Exploring Uranus' Mysterious Moons // Satellite Navigation Secrets // Early Hiccups for JUICE spacecraft

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This is Spacetime Series twenty six,
episode fifty nine, for broadcast in the

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seventeenth of May twenty twenty three.
Coming up on Spacetime, The mysterious Moons

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of Uranus, the magic key to
getting satellite navigation to work, and early

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problems for EU abstuse mission on its
swear to the Jovian System. All that

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and more coming up on Spacetime Welcome
to Spacetime with Stewart Garry. Astronomers reanalyzing

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dead from Ness's voyage of spacecraft and
then comparing to new computer modeling say that

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four of Uranus's largest moons may contain
liquid water oceans under their icy crust.

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If confirmed, it adds to a
growing list of objects in the art of

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Solar System now thought to be ocean
worlds. The findings are reported in the

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Journal of Geophysical Research. Planets provides
the first detailed study of the evolution of

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the interior makeup and structure of all
five of Uranus's large moons Arial Umbreo,

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Titania, Oberna, Miranda. The
work suggests that four of these moons old

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oceans that could be dozens of kilometers
deep. Citists know of twenty seven moons

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currently orbiting the ice giant wall of
Uranus, with the four largest ranging from

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Titania, which is one thousand,
five hundred and eighty kilometers wide, to

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Ril, which is one thousand,
one hundred and sixty kilometers across. Sitists

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have long thought that Titania, given
its size, will be the most likely

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to retain internal heat caused by radioactive
decay. The other moons that all previously

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be considered too small to retain enough
heat to keep an internal ocean from freezing.

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That's especially important because heating provided by
the gravitational pull of Uranus would only

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be a minor source of heat.
Astronomers who have listed Uranus for priority exploration

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have now begun focusing their attention to
the planet in preparation for a potential mission.

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The studies lead author, Julie Castello
Rogues from nash's Jet Propulsional Laboratory in

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Pasadena, California, says the new
work could inform how a future mission might

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investigate the moons, but it also
has implications that go far beyond Uranus.

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She says that when it comes to
small bodies in our Solar system, that

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is dwarf planets and moons, planetary
scientists had previously found evidence of osions in

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several unlikely places, including the Dwarf
Planet series and Pluto, as well as

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Satins small moon Mimus. This paper
investigates what those could be and how they're

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relevant to the many bodies in the
Solar System that could be rich in water

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but have limited internal heat. So
the author's revisited findings from NASA's voyture Too

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flybys of Uranus back in the nineteen
eighties and from ground based observations. They

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then developed computer models and infuse them
with additional findings from NASA's Galileo, Cassini,

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Dawn, and New Horizons missions,
each of which discovered ocean worlds,

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including special insights in the chemistry and
geology of Saturn's ice moon and Solidus,

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as well as Pluto and its moons, Sharon and the Dwarf Planet series,

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all icy bodies around the same size
as the Uranian and yes, that's how

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you say it, moons. The
authors use that modeling to gauge how porous

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the Uranian moon's surfaces are, finding
that they're all likely to be insulated enough

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to retain enough internal heat needed to
host an ocean, and they also found

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what could be a potential heat source
in the Moon's rocky mantles, which release

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hot liquid and could help an ocean
maintain a warm environment, a scenario that's

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especially likely for titanium Oberon with the
oceans may even be warm enough to potentially

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support habitability. By investigating the composition
of the oceans, sitists can learn about

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materials that might be found on the
Moon's icy surfaces as well, depending on

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whether or not material underneath is pushed
up from below by geological activity. There's

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evidence from telescopes that at least one
Urinus moon aerial as a material that flowed

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odo its surface relatively recently, possibly
from an icy cryovolcano. In fact,

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Miranda, the innermost fifth largest moon, also hosts surface features that appear to

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me of recent origin, suggesting that
it too may have held enough heat to

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maintain an ocean at some point.
But the thermal modeling also found that Miranda

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is unlikely to have hosted water for
long. It loses heat far too quickly,

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and he's therefore probably frozen solid.
But internal heat wouldn't be the only

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factor contributing to a moon's subsurface ocean. Keep finding in the study suggest that

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chlorides as all as a ammonia are
likely to be abundant in the oceans of

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the icy giant's largest moons. Ammonious
long being known as an anti freeze,

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and the modeling suggests that salts,
also likely present in the water, would

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be another form of antifreeze, thereby
maintaining the body's internal oceans. Digging into

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white lines beneath and on the surface
of these moons will help scientists and engineers

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choose the best science instruments to survey
them. For instance, determining that ammonia

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and chlorides may be present means spectrometers, which detect compounds by their reflective light,

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would need to use a wavelength range
that covers both these compounds. Likewise,

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they can use that knowledge to design
instruments that can probe the deep interior

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for liquids. Searching for electrical currents
that contribute to the Moon's magnetic field is

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generally considered the best way to find
a deep ocean. That's how galile emission

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scientists confirm Jupiter's ice moon Europa also
harbors the global subsurface ocean. However,

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the cold water of the interior moons
such as Ariel and Umbrell could make the

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oceans less able to carry these electrical
currents and will therefore present a new kind

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of challenge for scientists working to try
and figure out what lies beneath this space.

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Time still to come, the magic
key to getting satellite navigation to work,

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and early problems for Europe's deduced mission
which is on its sweater the Jovian

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system. All that and more still
to come on spacetime when you think about

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its. Satellite navigation systems such as
GPS have totally revolutionized how humans get around,

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providing us with precise three dimensional positioning
data under a meter. It'll lets

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you know exactly where you are,
which way you going, and how fast

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you're moving. And it all comes
down to a series of very accurate,

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high performance atomic clocks fitt abeth on
the ground and in every single navigation satellite,

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and right now the most accurate for
civilian use are those fitted aboard the

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European Space Agencies Galileos satellite navigation system. The atomic clocks on the Galileo satellites

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deliver pinpoint timekeeping maintained to a few
billionth of a second thanks to the ultra

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rapid and ultra stable oscillation of atoms
between different energy states. But sustaining this

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sort of performance level demands even more
accurate clocks down on the ground. In

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order to keep the satellite synchronized and
to ensure stability of time and positioning.

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The European Space Agencies technicals centered the
Netherlands is charged with the job of monitoring

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the Galileo system time independently of the
satellite operator. It's a task accomplished thanks

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one ensemble of high performance atomic clocks, which are kept in thermally stabilize clean

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room conditions at ess UTC lab.
The collection of refrigerator size the timing clocks

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provides stable timing, typically accurate to
a billionth of a second. That's almost

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ten times better than the Galileo system
time. In fact, the UTC Lab,

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together with similar clocks in the Navigation
Support Office in Germany I used to

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set a common time scale, which
in turn is one of the inputs for

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setting coordinated Universal time or UTC what
we call Gretich meantime. Now, exact

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positioning requires precise timekeeping. That's because
Galileo works by determining the distance from a

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satellite to a receiver on the ground
or in an aircraft or in a boat

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using signals traveling at the speed of
light. By measuring the exact time taking

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for the signal to cover the distance
from the satellite to the aircraft, ground

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or boat, and then adjusting for
orbital speed. The Earth's rotation atmospheric anomally

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is gravity and other known variables,
and exact location can be determined. Galileo

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satellites operating three planes at an altitude
of twenty three two twenty two kilometers above

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the Earth, transmitting signals downwards that
incorporate a time stamp. A sat NAV

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receiver on the ground picks up four
or more of those Galileo signals in order

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to pinpoint its position. By the
time the signals reach the receiver from the

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satellite, it's taken about a twelfth
of a second. The receiver then multiplies

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this difference by the speed of light
about thirty centimeters panano second, or a

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billionth of a second, in order
to derive the exact distance from each of

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the satellites in orbit. It then
combined to these measurements in a triangulation to

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compute its overall position. Now,
if one of the clocks is in error

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by more than say, three nanoseconds, this positioning value will be off by

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more than a meter. To prevent
this happening, eight satellites equipped with twin

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hydrogen maseratomic clocks. These measure time
to an accuracy of one second in three

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billion years. There are also two
smaller rabidium atomic clocks on its satellite as

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well. They act like independent and
alternative time sources and are accurate to within

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three seconds in a billion years.
Still, despite all this accuracy, the

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atomic clocks aboard the satellites are prone
to drift slightly over time, so a

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worldwide network of Galileo ground stations gives
a continuous tab on the satellite signals to

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identify any clock drift compared to Galileo
system time in the areas are then corrected

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with an updated navigation message every one
hundred minutes or less. This report from

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eastv Europe's Galileo constellation is the most
precise satellite navigation system in the world,

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delivering meter scale accuracy. Its signals
let us find our way on foot,

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by car, even in boats and
aircraft. So how do Galileo satellites thousands

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of kilometers away tell you exactly where
you are? Simply being so far away

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is part of the answer. The
satellites fly in three orbital planes twenty three

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thousand, two hundred and twenty two
kilometers above Earth's surface. Anywhere on our

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planet, at least four satellites are
visible at any time, the minimum needed

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for positioning. Each satellite emits a
radio wave containing its transmission time and the

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satellite's own position. Because radio travels
at light speed, the signal's distance of

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travel is measured from the difference between
the signal all time code and to the

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time the receiver picked it up.
It's like working out how far you are

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from a thunderstorm by counting the seconds
between a lightning flash and its slower thundercrack.

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Time is converted into distance. For
useful positioning, this timing must be

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accurates to a few billionths of a
second, the time it takes for light

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to travel thirty centimeters. Combine distance
measurements from multiple satellites simultaneously, and your

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position is pinpointed. A minimum of
four satellites is needed, three to fix

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the user's latitude, longitude, and
altitude, and a fourth to double check

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time. Your receiver is smart.
It knows the expected locations of the satellites

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to cut signal acquisition time from minutes
to a few seconds, and as Galileo

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signals are very faint, equivalent to
a sixty watt lightbulb shone down from space,

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they are based on complex codes identifying
each separate satellite. The receiver has

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copies of all these codes so can
make its own full scale replicas of faint

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original signals for calculation purposes. These
are used to calculate your final navigational fix,

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boosting our economy and quality of life
by letting everyone everywhere find our way

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this space time still the cam early
problems for the European Space Agency's Juice mission

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in Jupiter and later in the science
report a major ants in slowing down the

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progression of Alzheimer's All that are more
still to come on spacetime. A key

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radar antenna aboard the European Space agencies
Juice spacecraft has failed to open. US

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planned mission managers say the critical sixteen
meter radar for icy Moon's expiration antenna has

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only unfolded about a third of the
way and appears to be jammed. The

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antenna is needed to peer beneath the
icy crust of the three Jervian moons being

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targeted by the mission Anny Meade Callisto
in Europa, which are all suspected of

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harboring vast subsurface liquid water oceans under
their icy crusts. Engineers suspect a tiny

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pin maybe protruding, and flight controllers
and an he planned to fire the spacecraft's

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engines in hopes of shaking the pin
loose. That doesn't work, lots of

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time to try and figure something else
out. That's because Juice, the Jupiter

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Icy Mutes Explorer spacecraft won't reach the
Jovian system until twenty thirty one. The

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one point eight billion dollar mission launched
aboard an Iron five rocket from the European

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Space Agency's Career Space bought in French
Guiana back on April twelfth. The six

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thousand and seventy kilogram bus size spacecraft
will undertake a series of gravity assists flybys

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of the Earth and Moon, as
well as Venus, in order to sling

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shot itself to its distant deep space
targets. Mission managers say all other systems

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aboard the spacecraft are operating nominally,
with the radio dish, solar panels and

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ten point six men in magnetic field
probe all deploying successfully this space. Time

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and time out to take another brief
look at some of the other stories making

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using science this week. With the
Science Report. In what's being described as

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a major step in slowing down the
progression of Alzheimer's, drug company Eli Lily

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have announced the results of their phase
three trials which have shown a thirty five

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percent reduction in Alzheimer's progression. The
company claims it's drugged on animap significantly slowed

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cognitive and functional decline in people with
early symptomatic Alzheimer's disease. The trial looked

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at how the drug altered a measure
of cognition and ability by taking activities of

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daily living. It found that for
people with early stages of Alzheimer's, there

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was a thirty five percent slowing of
decline on the scale. Meanwhile, a

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report in the journal Neuron has unveiled
another potential new drug to help treat Alzheimer's.

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Phase three trials showed that the drug
lacanamad slowly cognitive decline in patients with

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earlier Alzheimer's by binding with a neutralizing
ameloid beta planque protein bundles associated with Alzheimer's

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disease progression. Scientists have discovered a
potential antidote for the poisonous deathcap mushroom.

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The fatal fungus is responsible for more
than ninety percent of all mushroom related deaths

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worldwide. The main toxin produced by
deathcap mushrooms is called alpha amanatin, and

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the researchers identified a key protein STT
three B, which is required for alpha

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amanatin to have its toxic effect.
Once they identified the protein, the authors

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then look for drugs that might block
it, and they found one called ADO

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Signing Green, which is already approved
by the US Food and Drug Administration.

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However, a report in the journal
Natric Communication says more work still needs to

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be done to assess it safety,
but when they tested the drug and human

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cells exposed to the toxin, it
acted as an antidote, blocking the toxic

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effects. A report in the British
Medical Journal says medical doctors and public health

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experts are joining calls to suspend development
of artificial intelligence until sufficient regulations are in

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place. The researchers site three major
reasons why artificial intelligence currently poses a real

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risk to public health and safety,
the first being its ability to ramp up

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surveillance capacity on the public, which
can be used to manipulate consumer choices,

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spread misinformation and social division, and
even enable government oppression. The second reason

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is current and potential future development of
military weapons that can kill entirely without human

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supervision. In other words, it's
the Skynet terminator scenario. And the third

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is the loss of jobs that will
come as artificial intelligence allows the automation of

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more and more different types of work. Last week, Jeffrey Hinton, the

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man widely seen as the father of
artificial intelligence who had his job with Google,

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warning about the growing dangers of developments
in artificial intelligence. Hinton's views echo

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those expressed earlier this year in a
public letter by Elon Musks, Steve Wasn't

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Act, and more than a thousand
other tech leaders calling for a six month

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moratorium on all development work on artificial
intelligence because of concerns over its use.

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Google have just relaunched their new Smarter
Bed artificial intelligence chat CHPT. They're hoping

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the updates and chances they've made will
help people forget about the disastrous first take

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when the AI chat butt provided the
wrong answer in the process, tanking the

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company's stocks by eight percent. However, it didn't take long but bed to

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show its faults, displaying some strong
and politically biased views as well the new

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software. Google has also launched new
phones and tablets. With the details,

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we're joined by technology editor Alex Sahara
Road from Tech Advice Start Life. They've

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got AI everywhere in all of its
announcements. There were a new Generative AI

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experimental section for regular Google Search,
So you have to go to g dot

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co forward slash Labs and then you
can get a generative AI response to your

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queries. You can actually see a
whole bunch of things for sale that relate

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to that if that's something you want
to purchase, where Google can actually update

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those for sale links one point eight
billion times per hour. It's very fresh

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starter and it can also show you
not only where the information from its generative

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AI response came from, but also
it will prompt you on other questions you

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can ask and will remember what it
told you before and we'll remember the context.

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So search is going to change,
but there's a scatle of the things

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that Google bar is now no longer
on a waitlist. It's opened up to

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a one hundred and eighty countries.
Just go to bar dot Google dot com.

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If you have a Gmail account you
can start using its right away.

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If you have a Workspace account you
need to get the admin to switch that

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facility on, but it's there as
well. They also have these large language

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model engines behind the whole thing.
There's a new thing called Palm two and

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they've got four different versions of that, the smallest of which can fit onto

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a phone. And so it's a
bit like kit Chucker's Guide the Galaxy,

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a book that has everything in all
the answerity costs that we want without having

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to be online. I can see
that sort of thing is becoming very popular

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very quickly, and they have much
larger language models that are to be used

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by companies who want their own private
things, or just by people who want

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to attach GT clone for their own
uses without having to go online. So

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for all these highlights and more,
come to my site tech Advice dot Life

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l Ife. I've got a link
to the full two hour keynote. There's

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also another organization's eighteen minute cutdown version
and another version from Google. Lots of

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information and details and links to all
of their official Google information. They're very

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exciting stuff and as well as the
software there's some new hardware out as well.

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Yeah, Google has become very strong
in the hardware with their Picture line

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of phones. Very successful, I
mean, clearly lots of competition out there,

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but they've got the new Pixel seven
A, which is the lower cost

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device four ninety nine in the US, seven forty nine in Australia. There

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are cheaper phones out there, but
this has Google's most advanced tens Or G

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two chip. It's got a ninety
hurt screen so quite smooth scrolling, eight

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gear of RAM. It gets the
Google updates immediately upon being launched. You

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don't have to wait months and months
like you do with other brands. Three

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years of Android updates, five years
of security updates, and of course all

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of Google's photo smart don't even have
an app called the Voice Recorder that not

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only records live audio but gives you
a live transcript as well, which is

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very handy. Only Google officers a
natively. Then there's the Google Tablet four

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ninety nine again in the US,
eight ninety nine in Australia. Eleven inch

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tablet comes with a speaker magnetic stand
so that it's like a smart display smart

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home speaker when you're not using it
as a tablet, but you can just

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clip it off. It's magnetically attached
and bang it's a tablet in your hand.

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And so it's got really dual uses
there. It's always going to be

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charged when you need it, always
ready to go. And finally, the

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Google Pixel fold it's like the Sam's
Galaxy Z fold eipt it's from Google.

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It's got a larger, wider front
screen. The Samsung's one is quite narrow

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and internally it's got a nice square
kind of unfolding internal screen. You can

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still see the crease unfortunately, but
that's modern technology and its limitations. No

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style of support however, if you
want that, you're still need Samsung.

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And it's seventeen ninety nine US,
which is at least two thousand and seven

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hundred Australians. So they haven't launched
in Australia, probably because it's quite expensive.

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It seems to be a huge discrepancy
there between wider US citizen and Australian

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citizen, and pain for the same
product certainly doesn't seem to reflect the exchange

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rate. When you look at the
tablet, you're four hundred and X dollars

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for the US and eight hundred x
dollars for Australia. Yeah, I mean

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that they're they're putting one hundred and
fifty bucks on Yeah for sure, so

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Australians do pay more. So Yeah, that's Alexahara Royd from Tech Advice,

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Start Life, and that's the show
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