Aug. 18, 2026
Cosmic Dawn Discoveries: Black Hole Stars and Mars' Hidden Water
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RSS Feed RSS Feed SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 99 Discovery of black hole stars at the cosmic dawn Astronomers have suggested mysterious objects from the dawn of time known as little red dots may represent an entirely new type of cosmic phenomenon which they’re calling black hole stars. Claims Mars could have had liquid water less than a billion years ago A new study claims Mars may have had liquid water flowing across its surface as recently as 757 million years ago, far more recent than the several billion years previously thought. A new mission to extend the life of satellites in orbit Northrop Grumman’s latest Mission to extend the life of spacecraft has successfully reached Geostationary Transfer Orbit and is now closing in on its first target telecommunication satellite. The Science Report A new, faster more inexpensive test for lung cancer. Having European ancestry linked to a greater risk of developing colorectal cancer. Scientists have used artificial intelligence to design and build functioning viruses. Kids who start using social media earlier often end up performing worse in tests later. Alex on Tech Google’s new pixel 11.
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The Astronomy, Space, Technology & Science News Podcast.
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This is Spacetime Series twenty nine, Episode ninety nine were
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broadcast on the nineteenth of August twenty twenty six. Coming
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up on Space Time, discovery of black hole stars at
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the Cosmic Dawn, claims that red planet Mars might have
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had liquid water less than a billion years ago, and
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a new mission to extend the life of satellites in orbit.
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All that and more coming up on space Time Welcome
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to Space Time with Stuart Gary. Astronomers now think mysterious
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objects from the dawn of time known as little red
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dots may represent an entirely new type of cosmic phenomenon,
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which they're calling black hole stars. Little red dots weren't
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even a thing until the Web Space Telescope began providing
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us with observations of the early universe. As soon as
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astronomers saw them immediately started scratching their heads because they
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had no idea what these things could be. The best
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hypothesis suggests their early, rapidly growing black holes wrapped in
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dense clouds of gas. Now, a new study reported in
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the journal Nature suggests these mysterious objects may help explain
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a monstrous billion solar mass black holes could have formed
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so soon after the Big Bang. Super massive black holes
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with masses millions to billions of times that of our
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Sun look at the centers of most galaxies, but it
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takes time for them to grow, and so how really
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humongous ones could have formed during the very earliest period
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of the universe's existence is a real mystery. Beyond being
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cosmic points of no return, black holes also play a
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crucial role in determining the ultimate fate of galaxies, influencing
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their growth, evolution, and appearance. When they're actively accreting material,
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some of these levithans turn into extraordinarily bright quasars, able
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to be seen across the other side of the universe,
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but their origins remained difficult to explain until now. Astronomers
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have known very little about how these super massive black
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holes could have formed. Also, it seems some quasars found
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in the early universe seem far too massive to exist.
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That's problematic as well, the studies lead author Rowan Nadu
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from the University of Hawaii. This is Explaining how billion
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solar mass quasars form when the universe was so young
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has been challenging scientists for decades now. Astronomers have never
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lacked imagination. Since the discovery of quasars, there's been no
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shortage of hypotheses to try and explain how these black
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holes grew so massive so quickly. Clearly something spectacular. It
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must have happened in the other universe. Now with NASA's
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web Space telescope they're doing, colleagues can directly observe this
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epoch of the evolution of the universe. They can see
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which of the many scenarios speculated about actually occur. And
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they've now discovered a unique object from the cosmic dawn
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of the thirteen billion years ago that's offering them a
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clue about the formation of these unusually big, super massive
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black holes. The light which is reaching us now was
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emitted by this object when the universe was just six
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hundred and sixty million years old. They do says the
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specter of light detected by web appears to be a
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clerk of gas feeding an early forming black hole. In
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addition to the characteristic features of a super massive black hole,
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this object, which has been cataloged as Mombight Star minus one,
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exhibits properties normally associated with stars. These include a spectral
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jump called a Barmer break that's an abrupt drop in
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a star or galaxy spectrum of light at the Barma
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limit wavelength of approximately three hundred and sixty four point
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five nanometers. It happens when high energy photons ionize hydrogen
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atoms from the second energy level, causing heavy absorption at
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shorter wavelengths. Now, in the case of Mombight star minus
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road there's one, the spectral jump is exceptionally strong, stronger
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even than those seen in star forming galaxies, dust free
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stellar populations, or the mysterious Little Red Dance. Now. So far,
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the main challenge in understanding Little Red Dots has been
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to separate the emission from the central object from that
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of the galaxy in which it resides, and MOMBH Star
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minus one resolves this issue for the first time by
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providing an unabstracted view of its core. Unlike other Little
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Red Dots, mom BH star minus one appears to account
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for nearly all of the observed light, leaving little room
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for light from the host galaxy. So, instead of being
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redden by dust as was previously thought for Little Red
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Darts when they were first discovered, this object, which they're
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now calling out black hole star, is enshrodded by gas,
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which shifts its light emission towards the red end of
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the spectrum without blocking the view, similar to the Raleigh
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scattering of light we see an Earth's atmosphere as sunsets
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turn red they do in colleagues. Monitored momb H Star
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minus one as a miniature super massive black hole in
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the earliest phase of its evolution, enshrouded by extremely dense
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turbulent gas, forming a dust free envelope around it. Now,
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theoretical models have already predicted that early black holes embedded
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in these gas clouds can grow rapidly through what's known
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as super Eddington accretion. Mombh Star minus one lies close
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to a brighter galaxy, and models suggest these two objects
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will eventually merge maybe one hundred million years from now.
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By superimposing spectra from both cosmic objects, the authors found
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that the combined spectrum would closely resemble that of Little
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Red Dots. If embedded in similar hearst galaxies. Black hole
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stars like Mombh Star minus one might well serve as
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the central engines of baby quasars. Considering the black hole
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star as a template for the black hole component of
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Little Red Dots helps clarify many of the uncertainties about
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them now. Back in March twenty twenty five, the discovery
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of mol O mbH star minus one was reported on
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the pre press physics website archive dot org, alongside what's
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probably another black hole star named the Cliff, a similar
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looking source but roughly two to three billion years after
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the Big Bang. The simultaneous discovery of two such objects
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supports the hypothesis that these really are a new class
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of objects, which astronomers are calling black hole stars, and
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now that scientists have identified black hole stars, their spectra
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can serve as templates to guide new searchers, and a
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new report in the Astrophysical journal Letters has now identified
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a potential third black hole star candidate, but this one
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from a much later time period, and that suggests that
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these curious objects could also be found in much later
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cosmic times, though they are likely to be far less
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common then. This is space time still to come. Claims
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Mars could have had liquid water on its surface less
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than a billion years ago, and the launch of a
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new mission to extend the life of satellites in orbit.
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All that and more was still the calm on space time.
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A new study claims the red planet Mars might have
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had liquid water flowing across its surface as recently as
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seven hundred and fifty seven million years ago. Now that's
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far more recent than the several billion years previously thought.
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The findings were reported in the journal Nature Astronomy, based
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on a new analysis of mineral data gathered by China's
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Urrong Mars rover. Until now, astronomers have assumed that Mars
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lost most of its water billions of years ago as
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the planet's core solidified and its protective magnetic field, which
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shielded the Martian atmosphere from the eroding effects of the
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solar wind, began to shut down. As the atmosphere degased
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into space, the pressures and temperatures required to keep surface
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water liquid changed, results in water ice sublimating directly into
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a gas rather than turning liquid first, and so a
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once warm, wet world capable of supporting life was transformed
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into the freeze dried desert we see today. Any liquid
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water would either have been locked away deep underground or
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lost into space. Our previous estimates suggest this probably happened
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around three to four billion years ago. However, new research
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led by Xai cheng Lu from the University of Hong
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Kong has discovered evidence of mineral crystals that could have
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formed in standing water on a patch of Martian ground
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far younger than expected. The findings are based on data
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samples collected by Xirong on the vast plains of Utopia
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Plelesia in the Martian Northern Hemisphere lowlands. Jirong's cameras imaged bright,
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flat rocks perking up through the sand, and later analysis
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suggests these rocks are rich in water bearing minerals. Lewin
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colleagues examined the shapes of tiny crystals visible just beneath
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the rock's surface, some curling like cabbage leaves and others
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branching like Christmas trees. Using the rover's laser and infrared spectrometer,
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they determined that these shapes were produced by selenite, a
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large crystal form of gypsum that can only grow by
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crystallizing directly out of concentrated salty water. Now, based on
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the thickness of this mineral layer, the authors suggest that
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it would have had been formed in a body of
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liquid water somewhere between six point two five and twenty
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five meters deep, which pulled on the surface for a
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significant period of time and Based on the number of
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nearby impact craters, the authors were able to estimate the
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age of the ground to be somewhere around seven hundred
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and fifty seven million years old. Melancholagues think the water
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probably came from underground brine melted and then upwelled towards
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the surface by volcanic heat. It was then on the
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surface and concentrated as it froze from the top down. Now,
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if these measurements are accurate, it suggests surface water could
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have persisted on Mars hundreds of millions to beans of
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years later, most models suggest, and since selenite crystals conceal
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tiny pockets of liquid they form in, they could potentially
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preserve a chemical snapshot of this ancient Martian environment. This
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is space time still to come a new mission to
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extend the life of satellites in orbit, and you think
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they would have learned their lesson from COVID, But scientists
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are now using artificial intelligence to design and build functioning viruses.
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All that and more still to come on space time.
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Northrop Brummins's latest mission to extend the life of orbiting
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spacecraft has successfully reached GEIR stationary transfer orbit and is
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closing in on its first target telecommunication satellite, launched a
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board a SpaceX falcon iine Rocket Space Launch Complex forty
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of the Canaveral Space Force Space in Florida. The payload
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includes a Mission Robotic Vehicle or MRV spacecraft and three
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so called mission extension pods or maps now. The mission
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Robotic vehicle is designed to intersept rendezvoult and grapple a
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target spacecraft using two three meter long robotic arms, and
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then attach one of the mission extension pods to it.
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The MRV uses electric propulsion thrusters to maneuver in space,
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and it's equipped with advanced autonomous artificial intelligence systems that
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learn and evolve with each new mission. The mission extension
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pods are sort of I guess you call them jetpacks,
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propulsion devices equipped with electric propulsion engines designed to provide
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up to an additional eight years of operational life for
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a typical two thousand kilogram spacecraft by replacing the satellite's
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own depleted fuel and propulsion systems. Once the pods are
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attached the satellites, operators then take control through a self
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contained c ORKU band telemetry and command system. The mission
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robotic vehicle and Its remaining mission extension pods then detached
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from the satellite and move to their next target spacecraft
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and repeat the procedure. Now, once each of these three
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pods are installed on a satellite, the mission robotic vehicle
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will remain in geostationary transfer orbit, waiting for new pods
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to be flown up to it, which you can then
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use to service more satellites in an ongoing operation. Northrop
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Grumman says its mission robotic vehicles can also relocate, inspect, repair,
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and upgrade spacecraft in orbit, and it includes a passive
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refueling module, the first in orbit refueling interface standard approved
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by the US Space Force. Now, all this isn't really
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that new. Northrop Grumman conducted to previous mission extension flights
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using an earlier generation of the mrvs, which it called
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THEMEV or Mission Extension Vehicle. However, thesemevs were more expensive
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spacecraft because they combine the role of the mission robotic
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vehicle and the mission extension pods. The first mission extension
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vehicle flight was THEMEV one back in twenty nineteen, which
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successfully run avert with the intel set is nine to
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zero one spacecraft and remained ducked to the vehicle for
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five years, for finally detaching and moving on to another
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satellite in May last year. It was then followed by
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the MeV two in twenty twenty, which doctor the intel
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set is tenor two spacecraft and is still attached today.
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This report Crumnelthrup Grummin.
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High above Earth. There are thousands of satellites that circle
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the planet. But once satellites are launched, if something goes wrong,
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how are they repaired? What if they're running low on
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fuel for decades? Otherwise, healthy satellites were retired to the depths.
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Of space.
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Until now. The next generation of robotics in space is here.
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This revolutionary system will change the satellite industry forever. Building
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on our pioneering Mission Extension vehicle, the Mission Robotic Vehicle
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represents a groundbreaking advancement. A spacecraft capable of pairing, relocating,
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and even building in Earth's orbit using the smaller mission
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extension pods. This technology acts as a jetpack, adding years
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of life to vital satellites. The spacecraft start their journey
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to their first rescue mission twenty two thousand miles above
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the Earth. The MRV and MEP rendezvous accurate to the centimeter.
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The fully articulating robotic arms autonomously secure and stow the
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extension pod. After traveling thousands of miles, it approaches the
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satellite that has run low on fuel. Moving thousands of
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miles per hour, the spacecraft is now within just inches
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of finishing its mission, extending its arm and attaching the
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extension pod perfectly to the satellite, adding six more years
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of life to a dying satellite. The MRV fires its thrusters,
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ready for its next mission. Thousands of miles above the Earth,
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a customer satellite with a partially deployed solar array needs help.
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As we approach the satellite, the mission robotic vehicle inspects
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the issue and operators on Earth assess the situation using
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its robotic arm. It carefully dislodges the array, using its
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onboard camera to inspect for any damage. After another successful mission,
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we travel on to support even more satellites for years
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to come.
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141
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