Aug. 20, 2026
Cosmic Ingredients: Planet Formation, Axion Searches, and NASA's Swift Mission
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RSS Feed RSS Feed SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 100 The ingredients for planets formed far earlier than thought A new study suggests that the basic ingredients needed to form planets - and possibly life - may have existed just a hundred million years after the big bang -- far earlier in the history of the Universe than previously thought. Hunting for the hypothetical axion For years scientists have been hunting for a hypothetical elementary particle called the AXION which could lead to new physics unlocking some of the greatest mysteries of the universe. Now the German Research Foundation has given a green light to the construction of a new six million Euro experiment called the BabyIAXO – a first step in the search for the elusive and as yet undetected particle. NASA’s Swift rescue mission back on track Katalyst Space has successfully uploaded a new flight software update designed to return its Link spacecraft into a more stable configuration. Link is on a rescue mission to save NASA’s Swift gamma ray space telescope from crashing back to Earth. The Science Report A new potential cure for baldness. Study shows people are most ticklish on the neck, armpits, belly, and the soles of their feet. Scientists have discovered a fossil of the earliest known siphuncle-bearing cephalopod. Study shows moving a pet cat from an outdoor lifestyle to living indoors is easier than you think. Skeptics guide to chasing the Moon. Our regular guests: Alex Zaharov-Reutt from techadvice.life Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics And Senior science writer and Sky and Telescope magazine contributor Jonathan Nally 🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn . The discounts and bonuses are incredible! And it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌ If you’d like to support the podcast and gain access to bonus content by becoming a SpaceTime crew member, you can do just that through The Big Bang editions on Patreon, Spotify and Apple Podcasts. Details on the Support page on our website https://www.bitesz.com/show/spacetime/support/ For more SpaceTime and show links: https://linktr.ee/biteszHQ If you love this podcast, please get someone else to listen too. Thank you…
The Astronomy, Space, Technology & Science News Podcast.
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This is Spacetime Series twenty nine, episode one hundred, for
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broadcast in the twenty first of August twenty twenty six.
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Coming up on Space Time, a new study says the
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ingredients for planets may have formed much earlier than previously thought.
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Hunting for the hypothetical axion which could explain a lot
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of the missing physics in science, and good news with
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NASA Swift Rescue mission back on track. All that and
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more Coming up on Spacetime.
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Welcome to Space Time with Stuart Gary.
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A new study suggest that the basic ingredients needed to
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form planets and possibly life may have existed just a
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few hundred million years after the Big Bang, far earlier
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in the history of the universe than previously thought. Scientists
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had previously assumed that planet formation was a slow, long process,
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only really getting going several billion years into the universe's history.
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The very first stars in the universe and earnest population
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three stars, were enormous, hundreds of times the mass of
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our Sun. They were unique formed out of the pure
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primordial hydrogen and helium created in the Big Bang thirteen
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point eight billion years ago. They were the hottest, the
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most luminous stars that ever existed, nothing like them exist today,
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and being so massive and hot, they burned through their
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nuclear feel supplies at an intense rate, only living for
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very short periods of time, perhaps just one hundred million
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years or even less. That compares to the expected twelve
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billion year lifespan of a star like our Sun. And
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when these first generation stars died, they ended their lives
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in powerful supernova explosions. Both during their lives and as
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they died, they produced all the other elements in the universe,
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elements which simply didn't exists beforehand, including all those needed
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to build planets and ultimately life, such as carbon, oxygen,
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and iron. The new findings, reported in the journal Astrophysical Letters,
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shows that the precursors of terrestrial planets could form around
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low mass, long lived stars in the debris of the
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first cosmic explosions one hundred million years after the Big Bang.
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One of the studies authors, Daniel Whalen from the University
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of Portsmouth, says a specific type of population three super
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and ova, called a parent's stability super and ova, is
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so powerful it can blast out more than one hundred
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times the mass of the Sun's worth of heavy elements
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in a single explosion, and this material would then seed
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and enriched nearby clouds of gas, resulting in surprisingly high
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concentrations of heavy elements, and those in rich clouds could
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then collapse under gravity that forms swirling protoplanetary disks of
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material around young, nascent stars, much like the disc from
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which our own Solar system formed. Wellen says his team's
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computer simulations of the early Universe looked at just such
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a protoplanetary disk around a young star with about seventy
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percent the mass of the Sun, and within that disk
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enough solid material had accumulated to create several Earth mass
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planets at roughly the same distance from the star as
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the Earth is from the Sun. Most surprisingly, the disc
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also contained substantial amounts of water, only a few times
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less than what was available when our own Solar system
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was formed. Now, what this means is that any planets
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forming there could potentially have received water in a way
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similar to the Earth, which is thought to have gained
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much of its water from material left hebit during planet
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building processes. The new findings suggest that the conditions for
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planetary formation may therefore have existed much earlier than previously thought,
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and if that is the case, it raises an intriguing question.
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Could potentially habitable worlds have appeared far earlier in the
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universe's history as well. This is space time still to
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come hunting for the hypothetical Axion, and good news with
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NASAs Swift rescue mission back on track. All that and
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more still to come on space time. For years, scientists
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have been hunting for a hypothetical elementary particle called the Axion,
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which could lead to new physics unlocking some of the
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greatest mysteries of the universe. Now, the German Research Foundation
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has given the green light for the construction of a
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new six million euro experiment to be called Baby Axo,
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a first step in the search for the elusive and
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as yet undetected particle. The Axion was first theorized back
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in nineteen seventy eight by physicist Frank Wilzick and Stephen Weinberg.
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Its discovery would revolutionize the standard model of particle physics,
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the foundation stone of sciences understanding of the universe. If
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it exists, the axion could will be the long sought
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after candidate for cold dark matter, that mysterious invisible substance
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that makes up eighty five percent of all the mass
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in the universe, and it could also explain the strong
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charged parity problem in quantum chromodynamics why the neutrone has
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virtually no electric dipole moment balancing chart symmetry. The Babixo
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experiment will use a ten meter long cryogenically cooled superconducting
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magnet operating at around minus two hundred and seventy degrees
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celsius on a moving platform tracking the Sun across the
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sky for twelve hours a day. The magnet needs to
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be operated at around minus two hundred and seventy degrees
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celsius to achieve the necessary magnetic strengths. The project, coordinated
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at Mattia Start from the University of Bond, says the
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Babixo project will be the largest dipole magnet ever constructed
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in particle physics. He describes it as the beating heart
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of the experiment. What makes Babixo possible at the first place.
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The experiment itself will be built at a Dizzy research
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center in Hamburg. Now, as the name suggests, Babixo represents
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an intermediate stage on the journey to an even bigger,
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fully your own magnetic system. The International Axion Observatory or
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i AXO, which will be twice as big. Using a
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twenty meter along magnet, this telescope will study of the
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Sun at unprecedented levels of sensitivity, some ten thousand times
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more efficiently than the most powerful helioscopes used today. IAXO
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will have eight measuring stations, each kitted at with various
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telescopes and detectors. E lit siders look for axions with
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varying ranges of properties, and it will allow scientists to
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develop the technologies and instruments that IAXIO will need. Of course,
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it'll be just the latest in an ongoing hunt for
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the elusive particle. Among the many experiments already searching for
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the axion is the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the
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United States.
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Dark matter is a mystery that we've had in physics
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since the nineteen thirties. If you look at the way
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galaxies move and the way stars move around them, there's
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got to be a lot of unseen matter holding the
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galaxies together. Nothing in the periodic table or in the
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standard model could possibly make up. We know what dark
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matter isn't We know it is not nuclei or gas
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and galaxies. We know it's not deviations from gravity, and
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we know it's not other particles in the Standard Model
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like the neutrino, so it's got to be something new.
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And the particle that we're looking for is called an axion.
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Axions are extremely light particles that were first postulated to
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solve another problem in the Standard Model. These axions are
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extremely light. You can think of more like radio waves,
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and they'd be about ten to the fourteen percuba scentinator.
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So we're taking data right now. We don't know where
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the axion's mass is, so we're tuning the experiment of
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our frequencies. We could find it tomorrow or may take
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a decade to look for, but the experiment is continually
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being upgraded so we can scan faster and faster to
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hopefully detect it very soon. So the experiment started here
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at Lawrence. A little bit more if we have a
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collaboration between you see California, Berkeley, University of Floor, University
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of Washington, and since then the collaboration has grown to
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a number of national laboratories in the universities both domestic
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and internationally. The equipment we're using is the Axion Dark
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Matter Experiment, So we have an eight Tesla magnet. It's
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located at the University of Washington, who was actually started
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here in the lab many years ago. We have a
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microwave cavity, and that resonant cavity stimulates the conversion of
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these axions to detectable microwaves. We're looking for tiny amounts
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of power, like ten of the mice twenty four wants
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so tens to hundreds of photons every second, so we
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need to use quantum electronics to be able to boost
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that into a detectable range. And then at that point
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it's basically an AM radio if you're turning the dial
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looking for small tones, small excess of power above the
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background noise. The dark matter experiment really uses cutting edge
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quantum electronics. These quantum amplifiers that have been built at
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UC Berkeley for US are also used to read out cubits,
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and those cubits can be used for quantum computing. This
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is a energy physics experiment that uses a lot of
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the same technologies that will be used for quantum computing
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in the future. Well, finding dark matter has been one
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of the major problems in physics for almost one hundred
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years now, so this would be a major victory in
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physics and the standard model. In addition, the Axion itself
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would have a lot of information encoded into its frequency structure.
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You'd see information as the Earth moves around the Sun,
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as the Sun goes through the galaxy, you could see
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that frequency shifting around. And so the Axion dark matter
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experiment would become basically a dark matter telescope. And as possible,
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this is a new particle that we is unlike anything
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we know of, so there could be other potential practical
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applications in the far future.
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That's physicist Gene Payola Karasi from the Laurence Slivermore National Laboratory.
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And this space time still to calm. Good news with
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NASA's Swift risky emission back on track and later in
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the science report a potential cure for boldness. All that
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and more still to calm on space time. Catalyst Space
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have successfully uploaded new flight software updates designed to return
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its Link spacecraft into a more stable configuration. Link is
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on a rescue mission to try and save NASA's Swift
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Gamma ray space telescope. SWIFT provides scientists studying the most
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powerful explosions in the universe with an early warning system.
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These explosions called gamma ray bursts only last a few seconds,
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and Swift gives astronomers a much needed heads up, giving
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them the time they need to turn their telescopes towards
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the blast. The problem is Swift was launched without any
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means of boosting its orbit should that orbit decay, and
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the recent solo maximum climax of the Sun's eleven yes
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solar cycle has proven to be far stronger than anticipated.
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The increase in solar storm activity has sent powerful flares
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and chronal mass ejections hurtling towards the Earth, and as
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they hit the atmosphere, it causes it to expand and contract,
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sort of wabbling like jello. And that's placed extra atmospheric
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drag on the Swift space telescope, causing its orbit two decay.
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Without help, Swift will re enter the atmosphere in the
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next few months, spurning up as it plummets back to
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the surface, and that's where the Link spacecraft comes in.
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It's designed to rendezvous with Swift, maneuver around the orbiting observatory,
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and grab onto it with its three robotic arms. It'll
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then fire its thrusters, boosting Swift back up to its
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original six hundred kilometre high orbit. At least that was
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the plan. However, after its launch aboard of pegas's rocket,
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Link experienced an unexpected electrical power system anominally during its
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orbital commissioning. This caused an uncommanded electrical bus reset and
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that disabled two of the spacecraft's three orientation controlling reaction
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with it also degraded its cold gas thrusters, which are
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used for fine guidance control. The end result was that
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it sent the Link spacecraft into an uncontrolled multi access
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tumbling spin, rotating at around nine degrees per second, causing
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communication dropouts. The Catalyst team have used a series of
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engine burns from one of the links skinnled electric propulsion
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thrusters to slow that spin rate down to a more
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manageable one point four to seven degrees per second, and
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then you uploaded flight software patch has further rectified some
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of the other issues affecting the spacecraft. Now this is
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all prepared Link to continu its approach towards the Swift spacecraft,
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performing a series of burns and maneuvers to align the
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links all but with that of Swift, before attempting to
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capture and raise the telescope back up to its higher
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orbital altitude. Mission managers and how carefully evaluating remaining subsystem
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performance options before attempting any complex rendezvous operations with Swift
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full goes to plan. Link will make its first rendezvous
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attempt with the orbiting observer sometime in the next week.
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Now.
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If the capture succeeds, Link will spend several months using
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its thrusters the boost Swift back up to its higher orbit.
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Mind you, the reboost needs to begin before Swift falls
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below the three hundred kilometer mark, and at the current
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rat of descent that's only a few months away. Below
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that threshold, atmospheric drag will become too intense for Link
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to safely rescue Swift. Needless to say, we'll keep you
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informed this space time and time that to take another
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brief look at some of the other stories making us
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in science this week with a science report. Two new
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trials have shown that a drug called at patasydonid was
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able to restore scalp hair growth better than a perceiver
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people with alpecia arata, a chronic immune disease that causes heads.
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The study reported in the Journal of the American Medical
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Association found that people taking the drug were able to
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achieve at least eighty percent coverage of their scalp with
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hair in about forty five to fifty percent of cases,
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compared to just one and a half to three point
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four percent for those on the placebo. The study didn't
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find any new safety concerns with the drug, which is
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already being used for several other inflammatory conditions. Well, it
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turns out that regardless of your cultural background, people generally
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speaking are most ticklish on their neck, their armpits, their belly,
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and on the soles of their feet. The findings reported
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in the General Nature based on a study of five
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hundred people with Chinese, Dutch, and Greek backgrounds. Two thirds
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enjoyed tickling others, and most associated it with playfulness and
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