Milky Way’s Satellite Galaxies // Japan Lunar Lander // NASA’s Infrared Radiometer | S27E03

WEBVTT

1
00:00:00.160 --> 00:00:04.599
This is Spacetime Series twenty seven,
Episode three, for broadcast on the fifth

2
00:00:04.599 --> 00:00:09.759
of January twenty twenty four. Coming
up on space Time, A new study

3
00:00:09.800 --> 00:00:15.480
has concluded that most small satellite galaxies
orbiting the Milky Way are destroyed soon after

4
00:00:15.519 --> 00:00:21.039
they enter the Milky Way's galactic Hello, Japan's Luna Landa enters orbit around the

5
00:00:21.039 --> 00:00:26.239
Moon in preparation for a potential touchdown
later this month, and first light for

6
00:00:26.359 --> 00:00:32.759
NASA's new Compact Infra red radiometer.
All that and more coming up on Spacetime

7
00:00:34.079 --> 00:00:55.280
Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary. A new study has concluded that most

8
00:00:55.320 --> 00:01:00.840
small satellite galaxies orbiting the Milky Way
are destroyed soon after that enter the Milky

9
00:01:00.880 --> 00:01:04.920
Ways galactic halo. The findings reported
in the Journal of the Monthly Notices the

10
00:01:06.000 --> 00:01:11.159
Royal Astronomical Society, erasing new questions
about the standard cosmological model, including on

11
00:01:11.200 --> 00:01:17.319
the prevalence of dark matter in our
airspace environment. The conclusions are based on

12
00:01:17.400 --> 00:01:22.640
new data from the European Space Agency's
GUY emission suggests that dwarf galaxies might be

13
00:01:22.760 --> 00:01:26.719
out of equilibrium. It's long been
assumed that the dwarf galaxies around the Milky

14
00:01:26.799 --> 00:01:32.680
Way are ancient satellites, with some
having been in orbit around our galaxy for

15
00:01:32.760 --> 00:01:38.319
nearly ten billion years, and this
would require them to contain huge amounts of

16
00:01:38.439 --> 00:01:42.400
dark matter in order to provide all
the gravity needed to hold them together,

17
00:01:42.560 --> 00:01:47.760
protecting them from the enormous gravitational tidal
forces of the far more massive Milky Way.

18
00:01:48.599 --> 00:01:52.760
It was also assumed that dark matter
was causing large differences observed in the

19
00:01:52.840 --> 00:01:57.959
velocities of stars within these dwarf galaxies. Trouble is, the latest guy data

20
00:01:57.040 --> 00:02:02.680
has revealed a completely different view dwarf
galaxy properties. Astronomers were able to date

21
00:02:02.760 --> 00:02:07.920
the history of the Milky Way thanks
to the relationship that connects the orbital energy

22
00:02:07.920 --> 00:02:10.520
of an object to its epoch of
entry into the halo, the time at

23
00:02:10.560 --> 00:02:16.400
dwarf galaxy first became captured by the
milky wayste gravitational field. Objects that arrived

24
00:02:16.400 --> 00:02:21.080
early when the Milky Way was less
massive than it is now have lower orbital

25
00:02:21.159 --> 00:02:25.599
energies than more recent arrivals. The
orbital energies of most dwarf galaxies are surprisingly

26
00:02:25.639 --> 00:02:30.479
substantially larger than that of the Sagittarius
dwarf galaxy, which entered the halo between

27
00:02:30.520 --> 00:02:36.120
five and six billion years ago,
and this implies that most dwarf galaxies must

28
00:02:36.120 --> 00:02:39.520
have arrived much more recently, less
than three billion years ago. Such recent

29
00:02:39.599 --> 00:02:45.319
arrivals implies that nearby dwarf galaxies must
have come from outside the halo, where

30
00:02:45.360 --> 00:02:50.639
almost all dwarf galaxies are observed to
contain huge reservoirs of neutral hydrogen gas,

31
00:02:51.319 --> 00:02:54.159
the gas which galaxies lost their gas
when they collided with the hot gas and

32
00:02:54.199 --> 00:03:00.680
the Milky wayte galactic halo. The
violence of shocks and turbulence during the process

33
00:03:00.800 --> 00:03:07.120
completely changes the dwarf galaxies. While
the previously gas rich dwarf galaxies were dominated

34
00:03:07.159 --> 00:03:09.560
by the rotation of gas and stars, when they were transformed into gas free

35
00:03:09.639 --> 00:03:15.439
systems, their gravity became balanced by
the random motions of the remaining stars.

36
00:03:15.080 --> 00:03:19.840
But the thing is, dwarf galaxies
lose their gas in the process so violet.

37
00:03:19.960 --> 00:03:23.960
It puts them out of equilibrium,
which means that how fast their stars

38
00:03:23.039 --> 00:03:29.479
move is no longer in balance with
their gravitational acceleration. The combined effects of

39
00:03:29.560 --> 00:03:34.439
gas loss and gravitational shocks due to
the dive into the galaxy nicely explains the

40
00:03:34.479 --> 00:03:38.960
widespread velocities of the stars within the
dwarf galaxy remnant. One of the curiosities

41
00:03:39.000 --> 00:03:44.479
of this study is the role of
dark matter, that mysterious substance which we

42
00:03:44.599 --> 00:03:47.360
can't see, which we don't understand, which we don't even know what it's

43
00:03:47.439 --> 00:03:52.000
made of, but we know it
exists because we can see its impact on

44
00:03:52.039 --> 00:03:55.240
other galaxies, stopping them from flinging
apart as they rotate. Now, the

45
00:03:55.280 --> 00:04:00.840
absence of any equilibrium prevents any estimation
of a dynamic mass for these dwarf galaxies

46
00:04:00.840 --> 00:04:03.919
around the Milky Way, or for
that matter, their dark matter content.

47
00:04:04.599 --> 00:04:10.000
Also, while in the previous scenario, dark matter protected the supposed stability of

48
00:04:10.080 --> 00:04:15.560
dwarf galaxies, inverting dark matter actually
becomes rather awkward for objects out of balance.

49
00:04:15.199 --> 00:04:18.879
In fact, if the dwarf galaxy
already contained lots of dark matter,

50
00:04:19.040 --> 00:04:24.959
it would have stabilized the initial rotating
disk of stars, preventing the dwarf's transition

51
00:04:25.040 --> 00:04:29.800
into a galaxy with random stellar motions. The recent arrival of dwarf galaxies and

52
00:04:29.839 --> 00:04:33.639
their transformations in the Milky Ways galactic
halo explained many of the observed properties of

53
00:04:33.680 --> 00:04:39.399
these objects, including why they have
stars at such large distances from their cores,

54
00:04:40.040 --> 00:04:44.439
their properties seem more compatible with an
absence of dark matter, and that's

55
00:04:44.480 --> 00:04:48.439
contrary to our previous understanding of dwarf
galaxies as the most dark matter dominated of

56
00:04:48.480 --> 00:04:53.879
objects. And of course, that
then raises the question of where are all

57
00:04:53.879 --> 00:04:59.240
these dark matter dominated dwarf galaxies which
the standard cosmological model predicts to be orbiting

58
00:04:59.279 --> 00:05:02.160
around the Milky Way? And for
that matter, how can we even infer

59
00:05:02.240 --> 00:05:08.720
the dark matter content of a dwarf
galaxy if equilibrium can't be assumed. This

60
00:05:08.959 --> 00:05:14.439
is space time still to come.
Japan's lunar lander enters orbit around the Moon

61
00:05:14.839 --> 00:05:18.920
and first light for NASA's new Compact
Infrared Radiometer. All that and more still

62
00:05:18.920 --> 00:05:40.480
to come on space time. Japan's
new lunar lander has entered orbit around the

63
00:05:40.519 --> 00:05:46.959
Moon. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
JACKSA says it's smart lander for investigating the

64
00:05:46.000 --> 00:05:50.680
Moon or SLIM spacecraft will undertake a
landing attempt on the lunar surface within the

65
00:05:50.720 --> 00:05:56.279
next few weeks. The mission was
launched back in September last year aboard an

66
00:05:56.399 --> 00:06:00.360
H two a rocket from the Tanegashima
Space Center south of Tokyo. Three previous

67
00:06:00.399 --> 00:06:04.399
launch attempts had to be scrubbed because
of bad weather. The journey to the

68
00:06:04.399 --> 00:06:10.399
Moon wasn't a direct flight. Instead, Smart was sent into a highly elliptical

69
00:06:10.480 --> 00:06:15.120
orbit around the Earth, which gradually
got bigger and bigger until it encompassed the

70
00:06:15.160 --> 00:06:19.079
Moon as well. It then began
tightening its elliptical orbit until it achieved a

71
00:06:19.160 --> 00:06:24.600
circular orbit around the Moon. Mission
manager say the probe will now begin it's

72
00:06:24.680 --> 00:06:29.240
twenty minute descent down to the lunar's
surface on January the twentieth. This is

73
00:06:29.319 --> 00:06:32.399
designed to touch down within one hundred
meters of a specific target on the lunar

74
00:06:32.480 --> 00:06:38.680
surface. This will allow scientists to
target a specific crater or rock formation for

75
00:06:38.839 --> 00:06:43.399
the landing site. Once on the
ground, SLIM will deploy a small spherical

76
00:06:43.439 --> 00:06:46.959
probe slightly larger than the tennis ball. The probe can change its shape in

77
00:06:47.040 --> 00:06:51.319
order to move across the lunar surface. Now. If successful, this mission

78
00:06:51.360 --> 00:06:56.560
will make Japan only the fifth nation
after the United States, Russia, China,

79
00:06:56.600 --> 00:07:00.439
and India the successfully land a probe
on the Moon. Two previous Japanese

80
00:07:00.480 --> 00:07:04.959
lunar missions have both failed. Back
in twenty twenty two, Japan's what NASHI

81
00:07:05.040 --> 00:07:10.439
Lunar Probe CubeSat, which was part
of NASA's artemus I mission, failed after

82
00:07:10.480 --> 00:07:15.639
deployment, and in April last g
Japanese startup ice Space also failed when their

83
00:07:15.680 --> 00:07:23.079
spacecraft loss communications crashed onto the lunar
surface. This space time still to come

84
00:07:23.519 --> 00:07:28.800
a successful first light for NASA's new
compact infrared radiometer, and later in the

85
00:07:28.839 --> 00:07:32.279
science report, a new study shows
a human can tell when a chicken's happy.

86
00:07:32.920 --> 00:07:54.240
All that and more still to come
of space time, NASA's first ORBAL

87
00:07:54.240 --> 00:08:00.399
experiments using its latest infrared Earth observation
instrument have proven to be highly successful.

88
00:08:00.519 --> 00:08:05.800
The Multibanded Uncooled Radiometer Instrument, or
MURRAY, was mounted aboard loft Orbital ZAM

89
00:08:05.000 --> 00:08:11.040
five platform, which fluids space on
a technology validation mission aboard a Falcon nine

90
00:08:11.079 --> 00:08:15.920
rocket a year ago. Most satellite
based infrared instruments, such as murders,

91
00:08:15.920 --> 00:08:22.120
the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer and Infrared
Radiometer fitted aboard both NASA's Aqua and Terra

92
00:08:22.199 --> 00:08:26.480
spacecraft, require bulky cryogenic systems weighing
over two hundred and thirty kilograms in order

93
00:08:26.519 --> 00:08:31.240
to cool the instrument down enough to
reach an operating temperature of minus one hundred

94
00:08:31.240 --> 00:08:35.600
and eighty five degrees celsius. That's
needed because otherwise the optics of the infrared

95
00:08:35.639 --> 00:08:39.879
system are picking up the camera itself
rather than the subject they're looking at.

96
00:08:41.320 --> 00:08:45.720
But Murray is different. It operates
at room temperature and so at anyways five

97
00:08:45.799 --> 00:08:50.960
kilograms. The key to the new
technology is a novel microbilometer, which takes

98
00:08:50.960 --> 00:08:56.960
infrared radiation without a cryogenic cooler.
This greatly reduces the cost and complexity of

99
00:08:56.000 --> 00:09:01.879
observing the planet's surface temperature from low
Earth orbit. Bilometers are good because they

100
00:09:01.879 --> 00:09:07.320
detect infrared radiation in the form of
heat and don't require cryogenic operation. Now,

101
00:09:07.399 --> 00:09:11.440
microbolometers still need to be held at
a constant temperature in order to maintain

102
00:09:11.519 --> 00:09:16.039
accuracy in space, but that temperature
can be room temperature, making the whole

103
00:09:16.080 --> 00:09:20.360
thing far easier to maintain Earlier.
During both airborne and laboratory tests, Murray

104
00:09:20.399 --> 00:09:26.919
achieved an absolute radiometric accuracy of around
one percent, which is considered world class

105
00:09:26.960 --> 00:09:31.720
for any long wave infrared radiometers of
any size, and the first light orbital

106
00:09:31.799 --> 00:09:35.200
data is suggesting the instrument performs just
as well in the rigors of space.

107
00:09:35.960 --> 00:09:41.919
In fact, Murray's initial observations suggest
the instrument can measure the Earth's surface temperature

108
00:09:41.960 --> 00:09:45.879
with a sensitivity as low as one
hundred and twenty three millikelvin, which is

109
00:09:45.960 --> 00:09:52.000
comparable to existing landsat instruments. Murray
principal investigator Philip Ealy from Leonardo Diagnostic Retrieval

110
00:09:52.080 --> 00:09:58.320
Systems, says the unique technology could
become the foundation for future orbital science missions

111
00:09:58.360 --> 00:10:05.440
dedicated to observing phenomenon like volcanic activity. Its superpower would be that it's a

112
00:10:05.559 --> 00:10:09.039
very small sensor with the power of
a much greater sensor. Murray was launched

113
00:10:09.039 --> 00:10:13.159
by the SpaceX Transporter six on Tuesday, January third, twenty twenty three,

114
00:10:13.200 --> 00:10:18.720
as one of several hosted payloads within
Loft Orbitals. YAM five washing machine sized

115
00:10:18.759 --> 00:10:22.519
satellite. Murray is a smaller version
on the Tiers instrument. The TEARS is

116
00:10:22.559 --> 00:10:26.639
more like a telephone booth size instrument, and ours is on the order of

117
00:10:26.919 --> 00:10:31.840
roughly a cubic foot thirty five centimeters
by thirty by thirty centimeters, so we

118
00:10:31.919 --> 00:10:35.679
have a much smaller system. We
don't have a large cryod cooler that takes

119
00:10:35.720 --> 00:10:39.000
up size, weight and power,
which significantly grow the instrument. Land temperature

120
00:10:39.120 --> 00:10:45.639
and water temperature are very important for
scientists to be able to understand water monitoring,

121
00:10:45.679 --> 00:10:50.159
how full lakes are for crop monitoring, and other land imaging such as

122
00:10:50.200 --> 00:10:54.679
fire monitoring. There's also interested in
an infrared for volcanic monitor In order to

123
00:10:54.720 --> 00:10:58.759
achieve radiometric accuracy on the order of
one percent, state of the art for

124
00:10:58.879 --> 00:11:03.200
radiometers use three techniques. The t
COMP algorithm will adjust for global changes in

125
00:11:03.240 --> 00:11:07.679
temperature. The telescope temperature and the
focal plane temperature are changing together. In

126
00:11:07.679 --> 00:11:13.080
addition, we have heater controllers to
control the temperature throughout the orbit. And

127
00:11:13.120 --> 00:11:16.799
then thirdly, we use a calibration
paddle that flips in front of the telescope

128
00:11:16.799 --> 00:11:20.600
and then DC restores the sensor output. We take out any radiometric error that

129
00:11:20.679 --> 00:11:24.559
may have crept in in that the
temperature may have shifted from when we did

130
00:11:24.559 --> 00:11:28.919
our original calibration. Murray can't afford
image motion because you're flying over the Earth

131
00:11:28.000 --> 00:11:33.320
from lower orbit at seven kilometers a
second, the imagery from the scene is

132
00:11:33.399 --> 00:11:37.279
moving across the focal plane. So
what we came up with was a technique

133
00:11:37.279 --> 00:11:41.240
to backscan the focal plane in a
way to match the orbital velocity, the

134
00:11:41.279 --> 00:11:45.200
piazo stage that moves the focal plane
very small distance on the order of a

135
00:11:45.200 --> 00:11:48.720
millimeter, that stares at the scene
and moves ahead about a millimeter and then

136
00:11:48.759 --> 00:11:52.080
snaps back and does that again and
again, and so what you have is

137
00:11:52.080 --> 00:11:54.720
a step stair system. And then
we also do what's called frame stacking,

138
00:11:54.879 --> 00:12:00.399
superimposing those frames in order to create
an image that's looked ten times long.

139
00:12:00.559 --> 00:12:03.080
I think one of the exciting things
about working in ESTO program is that you

140
00:12:03.159 --> 00:12:07.039
get to see the results in a
pretty short timescale. But to get up

141
00:12:07.080 --> 00:12:09.240
into space in less than two years, that's really an accomplishment. That's something

142
00:12:09.279 --> 00:12:13.480
I'm really proud of. We came
up with the idea, we found the

143
00:12:13.559 --> 00:12:18.240
right sort of application. That's Marie
Principal investigative Philip Peley from LEONARDA diagnostic traval

144
00:12:18.320 --> 00:12:39.759
systems this space, time and time. That'll take another brief look at some

145
00:12:39.799 --> 00:12:43.200
of the other stories making use in
science this week with a science report.

146
00:12:43.279 --> 00:12:48.240
A new study claims that while getting
enough sleep can help improve your memory,

147
00:12:48.320 --> 00:12:52.519
it can also impact how you develop
false memories. The findings reported in the

148
00:12:52.600 --> 00:12:56.639
Journal of the Royal Society follow the
testing of four hundred and eighty eight participants

149
00:12:56.679 --> 00:13:01.840
on their ability to memorize the list
of words and then recall them between two

150
00:13:01.960 --> 00:13:05.240
and twelve hours later at the twelve
hour mark. The authors found that those

151
00:13:05.279 --> 00:13:09.080
who had slept during the twelve hour
weight period record more of the words on

152
00:13:09.120 --> 00:13:13.440
the list than those who hadn't slept. They say participants who slept also guessed

153
00:13:13.519 --> 00:13:18.440
fewer entirely incorrect words, but they
guessed more words that, while incorrect,

154
00:13:18.480 --> 00:13:22.879
were at least related to the correct
words. The researcher say this means that

155
00:13:22.919 --> 00:13:28.639
sleep may be influencing the very nature
of your memories, not just how much

156
00:13:28.679 --> 00:13:35.600
you remember. Scientists have used octopus
DNA to discover that the West Antarctic ice

157
00:13:35.600 --> 00:13:39.639
sheet likely collapsed around the last Interglacial
period, around one hundred and twenty thousand

158
00:13:39.759 --> 00:13:45.080
years ago, when global temperatures were
very similar to what they are now.

159
00:13:45.639 --> 00:13:50.360
The findings are reported in the journal
Science. Compared the genetic profiles of Turkit's

160
00:13:50.399 --> 00:13:54.080
octopus, which are found in the
Woodill, Adminson, and Ross seas,

161
00:13:54.679 --> 00:13:58.480
and they found genetic connectivity dating back
to the last into glacial. The authors

162
00:13:58.559 --> 00:14:03.240
knew that this genetic connectivity could only
be possible if a complete collapse of the

163
00:14:03.240 --> 00:14:09.919
West Antarctic ice sheet occurred during the
last inter glacial, thereby opening seaways linking

164
00:14:09.960 --> 00:14:15.240
the present day were del Edmundson and
Ross seas and allowing the octopus to spread.

165
00:14:16.799 --> 00:14:20.720
A new study shows that seven out
of ten people can correctly tell if

166
00:14:20.720 --> 00:14:24.320
a chicken's happy or not simply based
on their clucks. The findings, reported

167
00:14:24.320 --> 00:14:28.240
in the journal of the Raw Society
Opened Science, are based on researchers recruiting

168
00:14:28.279 --> 00:14:33.960
two hundred people who were then played
recordings of different chicken calls, some where

169
00:14:33.960 --> 00:14:37.559
the chickens were expecting to get a
reward and some from other contexts. The

170
00:14:37.600 --> 00:14:43.919
researchers say sixty nine percent of participants
correctly guessed whether the chicken was excited about

171
00:14:43.960 --> 00:14:48.840
getting a potential reward, and previous
experiences didn't appear to change how accurate their

172
00:14:48.840 --> 00:14:52.039
guesses were. The authors say this
provides evidence that humans may be able to

173
00:14:52.039 --> 00:14:58.159
innately perceive the emotions of chickens,
which could help us make better choices about

174
00:14:58.159 --> 00:15:03.039
their welfare. Well, it seems
that whether or not brainwashing is real depends

175
00:15:03.240 --> 00:15:09.559
entirely on your definition of brainwashing.
Are you talking about the influence of advertising

176
00:15:09.639 --> 00:15:13.960
pushing religious or political views, or
a Mandurian candidate like ability to implant secret

177
00:15:13.960 --> 00:15:18.440
commands that can be triggered by a
key word at some future date. If

178
00:15:18.440 --> 00:15:22.960
you're attempting to influence or manipulate the
views or beliefs of others through advertising,

179
00:15:24.080 --> 00:15:28.879
religious nirvana or biased news stories,
then the answer is yes. But if

180
00:15:28.919 --> 00:15:33.840
you're talking about Manturian candidate like programs
that blindly kill on command, then the

181
00:15:33.919 --> 00:15:37.759
answer is a very firm no.
The CIA tried that with the mk Ultra

182
00:15:37.919 --> 00:15:43.120
mind control program and it failed to
explain what it all means. We're joined

183
00:15:43.120 --> 00:15:48.120
by Tim Mindham from Austria and skeptics. Is brainwashing real or is it just

184
00:15:48.200 --> 00:15:54.399
this is a question. I think
No, it's to be the idea of

185
00:15:54.879 --> 00:15:58.600
the Manurian candidate, that's get That
was my next question. Yeah, candidate

186
00:15:58.639 --> 00:16:04.279
is in the film where you during
the Korean War you capture some American soldiers

187
00:16:04.279 --> 00:16:10.480
and you bombard them with images and
sounds and you, my friend George believes

188
00:16:10.519 --> 00:16:14.519
in the Manasarin candidate. He believes
it could become one. But then again,

189
00:16:14.519 --> 00:16:17.320
he's done in the meds right now, and he should be. It's

190
00:16:17.360 --> 00:16:21.159
the idea that you can persuade someone
to do something that they wouldn't mom me

191
00:16:21.240 --> 00:16:23.159
do it by brainwashing, right,
you turn their brain around, And the

192
00:16:23.240 --> 00:16:27.159
question is can you do that?
Unlikely? The issue with brainwashing is it's

193
00:16:27.159 --> 00:16:32.840
supplied as a description of what happens
in the cult that people follow instructions from

194
00:16:32.840 --> 00:16:37.519
your cult leader because they've been brainwashed. And I think really everyone else is

195
00:16:37.519 --> 00:16:38.320
doing it. That's why they're doing
it, and they don't want to.

196
00:16:38.399 --> 00:16:44.320
Well, I think what happens is
there's a particular image of brainwashing, of

197
00:16:44.360 --> 00:16:48.879
the manipulation, psychological manipulation through serious
streep and sound and vision and whatever.

198
00:16:48.000 --> 00:16:52.600
The term brainwashing, though, is
widely used, and it's often overused to

199
00:16:52.679 --> 00:16:56.440
coming from a religious perspective. Saying
that the explanation of cultive behavior is because

200
00:16:56.440 --> 00:17:00.480
of brainwashing is not borne out by
the evidence. But there is evidence of

201
00:17:00.559 --> 00:17:04.559
coercive persuasion, right, encouragement,
peer pressure, enthusiasm, perceived benefit,

202
00:17:04.559 --> 00:17:07.839
et cetera. Now, whether you
call that brain washing, or whether you

203
00:17:07.920 --> 00:17:11.000
call that offering them a better deal
than anyone else, whether they call that

204
00:17:11.079 --> 00:17:15.039
marketing right is a moot point.
You might not be recreating their brain in

205
00:17:15.079 --> 00:17:18.480
the way you wanted, But you
certainly can be doing treatments if you like,

206
00:17:18.640 --> 00:17:22.000
or you're dealing with people in a
way that might have the same results.

207
00:17:22.000 --> 00:17:26.440
Classic case the Jonestown massacre. Jim
Jones ran a cult in California,

208
00:17:26.519 --> 00:17:30.480
blah blah blah. He decides to
move everything down to Guiana in South America

209
00:17:30.599 --> 00:17:33.000
and sets up a little sort of
commune down there, Jonestoun named after himself,

210
00:17:33.000 --> 00:17:37.720
which is what leaders do. And
then the father of one of the

211
00:17:37.759 --> 00:17:41.079
followers, and there were about thousand
of the followers came to Guiana to try

212
00:17:41.119 --> 00:17:44.519
and get her back, and someone
shot it and shot someone else as well,

213
00:17:44.839 --> 00:17:48.799
and he was a US congressman.
Yeah, and the film crew or

214
00:17:48.839 --> 00:17:53.279
someone someone else, and Jim Jones
realized oops in trouble here, and he

215
00:17:53.400 --> 00:17:59.319
then persuaded or told or ordered his
followers to commit suicide. And the worst

216
00:17:59.359 --> 00:18:02.559
thing wasn't kol aid, but I
mean for our kool aid gets targeted with

217
00:18:02.559 --> 00:18:03.799
that. But yeah, drinks kool
aid, which means you're a follower and

218
00:18:04.000 --> 00:18:07.880
unthinking, blind faith follower of a
particular leader. So they drank the poison

219
00:18:07.960 --> 00:18:11.559
sign I think it was, and
they gave it to their kids as well.

220
00:18:11.640 --> 00:18:14.079
Some people had to just drink it, some people get ejected or whatever,

221
00:18:14.160 --> 00:18:15.839
and nine hundred plus close to a
thousand people died. And you see

222
00:18:15.839 --> 00:18:19.359
the vision of this jamestown with bodies
everywhere. It's horrible. And they had

223
00:18:19.359 --> 00:18:22.720
bucket loads or what do you go
on? Drum loads of this kool aid

224
00:18:22.799 --> 00:18:25.960
treatment the suicide. Now you think, why would people suicide? And why

225
00:18:26.000 --> 00:18:30.319
would they kill their kids and talking
little kids if they weren't brainwashed or coercively

226
00:18:30.359 --> 00:18:33.519
persuaded. How far do you have
to go before people will kill themselves and

227
00:18:33.559 --> 00:18:36.599
kill their kids? And then you
come with a definition of a cult.

228
00:18:36.680 --> 00:18:38.880
The term brain washing might be out
of fashion if you like. The concept

229
00:18:38.920 --> 00:18:42.839
might be out of fashion if you're
not totally rewiring someone's brain. But year

230
00:18:42.920 --> 00:18:47.000
fair enough, maybe the term brain
washing is not a particularly good term for

231
00:18:47.039 --> 00:18:51.480
this sort of stuff. But it's
something very like it that weak minded people

232
00:18:51.759 --> 00:18:55.559
are going to follow a charismatic leader. I mean, it doesn't matter if

233
00:18:55.559 --> 00:19:00.519
it's Jim Jones or the dude with
the flying sources behind the common or who

234
00:19:00.559 --> 00:19:03.720
it is. Yeah, you wonder
why. I mean, that's the sixty

235
00:19:03.720 --> 00:19:07.279
four oar question is why do people
follow someone? There are various criteria.

236
00:19:07.319 --> 00:19:10.759
Obviously, there are various reasons why
someone would follow a cult. One is

237
00:19:10.880 --> 00:19:12.640
a sense of community. We can
all believe the same thing for therefore I

238
00:19:12.680 --> 00:19:15.440
feel good. One is to escape
something else, and you go into like

239
00:19:15.440 --> 00:19:18.920
a little coming to a cave,
almost a societal cave, to hide away

240
00:19:18.960 --> 00:19:22.279
from an unpleasant world. One is
because you're being offered something, and heaven

241
00:19:22.319 --> 00:19:25.640
knows what you're being offered by a
cult. Most of the time it's the

242
00:19:25.680 --> 00:19:29.960
cult leader who's benefiting rather than the
cult followers. And whether that's weak minded,

243
00:19:30.039 --> 00:19:33.640
whether that's a need, a psychological
need. There are people from all

244
00:19:33.759 --> 00:19:37.119
walks of life, different education,
people who you would think in quotes for

245
00:19:37.200 --> 00:19:40.279
the cliche, these are not weak
minded people. Eis are intelligent people no

246
00:19:40.359 --> 00:19:42.279
defense. If you hit someone for
what they need, the intelligence goes out

247
00:19:42.279 --> 00:19:45.160
of the windows. And this is
just true all the time. Now most

248
00:19:45.160 --> 00:19:48.279
people don't join cults, which is
a good thing. Most people would have

249
00:19:48.319 --> 00:19:52.759
some defense against it. But once
you're in a cult, you're they're pretty

250
00:19:52.839 --> 00:19:56.920
much totally committed to it, and
that is increasing as they incorcud various ideas

251
00:19:56.920 --> 00:20:00.000
to you, is that brainwashing is
it particularly accurate? Well, it doesn't

252
00:20:00.039 --> 00:20:04.319
matter if the same result happens.
If people do go out and kill on

253
00:20:04.359 --> 00:20:07.319
behalf of a cult, they brainwashed
to do it or are they encouraged to

254
00:20:07.319 --> 00:20:27.359
do it. That's timendum from Australian
Skeptics, and that's the show for now.

255
00:20:29.119 --> 00:20:33.400
Space Time is available every Monday,
Wednesday and Friday through Apple Podcasts,

256
00:20:33.440 --> 00:20:38.400
iTunes, Stitcher, Google podcast,
pocker Casts, Spotify a Cast, Amazon

257
00:20:38.519 --> 00:20:45.039
Music, Bites dot com, SoundCloud
YouTube, your favorite podcast download provider,

258
00:20:45.279 --> 00:20:49.279
and from space Time with Stuart Gary
dot com. Space Time's also broadcast through

259
00:20:49.319 --> 00:20:55.559
the National Science Foundation, on Science
Zone Radio and on both iHeartRadio and tune

260
00:20:55.559 --> 00:20:59.480
In Radio. And you can help
to support our show by visiting the space

261
00:20:59.480 --> 00:21:03.640
Time still for a range of promotional
merchandising goodies, or by becoming a Spacetime

262
00:21:03.720 --> 00:21:07.960
Patron, which gives you access to
triple episode commercial free versions of the show,

263
00:21:08.160 --> 00:21:11.279
as well as lots of bonnus audio
content which doesn't go to wear,

264
00:21:11.559 --> 00:21:17.279
access to our exclusive Facebook group,
and other rewards. Just go to space

265
00:21:17.359 --> 00:21:21.480
Time with Stewart Gary dot com for
full details. And if you want more

266
00:21:21.519 --> 00:21:23.640
space Time, please check out our
blog where you'll find all the stuff we

267
00:21:23.680 --> 00:21:27.400
couldn't fit in the show, as
well as heaps of images, news stories,

268
00:21:27.519 --> 00:21:32.079
loads of videos and things on the
WHEB I find interesting or amusing.

269
00:21:32.599 --> 00:21:37.079
Just go to space Time with Steward
Gary dot tumbler dot com. That's all

270
00:21:37.119 --> 00:21:41.160
one word, and that's Tumbler without
the E. You can also follow us

271
00:21:41.160 --> 00:21:45.039
through at Stuart Gary on Twitter,
at space Time with Stuart Gary, on

272
00:21:45.079 --> 00:21:48.799
Instagram, through our Spacetime YouTube channel, and on Facebook. Just go to

273
00:21:48.839 --> 00:21:55.039
Facebook dot com forward slash space Time
with Stuart Gary. You've been listening to

274
00:21:55.119 --> 00:22:00.799
space Time with Stuard Gary. This
has been another quality podcast production Bytes dot com