areas there are few doctors
have to find alternatives than what.

358
00:30:02.039 --> 00:30:06.640
They're moving to more traditional medicine in
various hospitals and things like that, including

359
00:30:06.720 --> 00:30:11.799
hiring seven hundred and fifty three practitioners
of traditional massage and herbal treatment. And

360
00:30:11.839 --> 00:30:15.759
they're also bringing in people who are
called kuranderos, who are non licensed healers

361
00:30:15.799 --> 00:30:21.440
who use bundles of herbs, smoke, alcohol and eggs to draw sickness out

362
00:30:21.480 --> 00:30:23.599
of the bodies of their patients.
Now is a pretty French stuff, and

363
00:30:23.720 --> 00:30:30.039
obviously a lot of traditional medicine is
pseudo medicine. They're also bringing in midwives

364
00:30:30.039 --> 00:30:33.319
who use a traditional form of chiropractic
medicine. Now, chiropractic and medicine are

365
00:30:33.319 --> 00:30:37.240
two words that don't go well together. Traditional chiropractic chiropractor. Again, it

366
00:30:37.279 --> 00:30:40.720
goes back a couple of hundred years, so I'm not for sure what traditional

367
00:30:40.799 --> 00:30:42.759
chiropractic is. Anyway, this is
the sort of stuff they're saying they're bringing

368
00:30:42.759 --> 00:30:48.039
in under the approval of the president, President Abrodor of Mexico, who's also

369
00:30:48.079 --> 00:30:52.799
the same person who claimed that he
believes in mythical Mayan creatures. So there's

370
00:30:52.799 --> 00:30:56.680
a bit of a theme running here, which is rather concerning. But they're

371
00:30:56.680 --> 00:31:00.000
also bringing in doctors and things from
Cuba, so really they're trying to pack

372
00:31:00.400 --> 00:31:07.200
a very poor medical system Fishian regions
and things and using desperately anything reverting to

373
00:31:07.480 --> 00:31:10.920
suppose a traditional herbal cures and that
sort of stuff. The same thing happened

374
00:31:10.960 --> 00:31:12.799
in China sort of way back when
in the forties or fifties, and their

375
00:31:12.880 --> 00:31:18.400
medical infrastructure was pretty poor and They
then Fascianda chairman Mao promoted acupuncture has a

376
00:31:18.480 --> 00:31:22.000
medical treatment, mainly because there was
a lot of people doing it, it

377
00:31:22.079 --> 00:31:25.839
was cheap, it was easy to
do, and the medical system just wasn't

378
00:31:25.839 --> 00:31:27.319
set up to handle all the people
who were coming in, so a lot

379
00:31:27.319 --> 00:31:32.680
of the promotion of acupuncture came out
of a medical failing rather than a pro

380
00:31:32.759 --> 00:31:37.599
acupuncture I meanwhile, Nou and colleagues
kept using modern Western medicines instead. That's

381
00:31:37.680 --> 00:31:40.160
right, yeah, I mean this
was just for the poor people. The

382
00:31:40.240 --> 00:31:45.480
mug punters of the Chinese community can
have actupuncture that has very very limited application.

383
00:31:45.759 --> 00:32:07.599
That's timendum from Australian skeptics, and
that's the show for now. Spacetime

384
00:32:07.680 --> 00:32:12.720
is available every Monday, Wednesday and
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388
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396
00:33:04.359 --> 00:33:07.599
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397
00:33:07.720 --> 00:33:13.440
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398
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399
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00:33:22.519 --> 00:33:27.359
Garry on Instagram, through our Spacetime
YouTube channel, and on Facebook. Just

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go to Facebook dot com, forward
slash Spacetime with Stewart Gary and Spacetime is

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brought to you in collaboration with Australian
Sky and Telescope Magazine. Your window on

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the universe. You've been listening to
Spacetime with Stewart Gary This has been another

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quality podcast production from bytes dot com.