S26E55: Water on Mars // the Milky Way's Shape // NASA's Europa Clipper: Latest Space and Astronomy News

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This is Spacetime Series twenty six,
episode fifty five, for broadcast on the

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eighth of May twenty twenty three.
Coming up on Spacetime, more evidence of

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liquid water on the surface of modern
day Mars. A new study questions whether

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or not we've got the shape of
the Milky Way galaxy all wrong. And

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construction continues on Nassa's new Europa Clipper
spacecraft bound for Jupiter. All that and

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more coming up on Spacetime Welcome to
Spacetime with Stewart Garry. China says it's

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Uron rover has found evidence of liquid
water on dunes on the surface of modern

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day Mars. A report in the
journal Science Advances claims data from the rover

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is now provided key observational evidence that
liquid water does exist at low latitudes on

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the modern day Martian surface. Previous
studies have already proven large amounts of liquid

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water existed on early Mars, but
with the loss of most of the early

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Martian atmosphere, the red planet has
slowly turned from a warm where world capable

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of hosting life to the barren frees
dried desert it is today. The planet's

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very low air pressure just one ninety
ninth that of atmospheric pressure at sea level

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on Earth means liquid water, essential
for life as we know it, simply

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can't exist for long on the Martian
surface and usually sublimates directly from solid ice

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into a vapor. Nonetheless, Nassi
foun droplets of liquid water on Phoenix's robotic

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arm, proving that at least salty
liquid water can appear during summer time at

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high latitudes on modern day Mars.
Until now, however, no evidence has

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shown the presence of liquid water at
low latitudes on Mars. The Juringue rover,

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which is part of China Tianwan one
Mars Exploration Mission, successfully landed on

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the surface of the red planet on
May the fifteenth, twenty twenty one.

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The landing site was located at the
southern edge of the vast Utopia Plinechia Plain

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in the Martian Northern Lowlands. Mission
scientists used data obtained from the rovers navigation

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and Terrain camera, as well as
its multi spectral camera and the Mars Surface

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Composition Detector to study the different scale
surface features and mineral compositions of sand dunes

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in the landing area. They found
some important morpheological features on the surface of

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these dunes including crusts, cracks,
granulations, polyogonal ridges, and a strip

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trace, and an analysis of the
spectral data reveals that the june's surface layer

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is rich in hydrated sulfates, hydrated
silica, trival iron oxide, minerals,

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especially ferrihydrite, and possibly chlorides.
Sitists claim that, according to the measured

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meteorological dead are obtained by Jurane,
these dune surface characteristics are caused by liquid

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saline water forming on the dune's surface, most likely from melting frost or snow

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falling on salt containing dune surfaces.
When cooling occurs, specifically, salt in

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the dunes is causing frost and snow
to melt at low temperatures, forming salty

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liquid water. When the saline water
dries, the precipitated hydrated sulfides, opal

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iron oxide and other hydrated minerals cement
sand particles of the dunes together, forming

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a sort of aggregate crust, and
then that crust is eventually cracked by shrinkage.

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The authors say the later frost or
snow melting process further forms polygonal ridges

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and a strip like trace on the
crust's surface. The estimated age of the

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dunes is between four hundred thousand or
one point four million years old, and

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the relationship among the three phases of
water suggest that the transfer of water vapor

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from the Polarie sheet towards the equator
probably led to repeated humid environments at low

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latitudes. This is space time still
to come and you study suggest we may

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have got the shape of our galaxy, the Milky Way wrong, and construction

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continues unassa's new Europa Clipper mission to
the jove In System. Or that and

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more still to come on space time. A new study claims that scientists may

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have got the shape of our home
galaxy, the Milky Way, all wrong.

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The research, reported in the Astrophysical
Journal, claims that the Milky Way

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has just two primary spiral arms,
not the four currently hypothesized. The new

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research is based on new long baseline
inferometry measurements of some two hundred key stars,

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and it's supported by data from the
European Space Agency's GAIA Space Observatory,

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which has mapped the location of twenty
four thousand giant obe blue stars as well

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as nearly a thousand open cluster stars. The authors say that for many years

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astronomers have image. The Milky Way
galaxy is being a spiral shape with a

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central bulge and four primary spiral arms, as well as several smaller branching arms,

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including the Orian arm upon which our
solar system is located. However,

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the authors point out that evational evidence
shows that other spiral galaxies usually have only

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two main arms, with the spirals
then splitting into smaller arms. They say

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that based on their measurements, the
most likely shaped for the Milky Way would

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be a bad spiral, but with
only two rather than four main arms that

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stretched outwards from the central bar,
and they say other shorter arms are more

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irregular and distant and not directly connected
to the main structure this space time Still

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to come. Construction continues on NASA's
Europa Clipper mission to the Jovian System,

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and later in the science report,
we take a scary look at what's really

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inside your hot dog. Frankfurt's all
that and more still to come on space

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Time. Major construction works continuing on
NASA's largest ever interplanetary spacecraft, the Europa

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Clipper, which will launch next year
on the mission to study the Jervian Iceman

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Europa. Between now and it's October
twenty twenty four launch date. Thousands of

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hours of work will go into assembling
and testing the spacecraft to ensure that it

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will survive at six year, two
point six billion kilometer journey to the Jovian

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System. Europa Clipper will reach the
gas giant and its system of ninety five

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known moons in twenty thirty. Once
there, the probile undertaker series of scientific

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observations using a sophisticated array of research
payloads. The spacecraft will focus its attentions

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on the ocean world of Europa,
which scientists belief probably contains more water than

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all the associtions combined, but hidden
under a thick, crusty ice shell.

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The six thousand, sixty five kilogram
probe will fly by the Galilean Moon about

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fifty times. While orbiting Jupiter,
the spacecraft can actually orbit Europa directly.

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That's because doing so would bring Europa
Clipper too close to the gas giant's brutal

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radiation belts. On each fly by, a suite of scientific instruments will gather

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data on the depth of the subsurface
ocean, the thickness of the ice crust,

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and potentially the characteristics of any geezes
or plumes that might be venting subsurface

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water into space. The goal of
this mission is to find out whether Europa

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has the potential to support life.
The moons subsurface liquid water ocean has been

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slowly stewing for over four billion years. A mission will launch the bord of

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Falcon heavy rocket and undertake a series
of gravity assists from Mars in February twenty

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twenty five and then the Earth in
December twenty twenty six, before finally arriving

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at Europa in April twenty thirty.
This report from mess TV. NASA's Europa

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Clipper will explore an icy moon of
Jupiter to see if there are conditions that

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could support life. Let's head into
the spacecraft assembly facility behind me to see

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how the mission is coming together.
I'm Rickalvinueva here today with Jordan Evans and

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Trina Ray. Before we can head
inside, there's one more step we need

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to take. We have to gallon
up. We have to protect the spacecraft

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from us, all the particles that
might fall off of us. So to

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cover our hair, we have to
not wear makeup, no perfume. The

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Europa Clipper mission is a spacecraft that
we're sending out of the Jupiter system.

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It's going to orbit Jupiter but fly
by the moon Europa, and it's a

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moon that is we think has an
ocean underneath, and we want to investigate

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that. We'll be in this room
until we ship to the Kennedy Space Center

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our launch campaign in the late spring
of next year. It's twenty twenty four.

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During that time, it'll make a
couple of trips out of this building

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for a testing. We have so
many questions about Europa. We have an

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icy crust with an ocean underneath,
and the water that's in that ocean has

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been sort of churning and stewing for
like four billion years, and so we've

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got a lot of questions to try
to answer about the interior, or about

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the geology, or about the composition. To answer those scientific questions, obviously,

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we have to get to Europa first. So one of the key elements

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of the spacecraft design is being able
to bolt the spacecraft onto the rocket that

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will give us the energy we need
to get to Juper, and then once

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we're at Jupiter, being able to
generate electric power and accommodate our very large

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solar panels and our very large higain
antenna to send that science data back to

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Earth, and all that has to
be done with materials that are safe for

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the immense radiation environment at Europa.
We boilt Europa Clipper to the Falcon heavy

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rocket. Inside there are propulsion tanks, some sensitive communications electronics. Where are

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large hygaine antennamounts. There's some paper
on the outside and those are actually patterns

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for the sewing that's required on our
thermal blankets, thermal blankets with the right

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optical properties to maintain the temperatures of
the vehicle as well as providing protection from

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micromedia MS trina. Can you kind
of tell us more about the instruments.

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We don't have all of our instruments
on board yet, but what we do

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have are three of our cameras.
We have cameras that operate in the visible.

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We have cameras that operate in the
indred, cameras operate in the ultar

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violet. Those all look at Europa
at the same time, just in different

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wavelengths. But then we also have
a thermal imager. So think of that

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as like the night vision goggles,
right, So what you're looking for there

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is a thermal signature. So imagine
you have this ocean that's churning away and

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it makes the ice right above it
a little bit warm, and so the

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thermal imager will be able to tell
you that. And seeing the spacecraft that

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close, I just want to know
what does this mission mean to the both

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of you able It represents the hundreds
of thousands, the millions of hours of

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the dedicated engineers and technicians and scientists. I treasure my job every day I

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come to work and I'm like,
we're going to do our part. We're

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going to answer these questions, but
we're going to ask the next questions for

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the next generation to be inspired and
to build their spacecraft and go this space

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time and time. That will take
a brief look at some of the other

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stories making using science this week.
With the Science Report, medical authorities are

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warning that the effectiveness of COVID nineteen
vaccines against the omicron strain wanes rapidly over

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time. The findings are reported in
the Journal of the American Medical Association.

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Based on a review of forty studies, the estimated vaccine effectiveness against both laboratory

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confirmed omicron infection as well as simple
dramatic disease was less than twenty percent six

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months after the primary vaccination cycle,
booster's restored vaccine effectiveness the levels similar to

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after the primary doses. Bout nine
months later, booster effectiveness had nevertheless dropped

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to below thirty percent. The authors
also found that the protection vaccines against omocron

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last less long than against the delta
variant. On the bright side, the

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new results could be used to inform
the design and timing of future vaccination programs.

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Almost seven million people have now been
killed by the COVID nineteen coronavirus since

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it was first detected near China's Wuhan
Institute of Virology around September twenty nineteen.

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The World Health Organization estimates the true
death toll is likely to be over sixteen

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million, with some six hundred and
eighty eight million confirmed cases globally. New

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research shows that the formation of ultrafine
particles viewing out of jet engines is not

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confined to the combustion of kerosene alone. A report in the journal Communications Earth

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and Environment warns that ultra fine chemical
particles produced by jet engine synthetic aircraft lubrication

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oils are so small they penetrate deep
into the lower layers of the respiratory tract,

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overcoming the air blood barrier and causing
inflammatory reactions in human tissue, including

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cardiovascular diseases. The findings by scientists
that Frankfurt Scota University indicate that these ultrafine

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particles are less than one hundred millions
of a millimeter that he's one hundred nanometers

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in size, and they're particularly prevalent
in the smallest particle classes, which are

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just ten to eighteen nanometers in size. A new study has revealed the mysteries

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contained in your average hot dog Frankfurter, and it seems, as well as

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the usual bits and pieces that you'd
rather not know about, there is one

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huge surprise. A but he which
teudically test food products called Clear Foods,

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carried out the research testing some three
hundred and forty five hot dogs and sausage

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samples from seventy five different brands in
order to see if the products matched what

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was described on their labels, and
the results were absolutely fascinating. They found

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a hundred percent of kosher products were
clean and tested pork free. However,

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it turns out that some fourteen point
four percent of other samples didn't contain what

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was advertised and included substitutions such as
pork for chicken or turkey. Disturbingly,

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they also found ten percent of vegetarian
products also contained meat. Even more disturbing,

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sixty seven percent of vegetarian samples had
hygiene issues. However, the most

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unadvertising discovery by Clear Food was that
human DNA was found in two percent of

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all samples tested, and in sixty
six percent of the vegetarian products. By

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the way, twenty any too.
So two important anniversaries in the art of

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science fiction. It's supposedly the birth
year of George Jetson, and more importantly

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for this study, it's also the
date in which the movie Silent Grain was

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set. Him Silent breeds people.
We've got to stop him. Now.

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They say art imitates life, Well, it seems that life can also imitate

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art. To quote the immortal doctor
Sheldon Cooper, I don't mean to be

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rude or discourteous. I'd just like
to say that there's absolutely no scientific evidence

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to support clairvoyance of any kind,
which means, again no insult intended,

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that you're a fraud, your profession
is a swindle, and your livelihood is

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dependent on the gullibility of stupid people. But again no offense. Well,

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there's one group of psyche that most
people consider to be the worst of the

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branch, those that volunteer the services
to police in grieving families in high profile

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murder cases. Timendum from A Strange
Skeptics says these people have now been given

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a title grief vampires. Wherever there's
a mysterious death, someone disappears, et

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cetera, you will find a psychic
put their head up and offers very useful

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advice, often unrequested. They're referred
to as grief vampires who will come in

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and glory in the fact that a
family or something is in great distress.

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Than they will come and say I
will help you, the opposite of Colin

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Robinson. Then you've never watched what
we do in the Shadows only occasionally.

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Hereson was the energy vampire. He
would suck the energy out of you.

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All right, Okay, I can
basically by just talking to you about inane

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subjects, non star Yes, do
you know Eric Coldsway thought you were sneezing.

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Sorry. Eric Coldthwaite is the most
boring person in the city of some

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English country town. He's so boring
that his family moved house and didn't tell

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him fit a ripping yard with Eric
Idol. All right, back to our

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story about the people who pop up. Their psychic who pop up to help

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people are described as brief vampires in
other ways. They'll come and offer their

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help and they'll feed off you,
often for their own reputations, et cetera.

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May be money, it may just
be that that's the way they get

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their kicks. So whenever you have
a mysterious disappearance, especially kids, they

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will pop up and either offer your
advice, sorry it's dead, or yes,

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she's out there somewhere and we will
find that she's actually dead. It's

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very depressing. It's actually more than
depressing. It makes you very angry these

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people. So whenever there's someone missing, you'll get a psychic pop up.

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And there was a case of a
woman who was missing in the UK,

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walking a dog beside a river and
just suddenly disappearing, so that all sorts

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of theories put up, all sorts
of psychic came up with their ideas,

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and one of them, as a
psychic, apparently found the body. Now

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I'm not quite sure if he was
cleaning psychic par was drowned to the body,

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but if he says I was not
asked by the police or the woman's

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family to become involved in the case. But he will get publicity out of

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it, obviously as a psychic.
And he was actually pleased that the police

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took him seriously. We'll all you
had to do was say come, and

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they found a body. There's another
case, Madeline mccan disappearance, which is

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probably one of the most famous childhood
disappearances. And you wonder why this one

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case is such a high priority,
is such a high publicity and such a

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longevity about it. But a Polish
girl claimed to be Madeline mccan, claiming

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she had the same sort of body
markings and that sort of stuff. But

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you won't to allow yourself to be
DNA tested. No, but some psychics

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to come forward and explained that one
of them is helping her, you go

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through all her traumas and things.
And another one came up and said much

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she's not the real thing. But
the psychic stopped up. Now the thing

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is every psychic with their salt is
going to say I've helped the police solve

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cases. The police will say,
no psychic has ever helped us throl the

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case. They do a case.
He talked to them. They rarely go

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out and the consultant them, but
the psychic might phone them up and say

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the body is in the lake and
that apparently is helping police solve the case,

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even if the body was not in
the lake. But they would put

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themselves forward and I'll make suggestions.
The police will say thank you very much.

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And if the case is solved that
this person happened to be by a

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bit of water, it might be
a swimming pool that they would claimed,

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see I was accurate, then I
knew all along. But they're shocks,

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and then of them believe what they're
doing is real. Some of them are

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out there to just to get publicity, and it's very sad. They're very

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sad when they're picking on desperate people
who need some sort of closure. And

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so these brief vampires pop up all
the time and saying I will help you,

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I'll help you. Inn of course
the publicycle fact that they supposedly help

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them when they never do, they
probably make things worse. Obviously, that's

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timendum from Australian Skeptics and that's the
show for now. Spacetime is available every

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