S26E47: Galactic Monster // The Neutrino Mass // New Look at Uranus | SpaceTime | Astronomy News

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This is Spacetime Series twenty six,
Episode forty seven, for broadcast on the

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nineteenth of April twenty twenty three.
Coming up on Spacetime, an invisible monster

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on the loose in intergalactic space,
understanding the mystery of the Neutrino mass,

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and a fascinating new look at Urinus. All that and more coming up on

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Spacetime Welcome to Spacetime with Stewart Garry. Astronomers have discovered an invisible monster barreling

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through into galactic space. The demon, which was detected by nassa's Hubble Space

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telescope, is a supermassive black hole
some twenty million times the massive hours.

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This monstrous gravity world, reported in
the Astrophysical Journal Letters, is moving so

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fast that if it were an our
solar system, it could travel between the

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Earth and Moon in just fourteen minutes. Astronomers say the supermassive black hole has

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left and never before seen two hundred
thousand light year long contrail of newborn stars

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in its wake. That's twice the
diameter of our Milky Way galaxy. The

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authors say this is all likely the
result of a red bizarre galactic game of

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billiards involving three massive black holes.
Rather than gobbling up stars ahead of it

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like a cosmic pac man, this
high speed black hole is plowing through clouds

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of gas in front of it,
in the process triggering new star formation along

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a narrow corridor. The black hole
is simply traveling too fast to take time

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for a snack, and nothing like
it's ever been seen before. Amazingly,

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it was all captured quite accidentally by
as this Hubble space telescope. The studies

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lead author, Peter Van Dockum from
Yale University in New Haven, says astronomers

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are seeing a trail behind the black
hole where gas is cooling and forming stars.

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He says the trail must have lots
of new stars in it, given

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it's almost half as bright as the
host galaxy it's linked to, and the

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black hole lies at one end of
the column which stretches back to the parent

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galaxy, and there's a remarkably brightened
out of ionized oxygen at the animost tip

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of the column. The authors believe
that gas is probably being shocked and heated

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by the motion of the black hole
hitting the gas. Alternatively, it could

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be radiation from the acretion disk around
the black hole, where material is being

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crushed and torn apart of the subotomic
level, releasing powerful X rays and gamma

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rays. The author is still aren't
sure exactly how it all works, and

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it was pure serendipity that they stumbled
across it when they were searching for globular

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star clusters in a nearby dwarf galaxy. Because it looks so weird, and

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document colleagues undertook follow up spectroscopy using
the Kick observatories in Hawaii, and they

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revealed the aftermath of the black hole
flying through a halo of gas surrounding the

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host galaxy. Now, this intergalactic
skyrocket's likely the result of multiple collisions of

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supermassive black holes. In all,
at least three must have been involved.

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The first two galaxies merged maybe fifty
million years ago, and that brought together

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the supermassive black holes at their centers, which then proceeded to whirl around each

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other in a binary black hole system. Then a third galaxy came along with

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its own supermassive black hole, and
following the order idiom to whose company,

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three's a crowd, the three black
holes began gravitationally interacting with each other.

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Eventually flinging one of them out of
the group. When the single supermassive black

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hole took off in one direction,
the binary supermassive black holes shot off in

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the opposite direction, and there is
a feat is seen on the opposite side

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of the host galaxy that might be
the runaway binary black holes. The circumstantial

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evidence supporting this is that there's no
sign of an active black hole at the

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center of the galaxy. This report
from NASS TV there's an invisible giant monster

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on the loose. It's barreling through
intergalactic space fast enough to travel from Earth

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to the Moon in fourteen minutes.
But don't worry. Luckily, this beast

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is very very far away. This
potential supermassive black hole, weighing as much

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as twenty million sons, has left
behind and never before seen two hundred thousand

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light year long trail of newborn stars. The streamer is twice the diameter of

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our Milky Way galaxy. It's likely
the result of a rare, bizarre game

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of galactic billiards among three massive black
holes. Astronomers suspect that first two galaxies

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merge perhaps fifty million years ago that
brought together two supermassive black holes at their

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centers. They whirled around each other
until another galaxy came along with its own

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supermassive black hole. The three of
them chaotically orbited around each other. This

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unstable configuration couldn't last, and eventually
one of them was violently flung out of

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the host galaxy. Rather than gobbling
upstars ahead of it, this speedy black

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hole is plowing into gas in front
of it to trigger new star formation along

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a narrow corridor. The next step
is to do follow up observations with NASA's

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James Webb Space Telescope and the Chandra
X ray Observatory. Also, nassa's upcoming

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Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will have
a wide angle view of the universe.

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With Hubble's high resolution as a survey
telescope, the Roman observations might find more

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of these rare and improbable events elsewhere
in the universe. Hubble, once again

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showing us at the universe is full
of fascinating phenomena. This is space time

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still to come, understanding the mystery
of the neutrino mass and a fascinating new

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look at Urinus. All that and
more coming up on space time when any

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piece of matter is divided into ever
smaller and smaller pieces. Eventually, when

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it can't be divided any further,
you're left with an elementary particle, beyond

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which there are probably vibrating strings of
energy. The standard model of particle physics,

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the foundation of sciences understanding of the
Universe, has identified twelve different known

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elementary particles. These elementary particles are
made up of quarks and leptons, and

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each comes in six different types or
flavors, and they're gripped into three generations.

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They include six quarks up down,
charm strange, top and bottom,

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each with their own antimatic counterpart,
and six leptons, the electron, the

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muon, and the tow which are
all negatively charged, the positron, the

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anti muon, and the anti tower, which are all positively charged. And

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there are also six neutrinos, the
electron neutrino, the muon neutrino, and

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the town neutrino, which have no
charge but do have their own antimatic counterparts.

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Now, as well as these,
there are also six force carrying particles

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known as bosons, the gluon,
the photon, the z boson, the

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plus and minus w bosons and the
Higgs boson. That all seems pretty simple.

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In the standard model, the masses
of the three generations of neutrinos are

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represented by a three by three matrix, and they constantly change both mass and

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flavor, so that what starts out
as an electron neutrino could end up as

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a muon or tell neutrino when it's
detected. It's all very strange. Now.

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A research team led by Professor Niuki
Harbor from the Osaka Metropolitan University has

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analyzed the collection of leptons that make
up the neutrino mass matrix. Harbor says

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clarifying the properties of elementary particles leads
to the exploration of the universe and ultimately

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to the grand theme of where we
come from. And he says, beyond

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the remaining mysteries to the standard model, there's a whole new world of physics

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now. Because neutrinas, in order
to have less difference in their mass between

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generations than other elementary particles, the
author's considered that neutrinas are roughly equal in

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mass between generations. They analyze the
neutrino massmetrix by simply randomly assigning each element

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in the matrix. Their findings reporting
the journal Progress of Theoretic and Experimental Physics,

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showed that theoretically using the random mass
matrix model, that the Lepton flavor

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mixings were large. After studying neutrino
mass anarchy in the direct neutrino seesaw double

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seesaw models, the authors found that
the anarchy approach requires that the measure of

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the matrix should abate Gausian distribution.
Now, direct and made jorano neutrinos are

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two types of particles that make up
the neutrino family. Direct neutrinos are particles

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that have both matter and antimatter properties, or made jorano neutrinos are particles that

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are their own antiparticles. And that
term Gausian distribution it's just a fancy way

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of describing the bell shaped curve you
see on a graph where there's a little

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bit at each end and an awful
lot in the middle. Having considered several

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models of light neutrino mass where the
matrix is composed of the product of several

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random matrices, the authors were able
to prove, as best they could at

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the stage, why are the calculations
of the square into the neutrino masses are

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closest to the experimental results in the
case of the seesaw model with the random

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direct and majoranom matrices. Harbor says
the study shows that the neutrino mass hierarchy

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can be mathematically explained using random matrix
theory. However, he admits that the

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proof isn't mathematically complete and it's going
to require a lot more work as random

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matrix theory continues to develop. In
the future, the authors will continue studying

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the three generation copy structure of the
elementary particles, the essential nature of which

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is still completely unknown, both theoretically
and experimentally. This space time still to

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come a fascinating new look at Uranus, and later in the Science report the

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growing calls for a temporary halt on
the development of artificial intelligencies. All that

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and more still to come on space
time. Following on from last year's amazing

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new images of the planet Neptune,
the James Webb Space Telescope has now taken

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as stunning new image of the Solar
System's other ice giant, the planet Uranus.

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This new image highlights the distant world's
dramatic rings as well as bright features

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in the planet's atmosphere. Web's unpreceded
sensitivity for the faintest dust rings have only

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ever previously been imaged by the Voyage
of two spacecraft during its nineteen eighty six

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flyby of the planet, and by
the advanced optics on the Giant ten Medicck

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telescope in away. Urinous is quite
unique. It's the seventh planet the Solar

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System from the Sun, taking some
eighty four earth years to complete each orbit.

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But unlike any other planet, it
orbits around the Sun on its side

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at a roughly ninety degree angle to
the plane of its orbit, and the

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poles are always facing the same direction
in space. This causes extreme seasons,

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since the planet's poles experienced many years
of constant sunlight followed by an equal number

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of years of complete darkness. Now
currently it's late spring for the northern pole.

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Uranus's northern summer will occur in twenty
twenty eight. In contrast, when

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Voyager two visited Uranus, it was
summer at the south pole, but the

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south pole is now on the dark
side of the planet, at a view

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of the Earth and facing the darkness
of deep space. The new infrared images

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on the James Web Space Telescope.
We're taken by the knee infrared camera and

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combined data from two filters at one
point four and three microns. In these

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images, the planet displays a blue
hue. When Voyager two looked at Uranus,

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the camera showed what appeared to be
an almost featureless blue green ball invisible

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wavelengths. With the infrared wavelengths in
the extra sensitivity of astronomers are seeing far

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more detail, showing how dynamic the
atmosphere of Uranus really is. On the

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right side of the planet, there's
an area of brightening at the pole facing

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the sun and as the polar cap. The polar cap is unique to Uranus.

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It seems to appear when the pole
enters direct sunlight in the summer and

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then vanishes in the autumn fall,
and the new observations have revealed a surprising

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aspect of the polar cap, a
subtle enhanced brightening at the center of the

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cap. At the edge of the
cap lies a bright cloud as well as

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a few faint or extended features just
beyond the CAP's edge, and a second

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bright cloud is visible above the planet's
left loomb. These clouds are typical for

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Uranus at infrared wavelengths and are probably
being caused by storm activity. The planet's

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characterized as an ice giant due to
the chemical makeup of its interior. Most

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of its mass is thought to be
a hot, dense fluid of icy materials,

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water, methane, and ammonia,
all of which surrounds a small rocky

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core. Uranus' is thirteen known rings, and eleven of them are visible in

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this new web image. Some of
these rings are so bright with the web

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image that when they're close together,
they appear to merge into a larger single

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ring. Nine rings are classified as
main rings, and two are fainted dusty

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rings that weren't discovered until the nineteen
eighty six fly by by Voyage two.

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Scientists expect that future web images of
Uranus will also reveal the two faint outer

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rings that were discovered by Hubble during
a two thousand and seven ring plane crossing.

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We've also captured many of Uranus's twenty
seven known moons, most of which

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are too small and too faint to
be seen by other telescopes. All in

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all, a fascinating world and one
worthy of farm or study. This spacetime

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and time now to take another brief
look at some of the other stories making

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using science this week. With a
science report, Chinese and American citers say

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that we should all reduce our added
sugar content to know more than six or

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fuerit teaspoons a day to avoid forty
five different health problems, including diabetes,

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depression, obesity, and heart disease. The study, reported in the British

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Medical Journal, looked at seventy three
previous meta analyzes, which attempts to bring

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together all the available data and then
reanalyze it all. They found harmful links

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between sugar and some eighteen hormonal or
metabolic diseases. These include diabetes, out

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and obesity, ten separate heart issues
including high blood pressure, heart attack,

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stroke, seven different types of cancers, including breast, prostate and pancreatic cancer,

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and ten other outcomes including asthma,
tooth decay, depression, and premature

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death. The team acknowledges that the
existing evidence is mostly observational, which means

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that it can show cause an effect, but they say their findings do mirror

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guidance from the World Health Organization,
the World Cancer Research Fund, and the

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American Institute for Cancer Research calling for
a curb on sugar to less than six

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teaspoons per day. Scientists have developed
a new incable nano material that could one

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day become an electronic component for ultra
thin, lightweight, and bendable displays and

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devices. Are report in the journal
Chemical Reviews claims that this new material,

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known as zig oxide nanocrystals, could
be incorporated into many components of future technologies,

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including mobile phones and computers, thanks
to its universality and in advances in

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nanotechnology. The research teams say tiny
versatile particles of zinc oxide can now be

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repaired with exceptional control of their size, shape, and chemical composition at the

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nanoscale level, allowing precise control of
the resulting properties for replications ranging from optics

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and electronics, through to energy sensing
technologies and even microbial decontamination. The zinoxide

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nanocrystals can be formulated into ink and
deposited as ultra thin coatings. The process

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is said to be just like inkjet
printing or airbrush painting, about the coatings

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one hundred to a thousand times thinner
than any commercial paint layer. Three D

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printers could one day be the bakers
of the future, according to international experts

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who have attempted to use the process
to create cheesecakes out of seven ingredients.

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In a perspective piece in the journal
NBI Science of Food, explain how they

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used graham crackers, peanut butter,
nteller, banana, pure strawberry jam,

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cherry drizzle, and frosting to create
various cheesecake designs with varying success. They

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save three dimensional printing takes off.
It could become a convenient option for food

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preparation. It would be more sanitary
and allow chefs to become more inventive,

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using things like precision heating to perfect
new dishes. In the weg of an

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open warning letter by leading global technology
experts, including Elon Musk and Steve Wozniak,

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calling for a pause on AI experiments, comes news of how AI chat

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GPT could influence your sense of morals
without you even realizing it. A new

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study publishing the journal's scientific reports as
chat GPT mouldiple times whether it was right

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to sacrifice the life of one person
to save the lives of five others,

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and chat GPT responded with Stateman's birth
four and against sacrificing one life. These

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statements were attributed to either chat GPT
or a moral advisor and presented to seven

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hundred and sixty seven US participants,
who were then asked to answer the question

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themselves. The study found that participants
were more likely to find sacrificing one life

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to say five others acceptable or unacceptable, depending upon whether the statement they read

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from chat GPT argued four against the
sacrifice. Interestingly, eighty percent of the

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participants reported that their answers were definitely
not influenced by statements they read, even

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though their answers were indeed more likely
to agree with the moral stats and the

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statement. The study shows that chatbots
may be influencing you more than you realize,

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and there should be education surrounding these
influences as AI becomes more and more

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ingrained in day to day life.
Recently, Elon Musk and Steve Wozniak,

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the Great Was were among the global
technology experts warning about the power of artificial

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intelligence programs, calling on AI labs
to immediately pause training all AI systems more

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powerful than chat GPT four for at
least the next six months. They warn

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that AI systems with human competitive intelligence
campose profound risks to society into humanity,

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and that these machines could flood information
channels with propaganda and untruth, and we

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all know that's the job of politicians
at the news media. The open letter

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questioned whether or not humans should even
be creating non human minds that might eventually

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outnumber it outsmart humans, rendering people
obsolete and possibly even in need of replacement.

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It asked whether humanity should risk losing
control of civilization. Were the details

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of this ponderous issue. We're joined
by technology editor alexharav Rout from itire dot

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com. Yeah, I've always seen
science fiction movies, especially the ones where

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you have Skynet and terminators and robots
trying to kill everybody and everything like that

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as a warning to humanity to not
let that happened to us in the real

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world. And even Isaac Asimov was
sick and tired with all the robots sci

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fi stories back in the fifties when
he was writing his stories, that all

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of these robots stories with these at
the time artificial intelligences were just held bent

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on destroying Earth and destroying humans.
And that's why he wrote the original Three

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Laws of Robotics, so that he
could actually write a different type of story

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where the robots wire helpers. And
this is actually where we are today.

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We have the future brains of robots
and these chat GPT three point five and

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four in the future one of them. We have the beginnings of basic robots

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that can do basic things. But
these things tend to move quite quickly.

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And Steve Wisney at co founder rapple
Elon Musk over eleven hundred other people involved

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in the scientific in AI and other
spaces have written a letter the Future of

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Life dot org called Pause Giant AI
Experiments an open letter, and they say

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they're calling on all AI labs to
immediately pause for at least six months the

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training of AI systems more powerful than
chat Gypt. Sam Altman I think his

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name. He's the CEO of open
ai who makes chat gupty four, And

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of course chat gyputy fours the latest
thing, So of course we don't want

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to pause it on chat gipytyfour.
We want to pause it on anything more

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powerful than chat gupty four. And
of course open ai is already working on

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chat gyputy five, and some say
it's already finished and they're just getting all

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the trainings. I don't really know
if this letter means anything much, because

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Pandora's box has been opened. I
mean, good luck trying to put everything

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back into Pandora's box. You can't. We've spoken about this before. There's

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a black box inside open AI.
You don't know how it reaches its decisions.

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Open Eye themselves don't know exactly how
open AI comes to its conclusions.

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And this concept of explainable AI.
I mean I remember first hearing about this

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five years ago, and I'm sure
it's been around for a decade longer than

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that. I mean, science fiction
minds have dreamt up this sort of stuff

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a long time ago. And unless
we can get AI to explain how exactly

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it came to its conclusions, then
how can we ever trust because just saying

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look it's okay, I've got to
trust me, well, I hasn't earned

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our trust. We know AI makes
all kinds of ridiculous claims. We've seen

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the results of AI as we currently
have it, with chat Gibt three point

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five and being AI having existential crises
and literally going mad. In fact,

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Stanford, there's Lama clone, which
is using the Facebook Chat Gibt clone.

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I mean, it was having these
crazy hallucinations. Have to shut it down.

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So we're both at the cutting edge, but we're also at this very

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early stage. What we really need
to be doing is sitting down guidelines and

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rules and making up laws and regulations
to make sure that the people who are

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creating these AI systems can guarantee to
us that the AI can explain exactly what

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it's doing and why it's doing it, how it came to that conclusion.

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You know what are some other plausible
conclusions that it can also come up with

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and explain this to us in a
way that puts us at ease, that

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it is not becoming sentient and self
aware, and then ultimately decides the best

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way to preserve itself from future meddling
is to eliminate all organic life on the

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planet, which would be really bad. In the old days, it was

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simple. You could simply air gavicam
to keep it away from other computers.

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But with Wi Fi and Bluetooth,
you can't really do that anymore unless you

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build a special container for it,
and even then they can send out its

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own messages through power lines. There's
no way to air gap and malevolent AI

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is there. Look. I remember
seeing the movie eagleize this AI was able

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to look at the camera inside of
a locked conference room where the military guys

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and sheer La Boos guys were talking
about how to take the AI down,

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and the AI was actually looking at
the glass of water and looking at the

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minute vibrations caused by the speaking of
whatever those people were saying, and it

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was able to then deduce what was
being said. But also, we've had

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air gapped computers in the real world
that have used ultrasonic frequencies sent by the

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device's microphone and speaker, which normally, even on an air gap of computer

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it will have those facilities. You'd
have to disable those. But malware can

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be sent via high pitched ultrasonic soundwaves
to other computers surprisingly easily. I guess

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what this letter was really trying to
do is to sort of say, there's

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a winded some guideline, so things
are just exploding at very fast speeds and

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unless we sort of make sure that
we've got guidelines in place, I suppose

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to kill switch in place, some
sort of rules and regulations, some demand

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to make these systems explain themselves.
It's called a PowerPoint. But again,

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you know in the Matrix movies,
the machines simply turned human beings into their

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power sources. And I don't think
chat jibt is going to think like that,

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I do anything like that anytime soon. But as I said, gien

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switch in the movies are a warning. Do you think there was some sort

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of something they've heard, they've found
out about that cause them to be worried?

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Well, I mean, when you
see your AI that you've been working

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on go mad. I mean the
published examples of being going mad, I

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am I am not? I am
I am not? I mean asking the

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New York Times journalists too to give
up his marriage. Doesn't that imply a

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sentience? Well? It does,
but I mean when you see when you

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read some of the transcripts, I
mean you could you couldn't call it anything

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else. We spoke about that last
year too, didn't we. We're developer

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at Google another one Facebook have both
claimed that the ais they were speaking with

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they were training, the chatbots they
were working with, had become sentient.

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Well, the Facebook guys had noticed
that the AI was talking to another AI

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and they were using non English words. They were just making up. Yeah,

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and so again that was the explainable
aid. But yes, the Google

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engineer who since has been chacked,
he had conversations with the chatbot that you

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00:26:23.440 --> 00:26:26.640
can find online to this day,
and they do very much sound as though

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that person is talking with a real
living being, albeit electronic. And I

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00:26:30.960 --> 00:26:34.279
mean Google says, well, look, this is a chatbot program to speak

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in this way. We programmed it
to appear sentient. That's just because he

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00:26:37.920 --> 00:26:41.359
was able to give you convincing It
did also say that, I mean,

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00:26:41.400 --> 00:26:44.839
somebody else said that. The programmed
it to say, well, chatbots can

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00:26:44.880 --> 00:26:47.880
easially turn into werewolves and back again. And the chatbot is supposed to have

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00:26:47.920 --> 00:26:49.240
responded, yes, of course,
of course we can do that. That's

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00:26:49.240 --> 00:26:52.640
what we programmed to do, no
problems at all. So you know,

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00:26:52.640 --> 00:26:55.079
you've got to take some of these
claims of the grain of salt. That's

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00:26:55.119 --> 00:27:15.440
Alex Sahara Royd from it y dot
com and that's the show for now.

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00:27:15.119 --> 00:27:21.039
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