Breaking the Laws of Physics: The Mystery of Pulsar M82X2 & Other Space News

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This is Spacetime Series twenty six,
episode fifty seven, for broadcast on the

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twelfth of May twenty twenty three.
Coming up on Spacetime, The star that

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breaks the laws of physics, lightning
bolts, create a strange, never before

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seen mineral, and a new hypothesis
on how Saturn got its glorious rings.

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All that and more coming up on
Spacetime. Welcome to Spacetime with Stewart Garry.

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Astronomers think they may finally have worked
out why a distant neutron star pulsar

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appears to be breaking the laws of
physics. The star M eighty two x

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two is an X ray pulsar located
in the galaxy Messier eighty two, approximately

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twelve million lie years away. The
thing is, it's exceptionally luminous, radiating

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energy equivalent to approximately ten million sons, and that is a hundred times brighter

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than it should be based on the
laws of physics as described by the Eddington

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limit. Stars this luminous are referred
to as ultras X ray sources, and

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Mt two x two recently blew the
laws of physics apart by exceeding its limit,

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but to five hundred times. According
to new observations by nassa's New Star

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and Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array spacecraft,
which have been reported in the Astrophysical Journal.

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The problem we have is that stars
only exist because they manage to achieve

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hydrostatic equilibrium. That is, the
very unique balancing act between radiation pushing out

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from the center of the star and
gravity pressing inwards. The ending to limit

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describes the upper limit of brightness that
a star of a given mass should be

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able to have any more, and
it would end up either imploding or exploding.

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It all comes about because photons exert
a small amount of force on any

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objects they encounter. Now, if
a start emits enough photons per square meter,

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then the outwards push of photons can
overwhelm the inwards pull of the object's

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gravity. When this happens, and
objects reached the Addington limit, and the

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light from the object would theoretically push
away any gas or other material falling towards

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it. But Mt two x two
has clearly blown that limit out of the

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water. It's part of a binary
star system. Now, assuming the neutron

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star pulsor in the systems of average
size, it would have around one point

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four solar masses, and the companion
star would be around five point two solar

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masses in size. We know Mt
two x two rotates every one point thirty

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seven seconds and it revolves a rout
it small massive companion every two and a

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half earth days now. Previous theories
suggested that the extreme brightness being brought out

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by Mt two x two could be
some sort of optical illusion. That idea

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suggested that strong winds were forming in
a hollow cone around the light source and

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concentrating most of the emissions in just
one direction, and if that direction just

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happens to be pointed directly at Earth, the cone could create a sort of

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optical illusion, making it falsely appear
as though the start was exceeding its brightness

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limit. Trouble is, the new
research by a NASA's New Star shows that

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simply not the case. Med two
x two is actually breaking the Eddington limit.

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The new studies taking a different approach, It looks at how Mt two

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x twos interacting with its surroundings.
The studies suggests that m T two x

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two is consume around nine billion trillion
tons, or roughly one and a half

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earth masses worth of material each year
sifted from its binary companion. Now,

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when this material hits the neutron star's
surface, it can generate the off the

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chart brightness being observed. Astronomers think
that the intensive magnetic field of the neutron

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star is somehow changing the physical shape
of its atoms, thereby allowing the star

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to stay together and well from our
point of view, breaking the laws of

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physics. This is space time still
to come. A lightning bolt creates a

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strange, never before seen mineral in
Florida, and we look at a new

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hypothesis to try and explain how Satin
got its spectacular ring system. All that

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and more still to come. Odd
space time. A lightning bolt would struck

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the ground in Florida has created a
strange, never before seeing phosphorus material.

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Geoscientist A few Paysch from the University
of South Florida says the strange rock might

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represent a member of a new mineral
group. He says this mineral has never

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been seen naturally before on Earth,
although similar but not identical minerals have been

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identified in meteorites. When lightning strikes
a tree, the ground typically explodes out

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and the surrounding grass stars, forming
a scar and sending electric discharge through nearby

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rocks, soil, and sand,
in the process forming full garites, also

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known as fossilized lightning. Well recently, when the local Florida homeowner discovered the

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lightning scar in his yard, he
found the full garte and sold it to

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pay Sack. Paysack and colleagues then
began studying this unusual calcium phosphate based rock

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in order to better understand what happened
for the lightning to form the mineral.

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Pasic says, it's important to understand
how much energy lightning has the sort of

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damage it can cause. In wet
environment such as in Florida, iron will

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often humulate and incrusted tree roots.
In this case, not only did the

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lightning strike combust the iron on the
tree roots, but it also combusted the

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naturally occurring carbon in the tree as
well, and these two elements led to

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a chemical reaction which created a full
grate metal globe. Inside the full gart

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a colorful crystall like matter revealed in
material never before discovered. Now, the

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authors have felt to be able to
reproduce this mineral in the lab. That

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suggests that it likely formed very quickly
and the very precise conditions and if he

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did too long, it simply turns
into the mineral fat in meteorites. The

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lightning redaction of phosphate is believed to
have been a widespread phenomenon of the early

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Earth. However, there's an environmental
phosphate reservoir issue in Earth that these solid

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phosphate materials are hard to restore.
This research may reveal other forms of reduced

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minerals are plausible, and many could
have been important in the development of life

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on Earth. The findings have been
reported in the journal Communications Earthen Environment This

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Space Time still to come. A
new hypothesis tries to explain how Satin got

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its rings, and later in the
Science report devastating news for medical science,

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with researchers finding a link between opioid
based drugs and cancer. All that and

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more still to come. On spacetime, a new hypothesis suggests that Satin's spectacular

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ring system could be me one to
two hundred million years old. The idea,

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reported in the journal Science, proposes
that the elegant rings were created by

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the destruction of a tiny ice moon, ripped to pieces by gravitational title force

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after passing beyond Satin's roche limit.
A roche limit is the point in space

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out from Mulsaya planet where the planet's
gravitational pull on the knee side of an

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orbiting body is significantly greater than the
gravitational pull on the far side of that

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object, causing the object to literally
be ripped apart. The new scenario by

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Jack Wisdom and colleagues from MIT,
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, could explain

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not just Satin's stunning rings, but
also its axial tilt and the somewhat elongated

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orbit of the planet's largest moon titan. Wisdom and colleagues say Satin's procession,

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that is, the slow wobble of
its spin axes, as almost but not

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quite the same period as the procession
of the orbit of Neptune. The researchers

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thus suggest that there may once have
been a true spin orbit resonance between the

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two planets, and the relatively rapidly
drifting a waste turning moon titan, which

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currently spirals outwards from Satan at about
eleven centimeters per year, might have lowered

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Saton's actual procession period until the resonance
locked in hundreds of millions of years ago.

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That's when Saton's spin access started to
till, possibly above up to thirty

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six degrees. According to the team's
calculations. The authors say Satin escaped the

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spin orbit resonance with Neptune because at
once had an additional moon orbiting between the

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orbits of Titan and Lapidus. When
Titan drifted outwards, the moon, which

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they've named Chrysalis, became trapped into
three one resonance, with Titan orbiting Satin

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once for every three Titan orbits.
However, computer simulation showed that this resonance

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wouldn't have lasted, and Chrysalis's orbit
would have become chaotic, with the Moon

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experiencing a couple of close encounters with
both Titan and Lapidness before either being ejected

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out of the Saturnian system or ending
up so close to the gas giant that

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it crossed its rowch limit and was
torn apart by tidal forces. The elimination

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of an icy about as massive as
Lapidus would suddenly change Saton's procession period,

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rescuing it from its spin or but
resonance with Neptune. They say Satin's axial

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tilt would also have started to decrease, eventually reaching its present day twenty six

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point seven degrees. The authors say
the earlier closing counters with Titan may also

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explain the giant moon's relatively high orbol
eccentricity, and if Chrysalis was indeed ripped

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apart, then Satin's impressive ring system
maybe part of its icy remains. The

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simulations suggest that the cataclysmic destruction of
this planetary moon probably happened about one hundred

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to two hundred million years ago,
and that fits in nicely with the relatively

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young age that many researchers had previously
suggested for Satin's rings. That age is

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based on the idea that the rings
are really bright, even though we impacts

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from micro meteoroids into planetary dust and
cosmic rays should darken the rings over time.

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Jonathan Nally, the editor of The
Strings Going Telescopte magazine, says,

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it's a fascinating hypothesis Stuart Saturn's rings. As you say, a really really

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beautiful, really pretty. There's nothing
like sitting Saturn through a telescope and you

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look at these rings in wow,
you know, and when when you look

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at them and they look big and
substantial, but they're actually really thin.

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They're spread out a long way but
if you saw them side on, they're

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actually really thin. And there's long
been a debate about the origin of these

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rings. Where did they come from, why are they there, how did

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they form? And basically it balls
down to two options. One is that

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they were formed when a moon of
Satin disintegrated and all the material then spread

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out in orbit around the planet in
sort of a thin ring or multiple rings

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just sort of going around the middle
of the planet. The other idea is

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that they were they were formed when
material that would normally have gone to make

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up a moon was prevented from doing
so by sort of gravitational effect, tidal

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effects between Saturn and some of its
other moons perhaps, and so this material

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couldn't form into a moon and then
sort of spread its way around the planet

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for these nice rings. So that
they've been the two main ideas for years

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and years and years. Now there's
a new twist on the destroyed moon idea,

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so some astronomers have proposed that Satin
might once have had an extra moon,

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which they've called Crystal, just the
name they've come up with, that

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had what they call some close orbital
encounters with two of Saturn's other moons,

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Titan and Iapatus. Now, these
close encounters might have pushed this hypothetical moon

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Crystal was too close to Saturn,
where tidal forces then tore apart. Yeah,

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if you get to it's a sort
of a friendly planet, there's a

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there's a distance from it where if
you hang around the distance too long,

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if you're a moon, you might
end up disintegrating. So that could have

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happened here, and the resulting debris
from this disintegrated moon would have spread out

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the form in the rings. And
they suggest that this might have happened about

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one hundred million to two hundred million
years ago. That would match what other

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astronomers think is actually the likely age
of the rings. There's part of the

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debate about the rings is how old
are they are They've been around for a

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long long time in space terms,
or are they fairly new in space terms.

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One hundred million to two hundred million
years ago is fairly new in space

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terms. And one of the reasons
they that's that's been suggested is that the

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rings are nice and bright. They're
very shiny, they reflect a lot of

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light, and they some astronomers or
many astronomers think that the older, the

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older ring system that would get the
rings would become darker, all the chemical

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effects. Yeah, if you look
at all the other gas giants in our

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solar system, they all have dark
ring systems, darker ring systems. Yeah,

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So that's the sort of young ring
hypothesis, that they look nice and

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shiny and bright and new in sort
of space space age. So that that

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could be right, that could be
right. Now, if this moon had

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been there and it disintegrated and everything, then it would have changed. The

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disintegration of the moon would have changed
that what you might call the dynamics of

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the overall satin system resulting from the
moon's destruction, and it would actually change

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satin's axial tilt, which sort of
matches what they see, and it would

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also have changed titans or but as
well, because you would then sort of

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removing the gravitational influence of that moon
or spreading it out. If the destroyed

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moon that sort of became the ring. So that's what they're suggesting. Now,

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not everyone agrees with this overall concept
because it sort of does hinge on

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this moon destruction event matching the suggested
age of the rings, and not everyone

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does agree with this whole idea that
the rings are only one hundred million to

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two hundred million years old because they're
nice and shiny and bright. So it

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remains an interesting but unverified hypothesis for
now. But it's one of those I

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guess it's one of those things that
we're not going to solve it. I

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don't think, at least I can't
really see how. The only way I

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think we could ever solve this is
if we get telescopes that are really good

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enough, big space telescopes perhaps to
be able to see this sort of thing

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happening in another planetary system out there
spacecraps in nearby one. If if we

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can get telescopes that are good enough
to see even in very basic or rough

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form, a moon or even a
planet circling and star being ripped apart and

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then spreading out, that would sort
of give us a good verification that this

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sort of thing happens. And then
whether it happened in the case of Saturn

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to form the rings, who knows, but anyway, it's it's interesting stuff.

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It's expecting to happen the ferbos around
marsin about what twenty thousand years away?

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That is true. That is true, So Mars has these two small

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potato shaped rocky moons, and and
yeah, Fobos is sort of will again

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in space time terms, is not
long for this world or for that world,

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and could get ripped apart and form
a ring around the planet, and

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a pro even happen to Earth in
the pasture now, So it could be

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it could be a very common thing. It's just that at least a common

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thing over the enormous periods of time
that we're talking about in the history of

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the universe. So you sort of
have to be lucky to spot one that's

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that's either happening or just happened when
I say just happened in inverted commas only

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a few hundred million years ago.
So the more the more sort of examples

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and samples you have of what's happening
with planets and rings and things, the

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better you can get an idea about
it, which is really why it's great

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to live in this era of the
world when we're discovering all these planets circling

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other stars and you know, getting
better and better data and hopefully better and

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better pictures as the years go by, and we might see more and more

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of these things that in the process
of happening or having just happened or about

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to happen, So it's all grist
for the mill. That's Jonathan Ally,

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the editor of A Strange Sky and
Telescope magazine, and this space time and

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time now to take another brief look
at some of the other stories making use

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in science this week. With a
science report, Scientists have found a link

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between opioid based drugs and cancer.
A report in the journal of the Raw

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Society Open Biology, reviewing existing research, found evidence of a link between taking

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drugs derived from opium, which include
opioid pain killers morphine and codeine, and

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an increased risk of developing various types
of cancer. The results are raising concerns

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about the safety of these common pain
drugs, which are often used to relieve

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painting cancer patients. The thing is, opium derivatives have been found to have

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both tumor progression as well as tumor
inhibition affects, making it difficult to determine

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the overall impact on cancer development and
progression. The potential link between opium derivative

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use in cancer development is an important
topic given the widespread use of opioids for

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pain management. A new study says
healthy low fat diets as well as some

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low carb diets could prolong the lives
of middle aged and older adults. However,

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the findings were reported in the Journal
of Internal Medicine also warned that unhealthy

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low carb diets could do the opposite. Now, this was a decent sized

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study. It looked at over three
hundred and seventy thousand people between the ages

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of five and seventy one over a
period of twenty three years. They found

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that eating a healthy, low fat
diet with lots of plant protein and high

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quality carbs was related to fewer deaths
from all causes, including cardiovascular disease and

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cancers. But in contrast, unhealthy
low carb diet were associated with significantly higher

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total cardiovascular and cancer mortality rates.
A new study warns that climate change may

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have already pushed parts of the Amazon
forests to their limit. The findings are

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reported in the journal Nature. Assessed
one hundred and twenty nine tree species across

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the Amazon see how capable they were
at managing water stress amid growing droughts.

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The authors found that species vary greatly
in how well they can handle water stress,

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with some forests in the western and
Southern Amazon potentially already at their limit.

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Given the role the Amazon players as
a carbon sink, the researchers say

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this could be a major threat as
the climate continues to change. There's been

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another round of scare me if you
can Facebook videos warning of the perceived dangers

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of five G cell phone towers and
the levels of radiation they're alleged to be

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pumping out. Tamenum from Australian skeptic
says, like all the others, this

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latest video is wrong and simply doesn't
employ good science. The claim has been

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around in websites for a while or
shared quite a lot on the net as

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these things that basically that you're exposed
to more radiation from being near a five

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G power five G communications setupmunication of
power than being inside a microwave oven.

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There's suggesting that if you use a
little meter that's sort of supposed to sort

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of measure what's going on the energy
output, you can prove that the energy

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output from the five G is worse
more dangerous than a microwave. A fellow

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who did this put up a video
showing that he was holding up what's called

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a trifield EMF reader electric magnetic frequency
reader, and he held it beside the

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microwave, which is stupid because the
microwave oven shields the radiation from getting out,

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and so therefore the measurement you're doing
outside a microwave oven there's nothing like

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the reading you get inside. And
then he went to a window and pointed

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it towards the five G twer it
might have been a long way away,

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and did his measurement again. And
what they're pointing out was that measurement you're

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probably not even getting a good reading
of it five G tower if you're such

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a distance away steering at the window. The act or output if you go

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and do a proper measurement of a
five G tower and a microwave within the

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microwave arbent the other it is one
hundred and fifty thousand times stronger than is

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a five G So the whole claim
is just complete bonkers. There is no

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truth in it at all. If
that micro five G tailers are probably get

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less dangerous than other forms of communications
felimmunications, and they're quite weak. But

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this particular video, which is fact
checked in the media, says this absolute

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garbage. That's what's being portrayed.
Nonetheless, it's been copied six hundred thousand

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views, etcetera. So people will
believe anything around the wall before the truth

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00:21:33.359 --> 00:21:34.960
can put its boots on. That's
right, I sort it was trousers on

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the never Mind program, so we
assume anyway. So if you fact check

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00:21:41.960 --> 00:21:45.039
this video that's around and you look
at it, you have to say other

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00:21:45.079 --> 00:21:48.359
claims accurate. No, in fact, they're so inaccurate that it's just lyticous.

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It's timendum from Australian skeptics. And
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00:22:11.240 --> 00:22:15.240
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