April 5, 2026

Artemis II: Humanity's Historic Return to the Moon

Show Notes
Transcript

SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 41 *Human’s finally flying back to the Moon after a break of over half a century Humans have returned to the Moon for the first time in over half a century. The historic Artemis II mission blasted off from space launch complex 39B at the Kennedy Space Centre in Florida carrying four crew members aboard the Orion spacecraft Integrity on a ten day mission around the Moon and back. *Could gravitational waves be the origin of dark matter A new study suggests that gravitational waves could be responsible for the production of dark matter during the early phases of the formation of the cosmos. *Yet another large meteor sighting – should we be concerned? There’s been yet another large meteor sighting – this time in the Pacific northwest of the United States. *The Science Report Growing evidence vaping causes cancer just like cigarettes and other tobacco and nicotine products. Australia and New Zealand have the highest prevalence of sexual violence against kids in the world. The first South Australian made guided missiles come off the production line in Port Wakefield. Skeptics guide to Australia’s most haunted house

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The Astronomy, Space, Technology & Science News Podcast.

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Versus Space Time Series twenty nine, episode forty one, for

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broadcast on the sixth of April twenty twenty six. Coming

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up on Space Time, humans finally flying back to the

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Moon after a break of more than half a century.

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Could gravitational waves be the origins of dark matter? And

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yet another meteor sighting, this one in Washington State. That's

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four and four weeks. Should we be concerned? All that

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and more? Coming up on space Time.

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Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary.

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Humans have returned to the Moon for the first time

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in more than half a century. The historic Artemis two

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mission blasted off on a golden column of fire from

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Space Launch Complex thirty nine B at the Kennedy Space

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Center in Florida, carrying full crew memb Is aboard the

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Orion spacecraft Integrity on a ten day mission around the

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Moon and back. But it didn't all go smoothly. Just

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ten minutes before the opening of a two hour launch window,

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a brief hold was implemented while communications issues with a

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launch tower escape system had to be resolved. Once that

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was done, the countdown was resumed.

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Ten nine eight seven RS twenty five Injines late four

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three two one Booster ignition and lift off the crew

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of Artemis two, now bound for the Moon. Humanity's next

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great voyage begins.

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Good roll Pitch Roger ra pitch Houston now controlling the

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flight of Integrity on the Artemis two mission.

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Round the amp.

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High on time, passing thirty seconds the months Integrity passes

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the ultimate Vegle target milestone. As you control, Houston seeing

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good performance of the four eight engines Space launch System

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core stage Integrity three miles in altitude traveling more than

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twelve hundred miles per hour. Mission of last time passing

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one minute, approaching max cuity.

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On Ponty on stand we are allowed to play on

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plock dayly on have you the.

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Same communication signal transport were confirmed as Integrity and its

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CRUGO supersonic. Approaching ninety seconds into the Artemis two mission,

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Integrity is fourteen miles in altitude, eight miles down range,

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traveling more than twenty six hundred miles per hour.

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Two minutes after launch, the ninety eight meter TOLLS Space

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Launch System SLS rocket jettison. That's twin sixteen story high

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strap on solid rocket boosters, which had provided most of

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the thrust for the initial climb to orbit standing.

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By from main engine throttled down to eighty five percent

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out of solid rocket boosters separation. We see throttle down,

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converbed separation, main engines throttling up, guidance.

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Converged Integrity, Guidance converged Afourmance nominal, Upper Stage RCS ready

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copy of DAN, Integrity SM primary and complete, SIM prime

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and complete.

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Two minutes forty five seconds of mission to lapse time

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into the Artemis two mission, thrusters on, Integrity and upper

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stage confirmed in a ready state, head of service module

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faring separation. Three minutes into the flight, Integrity forty nine

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miles in altitude, seventy eight miles down range, now passing

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five thousand miles per hour.

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And a minute later the launch a board system tower

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and Cowling. We're also Jettison's.

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Standing by for launch board system Jettison.

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Houston Integrity good last, Jennison Great You copy Jennison kem COO.

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We see the sale on boards DAN and Houston has

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you loud and clear on teegers at the common line

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outstanding STAN.

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We have this same.

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Three minutes fifty seconds into the flight of Artemis two, Wiseman, Glover,

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Cook and Hanson cross the boundary to space with good

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com checks. GPS signals acquired after last Jeddison. Now working

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on internal checks to verify accuracy. Flight dynamics officer analyze

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the time of main engine cut off.

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Confused integrity, GPS profit.

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Thing outstanding stand We see the same and we have

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a beautiful boon rise.

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We're heading right at it.

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Approaching five minutes into the flight. Commander read Wiseman confirms

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he can has visuals of his destination. GPS guidance, navigation

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and control software finishes internal checks and sends to navigation channels.

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Integrity three engine press three engine press.

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On time, now passing five minutes twenty seconds of mission

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lapse time into the Artemis two mission. At this point,

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three good main engines are all that's needed to carry

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integrity to a nominal main engine cutoff target, though at

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this time we're saying four good engines here in mission

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control Houston. Integrity seventy five miles in altitude, three hundred

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and thirty miles down range, approaching ten thousand miles per hour.

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Integrity looking good at six minutes same on board stan.

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Good trajectory and engine performance. Booster Officer will soon report

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the shutdown plan to Flight Director Judd Friedling expected at

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the seven minute more integrity seventy eight miles in altitude,

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four hundred and sixty miles down.

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Range, eight minutes mos and ten seconds after launch. ITEMUS

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two riach loweth orbit and MIKO will manage and cutoff quickly,

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followed by core stage separation.

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INTTY expect nominal shutdown, take it to copies nominal shutdown.

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Six minutes forty seconds of mission elapse time. Shutdown plan

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is as expected seven minutes of mission elapse time, throttling

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down as we approach the aboard once around option milestone

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at the seven minute thirty second mark, now eighty four

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miles in altitude, six hundred and fifty miles down range,

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traveling more than fifteen thousand miles per hour.

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Intigurty a A open.

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The window is now open for an aboard once around

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option that would target splash down in the Pacific Ocean.

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Still following nominal ascent. At this time, about ten seconds

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remaining until the main engine cutoff of the Space Launch

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System core stage. Standing by for a confirmation of MIKO

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and core stage separation.

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INTY nominal NICO core stage separated. We see to see

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born Stan.

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Eight minutes forty seconds into the flight, we have a

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nominal main engine cut off heading in the right trajectory

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on the way to swing around the moon. Course stage

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has separated done its job. The Space launch System upper

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stage the interim Cryogenet Propulsion Stage or ICPS still attached

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to the Orion spacecraft. Nine minutes of mission lapse time.

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Integrity crew of Reed Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Cook, and

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Jeremy Henson now in orbit around the Earth at the

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beginning of their journey to the Moon.

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Charity Houston looking ahead to p RM numbers so far

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per the pad numbers.

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For the pad capcom Stan loves. We're now reminding the

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crew that the parogy raised maneuver time of ignition is

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as expected prior to booster ignition, that time being forty

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nine minutes fifty seconds of mission to lapse time.

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United States President Donald Trump described the launch as a

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defining moment for America and for all who believe in exploration.

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The President says, returning humanity to the Moon for the

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first time in more than fifty years opens the next

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chapter of lunar exploration, beyond Apollo.

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Let me begin by congratulating the team at NASA and

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our brave astronauts on the successful launch of Artibus two.

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It was quite something. It would be traveling further than

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any manned rocket has ever flown and will very substantially

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pass the Moon, go round it, and come back home

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from a distance that has never been done before. It's

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amazing they are on the way, and God bless them.

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These are brave people who want to guide. Bless us

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for unbelievable astronauts.

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Forty nine minutes into the flight, and after initial systems

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checks and transitioning of the Orion space craft from launch

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to flight configuration, during which the antennas and solar arrays

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were successfully deployed, the interim cryogenic propulsion up the stage

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took over, boosting the vehicle into a higher orbit through

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a parity raised maneuver. This mark the first time humans

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had ventured beyond low Earth orbit since the last man

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Moon mission, Apollo seventeen in nineteen seventy two. After completing

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one orbit of the Earth, a second upper stage engine

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burn called the aperge raised maneuver, moved a Rhyan into

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high Earth orbit for a second spin around the planet. Meanwhile,

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on board Integrity. The crew continued that on board systems checks.

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One early problem with the Irion spacecraft was its toilet

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I guess that could have brought a whole new meaning

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to the term dark Side of the Moon. After a

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second orbit of the Earth, the upper stage separated four

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small cube SATs from Argentina, South Korea, Saudi Arabia and Germany,

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which had been carried into orbit in the interim cryogenic

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propulsion stage adapter, were then deployed undertaking scientific research and

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technology testing, and a series of orbital maneuvering proximity tests

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involving manual piloting of the spacecraft using the jettison upper

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stage as a target, were then carried out in order

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to check out Orion's handling qualities, something that couldn't be

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achieved during the earlier unmanned Artemus I mission. Back in

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November twenty twenty two, of the day after launch, following

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approval for mission control in Houston, the crucial six minute

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Translunar injection burn or TLI using the Orion Service Module,

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sent Integrity out of Earth orbit and on its four

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hundred thousand kilometed journey to the Moon. Before lunar gravity

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swings the spacecraft around and flings it back towards the

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Earth in a gravity assystem maneuver. The lunar flyby also

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sees humans travel further from their home planet than ever before,

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with the Irion spacecraft swinging past the fast side of

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the Moon over six thousand, four hundred kilometers above the gray,

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crater strewn surface. The Artemis two mission marks the start

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of America's return to the Moon, this time to stay,

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with plans to land near the lunar south Pole in

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twenty twenty eight with the Atomis Fore mission, and begins

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setting up a permanent base there by twenty thirty. Ultimately,

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Moonbase will become the new jumping off point for man

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missions to Mars and beyond. During today's lunar flyby, the

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crew are imaging the fast side of the Moon, provid

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observations of its surface topography, the first to be taken

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by human eyes in more than half a century. Although

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the lunar farcides only partially illuminated during this flyby, those

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conditions should create shadows that stretch across the surface, thereby

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enhancing relief and revealing depth ridges, slopes and crater rims

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that are often difficult to detect under full illumination. After

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swinging around the Moon, Orion will head back to Earth,

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splashing down in the North Pacific Ocean off the San

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Diego Coast. Its history in the making, and we're lucky

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enough to be witnessing it this space time still to come?

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Could gravitational waves be the origin of dark matter? And

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yet another large meteor sighting, this one over Washington State.

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It's the fourth in four weeks. Should we be concerned?

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All that and more still to come? On space time?

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A new study suggests that gravitational waves could have been

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responsible for the production of dark matter during the early

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phases of the formation of the cosmos. Dark matter is

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a mysterious, invisible substance responsible for most of the mass

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in the universe. The problem is scientists have no idea

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what it is because it doesn't appear to interact with

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normal baryonic matter, the stuff stars and planets, houses, trees, cars, dogs, cats,

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and people are made of. In fact, astronomers only no

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dark matter exists because they can see its gravitational influence

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on normal matter, holding galaxies together as they rotate and

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gravitationally lensing some background objects. Now, a report in the

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journal Physical Review Letters claims new calculations have explored a

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novel method for forming dark matter through stochastic gravitational waves.

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The work by Johann Kopp from the Johannes Gutenberg University

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and Swansor Universities are Zeno Melkenjard could help explain this

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very fundamental question of particle physics. See the problem is,

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normal matter only makes up about twenty percent of all

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the matter in the universe. The vast majority, eighty percent

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of it is this mysterious dark matter. In fact, that's

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why it's called dark matter, because we know absolutely nothing

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about it or how it was formed. And that's where

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gravitational waves come in. These are ripples in the very

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fabric of space time, caused by the movement of massive objects.

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The ones we can detect originate from some of the

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most intense and energetic processes in the universe, such as

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mergers involving black holes and neutron stars. On the other hand,

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stochastic gravitational waves are caused by different phenomena without the

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involvement of massive cosmological objects. Accordingly, their weaker signal forms

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part of the background noise of numerous waves moving through

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space time, and they're often extremely old. Many of their

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originating phenomena occur in the very earliest stages of the

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universe's development, such as so called phase transitions of matter

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as the universe cooled down following the Big Bang some

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thirteen twenty eight billion years ago. Another possible source for

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these stachatic gravitational waves are primordial magnetic fields going back

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to the dawn of quantum chromodynamics. Cop says. The new

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work investigates the possibility that gravitational waves, which are believed

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to have been ubiquitous in the early universe, may have

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been partially converted into dark matter particles. The idea is

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gravitational waves may have led to the formation of mass

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free or at least nearly mass free fermions. Fermions are

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elemental subatomic particles, including things like electrons, protons, and uterrons,

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the stuff which makes up normal matter. These fermions from

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the early universe would then acquire their mass from dark

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matter particles that still exist today. Cop says the next

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step is to get beyond the analytical estimates and conduct

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numerical calculations to improve the accuracy of the predictions. Another

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avenue for future research is an investigation into further possible

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effects of gravitational waves in the early universe. One example

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of this would be a mechanism that could account for

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the well known difference between particles and the antimatter counterparts,

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the ongoing charge parity violation. See, when the universe was formed,

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equal amounts of matter and antimatter would have been created.

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The problem is when matter and antimatter come into contact

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with each other, they annihilate, leaving behind nothing but a

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flash of purple blue Gabbarey energy. So that means the

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universe should have pretty well disappeared shortly after it was formed.

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Clearly it didn't, and clearly we live in a universe

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dominated by matter rather than antimatter. The big question there

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is why this is spacetime Still to come, yet another

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large meteor sighting, this one in Washington State. It's the

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fourth in as many weeks. Should we be concerned? And

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later in the science report, growing evidence that vaping does

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cause cancer, just like cigarettes and other tobacco and nicotine products.

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All that and more still to come. On space time,

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There's been yet another sighting of a large meteor, this

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one over the Pacific northwest of the United States. The

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spectacular fireball first became visible above the Washington State town

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of Wilkeson. NASA says it was first cited at an

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altitude of around eighty kilometers, moving in a northwesterly direction

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at around sixty three thousand kilometers per hour, before eventually

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disintegrating some eighty kilometers away above Wouna on the north

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shore of car Inlet at an altitude of about sixty kilometers.

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The meteor was seen across Washington State, as well as

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Oregon of the south and British Columbia and Canada to

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the north as a bright green fireball. Now, the thing

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is this is the fourth major meteor sighting in as

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many weeks, with previous events detected at the skies above Germany, Ohio,

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and Texas. The other important point is that this isn't

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part of any active meteor shower, and it's this which

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has raised the question of whether or not we should

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be concerned. NASA says there's no reason to panic because

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there is an annual increase in meteor activity across the

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skies of the northern hemisphere every year between February and April.

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In fact, astronomers have a name for it. They call

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it the fireball season. The rate of these bright meteors

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can increase by as much as ten to thirty percent,

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especially around the weeks of the March equinox, which usually

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falls on around March the twentieth or twenty first, but

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the exact cause of fireball season remains a mystery. The

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most likely reason is Earth passing through a large meteoroid

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debris cloud, probably caused by an ancient collision between two asteroids,

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resulting in an increase in sightings. It's also likely there

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are more reports it was People these days have smartphones

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equipped with cameras, dash cams in their cars, and doorbells

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with security cameras attached, all of which makes it easier

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than ever to capture and share these fleeting events on

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social media. In truth, planet Earth is hit by more

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than a thousand tons of space dust and rocks every year.

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Most are the size of grains of sand or even smaller,

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but large ones are also common. Some of the bigger

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ones result in fireballs as they hit the thicker lays

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of Earth's atmosphere, but they often occur above unpopulated areas

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or over the vast expanse of Earth's oceans and so

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go unnoticed. Now for the record, A meteoroid is a

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small rock or particle traveling through space, usually having broken

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off from a common or asteroid. A meteor is a

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streak of light. If many meteoroids with common origin pass

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through the atmosphere together, they are called a meteor shower.

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The brightest caught fireball or boll eyed shines brighter than

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the planet Venus is caused by large meteoroid particles. However,

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when a fragment survives its passage through its atmosphere and

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reaches the ground, that is called a meteorite, and this

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is space time and time. Otter took a brief look

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at some of the other stories making news in science

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this week with a science report. A comprehensive review of

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scientific studies led by cancer researchers at the University of

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New South Wales has found that vaping is likely to

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cause lung, oral and bladder cancers. The findings, reported in

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the journal Carcinogenesis, analyz global research to assess the ability

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of vapes to cause cancer on their own, rather than

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simply being a gateway drug to smoking. The analysis draws

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together clinical studies and laboratory research examining the chemicals used

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by e cigarettes. The authors say tobacco and nicotine are

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known causes of cancer, whereas vaping is a new tobacco

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product invented in two thousand and three and marketed as

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an allegedly safer alternative to tobacco cigarettes as well as

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a possible aid for quitting smoking. The problem is that

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there's growing evidence now that many smokers who switched to

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vaping don't quit cigarettes, and of course e cigarettes are

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being especially marketed towards kids. The colorful flavored devices have

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spread quickly and widely, especially among schooled children and young people.

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The nicotine lessed aerosols are already linked to addiction, poisoning, inhalation, injuries,

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and burns. A new study has found that Australia and

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New Zealand now have the highest prevalence of sexual violence

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against children in the world. The findings, reported in the

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journal Nature Human Behavior, are based on data on the

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rate of both sexual violence against kids involving physical contact

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and overall sexual violence against children including harassment online abuse,

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across one hundred and forty seven countries globally. The authors

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say that twenty point one percent of females and sixteen

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point eight percent of males report having experienced sexual violence

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in some form before the age of eighteen. In most

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Australian states, the age of consett is sixteen. With that

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in mind, in Australia and New Zealand, thirty four point

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00:20:21.720 --> 00:20:25.279
five percent of females and seventeen percent of males report

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00:20:25.400 --> 00:20:29.079
childhood sexual violence. Of course, that's not the full picture.

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The authors found that cultural stigmas and norms mean sexual

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violence is often interpreted differently across different cultures, which likely

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00:20:37.640 --> 00:20:41.519
influences the chances of somebody reporting an experience in these studies.

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For example, child marriages and child sexual exploitation are very

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common in some Middle Eastern cultures. These findings follow a

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00:20:49.839 --> 00:20:53.279
new American study which found that one intenuous children are

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00:20:53.319 --> 00:20:58.200
forced to endure sexual misconduct by school employees. Those findings,

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presented to the United States Congress by Hofstra University School

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00:21:01.559 --> 00:21:04.440
of Education, says children from kindergarten all the way up

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00:21:04.480 --> 00:21:08.160
to grade twelve are targets of behavior, ranging from sexualized

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00:21:08.200 --> 00:21:12.240
gestures and innu windows to criminal sexual assault. The report

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00:21:12.319 --> 00:21:16.759
describes schools as places where abuses come to prey, targeting

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vulnerable and marginalized children who are afraid to complain or

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unlikely to be believed if they did. The first South

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Australia made guided missiles have come off the production line

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00:21:27.880 --> 00:21:31.279
in Port Wakefield. The plants expected to produce around four

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00:21:31.319 --> 00:21:35.960
thousand missiles every year. The facilities manufacturing both guided multiple

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launch rocket system missiles which have a range of seventy kilometers,

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00:21:39.519 --> 00:21:42.160
and precision STRIKEKE missiles with a range of more than

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00:21:42.200 --> 00:21:46.759
one thousand kilometers. The exact distance remains classified. Sovereign missile

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manufacturing is designed to ensure the nation can maintain its

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00:21:50.240 --> 00:21:53.880
own missile production during conflict, even when global supply chains

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are disrupted. A large country residence said to be Australia's

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most haunted house is a for sale. Mighty Cristo Homestead

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in the southern New South Wales town of Junee is

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now on the market for one point nine million dollars.

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00:22:08.720 --> 00:22:12.319
It's described as a Victorian manner of timeless grandeur, set

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on six acres of land on a hill overlooking the

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00:22:15.160 --> 00:22:19.400
Journey Township, but it's also infamous for its ghosts. The

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00:22:19.440 --> 00:22:23.599
Skeptics timendum says the homestead could use some spirited restoration,

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00:22:23.920 --> 00:22:27.440
but its reputation is haunted as captivated many souls.

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00:22:27.559 --> 00:22:30.799
Mardi Cristo Homestead there is a classy two story old

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00:22:30.799 --> 00:22:33.359
homestead building, large falconies and all that sort of stuff,

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wonderful furniture inside Victorian era edwardy looking over the town

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of June Night country toown. That's for sale to the

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00:22:39.839 --> 00:22:42.640
bargain price of one point nine million dollars Australian. I honestly,

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00:22:42.599 --> 00:22:44.920
if it's not a lot for a very very large.

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House with a Sydney flat in Surrey Hills, isn't.

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It Sidney Garrett place to bid? Your car is going

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00:22:51.279 --> 00:22:53.000
to cost you that much? But I mean, yeah, it

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is in June, so perhaps people gort really want to

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00:22:55.079 --> 00:22:57.039
move to Journey. But it uses as a bed and

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00:22:57.079 --> 00:23:00.599
breakfast type thing, as an event center, sorts of things,

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but it's supposed to be haunted and apart from being

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all nice, et cetera. Now getting down to the details

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of the haunted house, it's always claimed as Australia's most

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00:23:08.079 --> 00:23:10.240
haunted house. The problem with Australia is there's not a

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00:23:10.319 --> 00:23:12.359
lot of candidates, so we don't seem to be as

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00:23:12.359 --> 00:23:15.000
haunted as a lot of other countries there, especially America,

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00:23:15.039 --> 00:23:17.839
where in the UK America there is not an old building.

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UK does not a pub that is not haunted, but

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00:23:20.200 --> 00:23:22.279
we don't tend to have the same sort of proliferation

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of spirit. There's a bit of a history with the

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original owners who built the house. The house that of

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the family. The owner of the house died fairly natural events.

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The wife couldn't handle the trauma that locked the stuff

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00:23:32.960 --> 00:23:34.799

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