Sept. 7, 2026
Dark Matter Signals and Lunar Origins: Exploring the Universe's Mysteries
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RSS Feed RSS Feed SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 107 Have scientists glimpsed a hint of dark matter A new analysis from the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment has recorded a particle interaction that scientists are having great difficulty explaining. A new scenario describing the birth of the Moon A new study claims the Earth’s Moon could have formed within just five hours of the giant planetary collision that formed the binary system. Starship's first orbital test flight slated for September 15 SpaceX looks set to undertake its next Starship test flight next week – and this one will be a full orbital flight. The Science Report There’s more confirmation today that people who use cannabis are more likely to develop psychosis. An Australian developed nuclear reactor designed to fit on the back of a truck has been ignored by the Albanese labor government. A new study has found memory loss begins much earlier than previously thought. The red waterfall in eastern Antarctica is likely a sign the region was once inundated with seawater. Skeptics guide to scams and how to deal with them. Our Guests This Week Dr Benjamin Pope from Macquarie University Chelsea Gohd NASA Public Engagement Specialist Astrophysicist Jason Rhodes NASA JPL Astrophysicist DIda Markovic NASA JPL Astrophysicist Eric Huff NASA JPL Our regular guests: Alex Zaharov-Reutt from techadvice.life Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics 🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn . The discounts and bonuses are incredible! And it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌ If you’d like to support the podcast and gain access to bonus content by becoming a SpaceTime crew member, you can do just that through The Big Bang editions on Patreon and Apple Podcasts. Details on the Support page on our website
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The Astronomy, Space, Technology & Science News Podcast.
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This is Space Time, Series 29, Episode 107, full broadcast
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on the 7th of September, 2026. Coming up on Space Time...
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Have scientists finally glimpsed a hint of dark matter? A
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new scenario describing how the Earth's moon was born? And
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Starship's first orbital test flight slated for next week. All
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that and more coming up on Space Time.
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Welcome to Space Time.
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With Stuart Garry. A new analysis by the Lux Zeppelin
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experiment has recorded a particle interaction with scientists having a
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great deal of difficulty trying to explain. This single event
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doesn't meet any known background signals for normal matter. Now,
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this result doesn't yet meet the statistical threshold required to
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claim the discovery, but it's the most compelling hint yet
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of that mysterious invisible substance known as dark matter ever reported. Now,
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if this anomalous event is caused by dark matter, the WIMP,
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that is Weakly Interactive Massive Particle, that caused it would
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most likely have a mass of at least 200 gigaelectron volts.
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That's more than 200 times the mass of a proton.
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It would also suggest a specific type of interaction between
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WIMPs and ordinary matter beyond the simplest model. The findings
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have been reported on the pre-press physics website archive.org and
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in the journal Physical Review Letters. For the better part
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of a century, people have been trying to understand dark matter.
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It's important because it makes up roughly 85% of all
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the mass in the universe. But it's never been directly detected.
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We only know it exists because of its gravitational interaction
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with regular matter. And determining exactly what it is remains
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one of the biggest questions in science. The Lux Zeppelin,
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or LZ, experiment is an international collaboration of 250 scientists
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and engineers from 39 institutions. The detector is managed by
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the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and
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operates almost 1.6 kilometers below the ground at the Stanford
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Underground Research Facility, situated inside an operational mine in South Dakota.
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The experiment uses 10 tons of ultra-pure liquid xenon to
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search for dark matter, and it's optimized to look for WIMPs.
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The team are intrigued to see this event in the data,
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in the very region where they expect dark matter to
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show up, and the competing backgrounds are very low. They're
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not claiming to have seen dark matter, at least not yet.
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But they have seen something really interesting, and they want
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to share that with the rest of the scientific community
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in order to get their input. The LZ collaboration studies
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experimental data in batches. In this new result, researchers analyzed
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220 live days of data collected between March 2023 and
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April 2024. The collaboration had previously searched this dataset, looking
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for faint signals from the simplest kinds of WIMP interactions.
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And the new analysis searched for a broader range of
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possible WIMP interactions, ones that could deposit more energy in
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the detector. You see, ELSI is especially sensitive to such signals,
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while also minimizing false positives. This was a detailed study
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in a region that hadn't been explored within this dataset before.
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The authors spent months of additional efforts to try and
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understand all the possible causes of background events. The study's
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lead author, Sam Erickson from the University of Bristol, says
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the team understands the detector and the background so well
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that even a single outstanding event like this one is important.
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The authors expect dark matter events to be extremely rare,
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so only a handful could mark the first detection of
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WIMP dark matter. But the LZ results have not reached
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the 5 sigma significance. That's the statistical threshold considered a
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discovery in physics. The new analysis, however, is 2.6 sigma,
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meaning there's approximately a 0.5% chance that the event could
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be explained by known backgrounds. With additional data, researchers will
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be able to test whether the finding continues to grow
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in significance or fade away. LZ searches for dark matter
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by looking for signature flashes of light from energy deposited
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in the detector. The collaboration leverages multiple methods to prevent
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or account for particle interactions caused by normal matter. This
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includes more than a kilometer of rock that shields the
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detector from cosmic rays from space, a water tank and
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outer detectors that protect the central detector from background neutrons,
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and a suite of computational tools that disentangle particle interactions
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and reject dark matter mimics. The simple fact is, dark
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matter and dark energy are two of the biggest questions
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remaining in science's understanding of the standard model of particle physics,
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the cornerstone which explains the universe as we know it.
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This report from NASA TV.
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The dark universe, as some call it, represents some of
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the biggest unknowns in the cosmos.
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But what are these mysteries?
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What don't we know? Enter dark matter and dark energy.
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Despite the similarities in name, the two are actually not
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the same at all.
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They're both called dark because we can't see them. What
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is dark matter?
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What is dark energy?
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Dark matter is mass we see out there in the universe,
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but we can't see it because it gives off or
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absorbs light. We can only see its effect through the
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gravity it has on other matter, like stars and galaxies.
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The way that we know dark matter is there is
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a result of many different indirect kinds of evidence. The
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motion of things in the universe is mainly affected by
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the gravity of the things around them. And what we
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see is that when galaxies or stars are orbiting something massive,
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they're all moving far too fast for their speeds to
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be explained just by the mass of the things that
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we can see in the optical.
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In the 70s, an astronomer called Vera Rubin was doing
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her PhD observing how stars rotate inside of galaxies. she
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found that stars are going around galaxies way too fast.
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And so she said, oh, there must be some other
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matter there, actually quite a lot of mass there that
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I'm not seeing, making it possible for the stars to
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rotate so quickly in galaxies and not fly off.
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We study dark matter through a number of techniques, but
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for me, the most exciting technique is called gravitational lensing.
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It's when the light from a distant galaxy changes comes
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towards us and it passes by the dark matter of
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a galaxy or cluster of galaxies and the path of
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that light is bent and therefore the image we see
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of that distant galaxy is distorted and we can tell
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through those distortions how much dark matter is out there.
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Dark energy is sort of an umbrella term for a
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lot of different theories or ideas that are all trying
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to explain the same one fact. That the universe is expanding,
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but not only is it expanding, but that expansion is
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speeding up.
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We have really good measurements of the expansion of the
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universe over cosmic time. In a universe with just mass
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and gravity, that expansion should slow down due to gravity,
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but instead we see it speeding up. And so that's
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how we know that there's dark energy out there.
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In the 90s and maybe also the 80s of the
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previous century, people started to hypothesize that there may be
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something else than matter in the universe. And then in
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the late 90s, there were two teams of astronomers who
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were observing distant supernova explosions who discovered that the universe
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is expanding in an accelerated fashion.
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There's a number of techniques that we use to study
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dark energy. We want to measure two things about the universe.
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We want to measure first how the universe has expanded
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in the past. And we do that by looking at
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either exploding stars or we look at the positions and
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motions of galaxies. Another way we study dark energy is
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by looking at galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Their evolution
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is governed by an interplay between attractive gravity pulling things
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together and repulsive dark energy pushing things apart.
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We're even more uncertain about the nature of dark energy
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than we are about dark matter. And that means that
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in order to study it, we have to make a
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map of the universe on the largest scales. And this
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is something we're only now just beginning to do very accurately.
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We're basically making enormous three-dimensional maps of how galaxies are
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distributed in the universe, of how we think matter is
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distributed in the universe. We launched the Euclid Space Telescope,
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the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, and then we also
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have SPHERICS. And all three of them will be making
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these three-dimensional maps of the universe that will enable us
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to study dark matter on the one hand and dark
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energy on the other.
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They're going to gather data that's going to allow us
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to much better constrain the properties of dark matter and
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dark energy. But in doing so, we take surveys of
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big areas of the sky. We're going to have data
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sets that will be useful for decades to come for
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questions about the evolution of galaxies, the formation of stars,
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and other questions that we haven't even thought of yet.
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If you want to know what's going to happen to
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the whole universe in the distant future, or you want
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to start answering questions about you know, how things came
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to be. Dark matter and dark energy are the majority
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of what the universe is made up of today. And
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you can't really start to approach these most basic questions
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about reality unless you have some clue about what most
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of the universe is made up of.
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And in that report from NASA TV, we heard from
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NASA's Chelsea Good and astrophysicist Jason Rhodes, Dela Markovic and
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Eric Huff from JPL. This is Space Time. Still to come,
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a new scenario to describe the birth of the Earth's
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moon and Starship's first orbital test flight slated for next week.
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All that and more still to come on Space Time.
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A new study claims the Earth's moon could have formed
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within just five hours of the giant planetary collision which
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formed the Earth-moon binary system. The findings reported in the
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Astrophysical Journal letters are based on a re-evaluation of the
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temperatures of the materials involved in that Earth-shattering impact. Astronomers
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generally agree that a Mars-sized planet, which they've named Theia,
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crashed into the early Proto-Earth around 4.5 billion years ago.
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That impact melted both worlds into a giant magma ocean,
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and that ocean gradually differentiated as it cooled, eventually forming
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the Earth as we know it today. And ejected debris
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flung into orbit by that collision ultimately coalesced to form
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the moons. But new computer simulations are factored in something
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that wasn't included in the original calculations, namely the material
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strength of the two colliding planets. And these new impact
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simulations could change how scientists understand the moon's formation and
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help constrain the timing of the event. One of the
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study's authors, Aideen Denton from the Southwest Research Institute in
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San Antonio, Texas, says the new calculations showed that the
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pre-existing geology of the Mars-sized proto-moon matters. She says that
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when you simulate the Earth and Moon as colliding bodies
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with geologic properties, it changes how the Moon forms out
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of that impact. Earlier studies of the giant impact scenario
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have ignored material strength, which was thought to be insignificant
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for such a high-energy event. But Denton and colleagues revisited
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this hypothesis, incorporating temperature-dependent geologic strength for the first time.
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Something that's really important when you're studying collisions between smaller bodies,
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like asteroids, or say the formation of the Pluto-Sharon binary system.
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But she admits she wasn't sure whether or not it
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would matter for the moon. But when Denton and colleagues
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did the simulations, they found that it actually matters a lot.
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You see, hotter bodies are weaker than cooler ones, and
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the authors found that moon formation is sensitive to the
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temperature of the colliding bodies. It turns out some scenarios
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can produce a fully intact moon within hours of the impact,
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while others produce a protolunar disk around the Earth that
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ultimately forms the moon over time. Because protoplanets generally start
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off hot and cool with age, this establishes an important
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new connection between the timing of the giant impact and
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the nature of the moon's initial state and assembly. Denton
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says depending on how hot the Earth and the Moon
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are prior to the collision, the impact can destroy Theia
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and produce a massive disk of debris that eventually forms
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the Moon. But when she used the same parameters as
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original impact modelling, down to the equal temperature structures inside
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both bodies, the intact Moon emerged within just five hours.
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While intact moon outcomes have been seen in prior simulations,
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the new findings were the first to show that material
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strength and temperature play a crucial role as to whether
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the moon forms intact or whether it's secreted from material
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processed in a protolunar disk. These surprising new results imply
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a potential connection between the physical properties of the moon today,
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including perhaps its volatile content and the thermal state of
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the Earth and Theia at the time of the giant impact.
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As with prior models, explaining the close compositional makeup of
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the Earth and Moon remains an open scientific question. A
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possible explanation is that Thea and the proto-Earth form from
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a common region in the protoplanetary disk, while Mars, which
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is compositionally distinct from the Earth and Moon, formed further away.
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This is space-time. Still to come, Starship's first orbital test flight,
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slated for September 15th, and later in the science report,
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an Australian-developed nuclear reactor designed to fit on the back
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of a truck has been ignored by the Albanese Labor
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government in Canberra, but praised by Washington. All that and
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more still to come on Space Time. SpaceX looks set
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to undertake its next Starship test flight on September the 15th,
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and this one is likely to be a full orbital flight. See,
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until now, all Starship test flights have remained suborbital. That's
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simply so that the spacecraft remains in full daylight for
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the entire duration of the mission, thereby providing scientists and
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engineers with the best possible visual data of the vehicle's performance.
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