Exploring the Outer Edges: Unveiling the Ninth Planet or Unraveling Gravity's Secrets? | S26E126

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This is Spacetime Series twenty six,
Episode one hundred and twenty seven, for

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broadcast on the twentieth of October twenty
twenty three. Coming up on space Time,

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the plot thickens and the Hunt Planet
nine. You clues on planetary formation

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and fresh insights into the atmosphere and
star of an exoplanet. All that and

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more coming up on space Time Welcome
to space Time with Stuart Gary. A

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pair of theoretical physicists are reporting that
the same observations inspiring the hunt for a

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ninth planet the outer edge of our
Solar System might instead be evidence of a

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modified law of gravity originally developed to
understand the rotation of galaxies. Reporting in

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the Astronomical Journal Researches, harsh Matter
from Case Western Reserve University and Catherine Brown

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from Hamilton College made the assertion after
studying the effect the Milky Way galaxy would

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have on objects in the outer Solar
System. That's if the laws of gravity

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were governed by a theory known as
modified new turn in dynamics or MOOND.

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MOOND proposes that to isaa, Newton's
famous laws of gravity are valid only up

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to a point. That is,
when the gravitational acceleration predicted by Newton's law

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becomes small enough, Moond allows for
a different gravitational behavior to take over.

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The observational success of Mind on galactic
scales is why more and more scientists are

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considering it an alternative to dark matter, the term physicists used to describe that

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mysterious hypothesized form of matter which is
invisible but has gravitational effects on surrounding regular

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matter. It's thought to be what
stops its galaxies flinging apart as they rotate,

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and provides an added degree of magnification
during gravitational lensing events. Martha says

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Mon's really good at explaining gravitational observations, but it wasn't expected to have any

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noticeable effects on the Outer Solar System. Martha and Brown have studied Mon's effects

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on galactic dynamics before, but they
became interested in Mon's more local effects after

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astronomers announced in twenty sixteen that a
handful of objects in the Outer Solar System

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showed orbital anomalies that could be explained
by a ninth planet. The hunt for

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that missing ninth planet's been going on
ever since, but did not avail,

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at least not yet. Meanwhile,
Brown realized that Mon's predictions might be at

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odds with the observations that had motivated
the search for planet nine. She says

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they wanted to see whether or not
the data that supported the planet nine hypothesis

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would effectively rule out Mond. Instead, they found that Mond predicted precisely the

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clustering that astronomers had observed. Mather
and Brown argue that over millions of years,

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the orbits of some of the objects
in the out of Solar System would

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be dragged into alignment with the galaxy's
own gravitational field. Mathis says that when

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they plotted the orbits of the objects
from the planet nine data set against the

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galaxy's own gravitational field, the alignment
was striking. However, the author's caution

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the current data set is small,
and that any number of other possibilities might

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prove to be correct. For example, it's been argued that the orbital peculiarities

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are all the result of observational bias. Brown says, regardless of the outcome,

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the new work highlights the potential of
the out of Solar System. The

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servers the laboratory for testing gravity and
studying some fundamental problems in physics this space

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time still to come. Astronomers have
discovered the youngest hot Jupiter ever seen,

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and new insights into the atmosphere and
star of an exoplanet. All that and

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more still to come on space time. Okay, let's take a short break

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the ural details in the show notes
and on our website. And now it's

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back to the show. This is
Spacetime with Stuart Gary. Astronomers have discovered

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the youngest hot jupiter ever seen.
Hot jupiters are giant gas exo planets in

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tight orbits around their stars. They're
thought to have been originally formed further out

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in their star systems, but then
migrated inwards to their current orbital positions.

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However, a study of a hot
jupiter known as ci Toower B is raising

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more questions than answers about its origin. A reporting the Estrophysical Journal Letters suggest

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that CI Tower be as a close
nine earth day orbit around its host star

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Ci Toower, which is located some
four hundred and fifty light years from Earth

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in the constellation Taurus the Bull.
The trouble is the star is only around

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two million years old, and that's
far too young to have such a mature

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planet orbiting so closely for decades.
Most astronomers believe that giant planets like the

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gas giants Jupiter and Satin in our
Solar System would have formed further out from

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the host stars over periods of around
ten million years or so, but the

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discovery of dozens of hot jupiters out
there have led to new theoretical models that

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might describe how such planets could form. Now a four year nearing for its

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spectroscopic analysis of the ci tower system
has provided some surprises. Astronomers have been

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studying ci towbe's brightness, mass,
and atmospheric carbon monoxide levels to answer questions

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about how our planets so large could
around a star so young. One of

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the studies authors at least a proto
from the Lower Observatory is importantly, they

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were able to undertake spectroscopic observations of
the planet itself, the first time this

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has been done for such a close
sin planet around such a young star.

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The most valuable way to learn how
planets form is the study planets like COITOWB

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that are either still forming or of
only just completed forming. Ci Toowerb's age

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made it a perfect candidate for observation
with the Emerson Grating Infrared Spectrograph. It's

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a unique high resolution instrument that was
used during observations of CIOWERB from both the

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Mcdonnal observatories two point seven meter telescope
and the Lower Observatory's four point three meter

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telescope. Because each atomic element and
molecule of a star emits light at a

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specific set of wavelengths, Astronomers can
look for specific signatures or spectral lines to

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see if an element is present in
a distant star or planet. Spectral lions

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can also reveal the temperature and density
of a star and how fast it's moving.

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Preto says the research team used the
spectral lines from carbon monoxide to distinguish

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the light emitted by the planet from
the light being emitted by the nearby star,

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but many the spectral lines that are
featured in the planet are also featured

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in the star. If both the
planet and the star were stationary, then

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the spectral lions would blend together,
making them hard to distinguish from one another,

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meaning scientists wouldn't be able to tell
what came from the star and what

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came from the planet. But because
the planet's orbiting the star rapidly, its

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lines are shifting back and forth dramatically, allowing astronomers to subtract out the stars

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lines and see only the lions coming
from the planet, and from those they

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could determine how bright the planet is
relative to the star, which tells them

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something about how it formed. That's
because the brightness of a star or planet

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depends both upon its size and its
temperature. Direct observation evidence of the mass

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and brightness of Ci Tower b's especially
useful because we also know it orbits a

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very young star. Most of the
hot jupiter's found so far we're found orbiting

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middle aided stars, but Ciow's age
provides a tight constraint for testing models by

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providing a unique empirical yardstick by which
to measure competing theories. Can they produce

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a planet this spright and massive in
so little time? The author's analysis of

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the spectral lines from carbon monoxide shows
that Ci Tower B has a mass of

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around eleven point six jupiters and is
around one hundred and thirty four times fainter

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than its parent star. At about
two million years old, Ci Tow B

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is by far the youngest hot jupiter
directly detected. Preto says that provides strong

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evidence that it formed through a hot
start process, a theoretical model that describes

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how gravitational instabilities could form giant planets
more rapidly than traditional accretion models. There's

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no way you could you could possibly
make up the things that we see with

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telescopes. They're they're they're incredible.
It's it's better than any kind of fiction.

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Our sun is sort of unusual and
that it's all by itself. Most

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stars. If you go out at
night, clear night, you look at

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the sky, you see all those
little points of light. About half of

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those points you see are actually systems
of more than one star, two,

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three, four, or five stars, all gravitationally bound. My name is

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Lisa Prato. I'm an astronomer at
Low Observatory, and I work on very

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young binary stars and planet formation and
very young stellar systems. Doctor Lisa Prato's

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research is aimed at solving a big
question, how do planets form? The

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answer lies somewhere inside a star system. Doctor Proto doesn't look for any old

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stars. She looks for only the
youngest ones. These are things that are

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compared to a human, would be
minutes old, and for stars, they're

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a million years old or two million
years old. So there are these new

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born stars, These young, wild, misbehaving stars are very unstable, very

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variable. So it's excruciatingly difficult to
look for planets in these systems. But

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very young stars are the only chance
for doctor Proto to catch a glimpse of

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a disc of dust and gas that's
left over from the stars. Berth inside

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this disc is where planets form.
The search for young stars with planets becomes

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especially interesting with binaries. You have
two stars and both of them are they're

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born together, They're exposed to the
same conditions, the same environment, and

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the two stars have the same temperature
and the same mass. Why in some

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cases there's only one star still have
a disc and the other star doesn't.

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Does that mean the other star has
already formed planets? Or does that mean

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the other star didn't form with a
disc? Or these great questions. And

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when you have two or more stars
together, you actually have a sort of

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a built in control. Who knows
what answers? Doctor Pratu might find Now

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that IGRINS, the most powerful infrared
spectrograph in the world, has come to

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DCT through collaboration with the University of
Texas and KASSI in Korea, Doctor Prato

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realizes that all future breakthroughs rely on
collaboration, most importantly by passing the scientific

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method on to the next generation of
astronomers. I think the most important thing

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that I do is actually mentoring students
and interns and post docs. That's really

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cuy key to passing along knowledge.
And ideas, not just the science itself,

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but also how to do the sciences, the ethics and the things that

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should drive the work in astronomy,
which are curiosity and determination and dedication and

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honesty. That's Lisa Preta from the
Low Observatory and this is space time still

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to come new insights into the atmosphere
and star of an exoplanet, and later

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in the science report, scientists have
now discovered one hundred and twenty five mammal

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species low in the dark. All
that are more still to come on space

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time. Astronomers have failed defined any
signs of an atmosphere around the Earth like

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exoplanet Trappis one B. The findings
are reported in the Astrophysical Journal Letters are

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a blow for those who had speculated
that this world could Sunday play host to

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a human colony. Discovered back in
twenty sixteen, the Trappist one BE exoplanetary

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system is located just forty light years
away, making it a celestial near neighbor.

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It's centered around a spectro type M
red dwarf star, smaller and cooler

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than the Sun. So far,
astronomers have detected seven tightly packed Earth like

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planets orbiting around the star, three
of which, including Trappis one B,

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are within the star's habitable zone,
the area around a star where temperatures would

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allow liquid water central for life as
we know it to pul on a planet's

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surface. These features of all fueled
hopes are finding potentially habitable environments for humans

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beyond our Solar system. The new
observations examine the planets Trappist one, B,

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C, H ALL using the James
Web Space telescope with Trappis one be

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observed during two transits. By analyzing
the central star's light after it pass through

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the extoplanet's atmosphere during a transit,
astronomers can obtain spectroscopic data on the chemical

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composition of the planet's atmosphere, providing
unique fingerprints of the molecules and atoms found

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within that atmosphere. While all seven
of Trappis one's planets have been tantilizing candidates

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in the search for Earth sized planets
with an atmosphere, Trappist one be's proximity

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to its host star means it finds
itself in harsher conditions than its siblings.

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It receives four times more radiation than
the Earth does from the Sun and it

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has surfaced temperatures ranging from one hundred
and twenty to two hundred and twenty degrees

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celsius. Astronomers say they could also
confidently rule out the existence of a cloud

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free, hydrogen rich atmosphere. In
other words, there appears to be no

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clear extended atmosphere around Trappis one be
at all. However, it could not

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confidently exclude a thinner atmosphere, such
as those composed of pure water, carbon

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dioxide, or methane, nor an
atmosphere similar to that of Saturn's moon Titan,

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the only moon in the Solar System
with its own atmosphere, and one

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which many scientists believe was very similar
to the primordial Earth. However, if

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Trappist one BEE were to have an
atmosphere, it would have been the easiest

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to detect and describe of all the
targets in the system. That's because Trappis

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one B will be the closest planet
to the star and thus the hottest planet

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in the system. Its transit would
have created a strongest signal. All these

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factors make Trappis one BE a crucial
yet challenging target for observation. In fact,

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the key finding of the study was
the significant impact that stellar activity and

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contamination has when trains that determine the
nature of an exoplanet. Now, stellar

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contamination refers to the influence of the
star's own features, such as dark regions

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called sparts and bright regions called faculi, on the measurements of an exoplanet's atmosphere.

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The team found compelling evidence that still
A contamination plays a crucial role in

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shaping the transmission spectru of Trappis one
B and likely the other planets in the

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system as well. They found that
central star's activity can create ghost signals,

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00:18:18.039 --> 00:18:22.799
and these may fill the observer into
thinking that detected a specific molecule in an

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exoplanet's atmosphere, and so the results
underscore the importance of considering still A contamination

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when planning future observations of all exoplanetary
systems. This is especially true for systems

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like Trappis I, since it's centered
around a red dwarf star, which can

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be especially active with star spots and
frequent flare events. This is Space Time

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and time out for another brief look
at some of the other stories making us

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in science this week with a science
report. A new study has found that

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koala populations across Australia have been decimated
by bushfires in recent years, and researchers

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of forecasting that these wildfires will continue
to threaten them and their habitats even more

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in coming decades. By generating FI
susceptibility maps from the present through to the

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year twenty seventy, scientists were able
to identify the threat that wildfires posed to

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koalas both now and under feature climate
change scenarios, and they found alarming outcomes.

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The findings, reported in the journal
Environmental Technology and Innovation, show that

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almost half of austress koala habitats will
be under high bushfire threat by the year

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twenty seventy. There are fresh warnings
today that at least forty percent of amphibian

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species around the world are currently under
threat. The findings are reported in the

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journal Nature, based on an international
assessment of eight thousand species. The assessment

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was done last year to update a
previous analysis of amphibians in two thousand and

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four, which showed that they were
the most threatened type of animal with a

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backbone in the world. Researchers say
that the threats posed to amphibians are ongoing.

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However, while the vast majority of
threats back in two thousand and four

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were related to disease and habitat loss. Ongoing and predicted climate change impacts are

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now responsible for thirty nine percent of
the deterioration in the status of the animals.

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Scientists have now discovered around one hundred
and twenty five mammal species that glow

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under ultraviolet light. The findings,
reported in the journal the Raw Society Open

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Science, covers all twenty seven orders
of mammals, suggesting that it's actually quite

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widespread amongst mammal species. Researchers say
it's still unclear exactly why animals have this

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fluorescence, but it it's likely to
be used to make their skin and therapy

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brighter and enhance visual signaling, especially
for nocturnal species. Okay, time now

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for the silliest story of the week
and a wyoming couple enjoying a ride on

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the popular Durango and Silvers and narrow
Gate steam railroad, which snakes its way

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through southwestern Colorado. A video what
appears to be the ever less is Sasquatch

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timendum from Austraya and Skeptics says it's
one of the most unusual big foot sightings

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ever seen. That was great.
It like a good sath quatch film.

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Everyone thinks death quatches up in the
northwest of America, you know, with

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all foresty and stuff like that.
But the supposed sighting supposed sides of almost

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every state all the way down to
Florida of these sort of humuloid animals on

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the prow. And this film was
supposed to be taken from a steam train,

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small gauge tourist train running between a
couple of towns in Colorado. The

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story goes that someone was supposed to
be filming on behalf of someone else to

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try and spot Elk, and therefore
they were filming out the window the which

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was the back of the train,
filming out the window, and they saw

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something moving. Now, if you
look at the original video, this thing

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moving was a long way away that
they saw it moving apparently, and then

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most of the videos you see online
at large, so it makes them look

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a lot clearer. So this creature
they saw, which is humanoid, very

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person thing you're walking along through some
low brush, low scrub, and then

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sits down and then lies back.
But what's happening is that someone suggested is

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lying down hiding in response to the
train the whole minutes before the scene,

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and so that doesn't hold order to
me. Right then, what it is

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seemed to be doing is lying down
want to see someone filming it, which'd

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be an interesting prospect for a sealthquat
to know when someone is filming it.

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And one of the strange things about
this video is that it pans off to

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the right and doesn't film the creature
anymore. Creature still as far as I'm

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still sitting on the ground, But
then because the train is moving along,

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did you think you'd be turning around
and filming this thing for as long as

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you could. It doesn't come along
very often. Let's you see Bigfoot,

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but no, the camera just pans
on as if it's just going along.

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I got to tell you, it
looked more like a Wookie than a sasquatch.

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To me. It was long and
thin like a wookie. Sasquatch is

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supposed to be tall and broad.
Looks like a wookie costume. You can

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buy them for about three hundred dollars
in the US. Apparently, I look

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at it, but so and the
people themselves don't seem really like ridiculously excited

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about this thing. I don't know
how often they spot a sasquatch, they

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say, you know, there's the
elusive creature there. It is blood blah.

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But and you think I'd be running
around screaming something, look at that,

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look at that, look at that, in around a high piece of

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voice and saying how exciting it was. They don't seem huge excited. Normally,

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when you watch episodes of Finding Bigfoot, they're doing the finding or the

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searching, at least if they don't
actually find anything. They're doing the searching

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at night. So one of Thesume's
Bigfoot would be nocturnal. Yet this is

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broad daylight. Yeah. The famous
Patterson film that was in the late sixties

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was daylight as well. You know, film later admitted that it was certainly

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the guy who got dressed up said
it was looking all along and yeah that's

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daylight. Yeah, most of the
things at night. I don't know why

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ghosts when he come out at night, what's what's some of the ghosts in

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the daytime? You know, what's
what's their problems? Because they're going to

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be seen. There is actually a
company in the town they were heading towards,

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which promotes sasquatch through it. Now, they're actually really subtle about it.

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They're actually pretty cool. It seems
to be. They're mainly just promoting

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four wheel drive camping trips out of
the wild, so it's an interesting coincidence.

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It's Timendum from Ustria and Skeptics,
and that's the show for now.

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