April 13, 2026

Artemis II: A Historic Journey to the Moon and Back

Artemis II: A Historic Journey to the Moon and Back

SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 44 *NASA’s Artemis II returns to Earth after its historic mission to the Moon NASA’s Artemis II mission has returned safely to Earth following its historic journey around the Moon. The four person crew splashed down in the...

Spotify Apple Podcasts Youtube Music iHeartRadio Spreaker PocketCasts Amazon Music YouTube Castbox Deezer TuneIn Rumble Overcast Podcast Addict Podchaser JioSaavn Castro RSS Feed
Spotify podcast player icon Spotify Spotify Apple Podcasts podcast player icon Apple Podcasts Apple Podcasts Youtube Music podcast player icon Youtube Music Youtube Music iHeartRadio podcast player icon iHeartRadio iHeartRadio Spreaker podcast player icon Spreaker Spreaker PocketCasts podcast player icon PocketCasts PocketCasts Amazon Music podcast player icon Amazon Music Amazon Music YouTube podcast player icon YouTube YouTube Castbox podcast player icon Castbox Castbox Deezer podcast player icon Deezer Deezer TuneIn podcast player icon TuneIn TuneIn Rumble podcast player icon Rumble Rumble Overcast podcast player icon Overcast Overcast Podcast Addict podcast player icon Podcast Addict Podcast Addict Podchaser podcast player icon Podchaser Podchaser JioSaavn podcast player icon JioSaavn JioSaavn Castro podcast player icon Castro Castro RSS Feed podcast player icon RSS Feed RSS Feed
Season 29
SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 44
*NASA’s Artemis II returns to Earth after its historic mission to the Moon NASA’s Artemis II mission has returned safely to Earth following its historic journey around the Moon. The four person crew splashed down in the North Pacific Ocean off the San Diego coast ending the ten day record setting flight which saw them travel further from mother Earth than humans have ever ventured before. *Astronomers have discovered the most primitive star ever seen Astronomers have identified one of the earliest stars ever seen; and the nearest candidate yet found to the first generation of stars created out the primordial material of the big bang. *Fireball spotted over Victoria, Australia Residents in Rutherglen have reported a large green-tailed fireball streaking across the Victorian skies. It’s the latest is a spate of meteor sightings over the past month or so with others reported in Germany, Ohio, Texas, and Washington State.. *The Science Report A new study has shown that summer is arriving earlier, lasting longer and packing more heat. Scientists say people with obstructive sleep apnoea have a 71% higher risk of heart issues or death. The Australian Navy getting a new fleet of 40 Bluebottle unmanned warships. Skeptics guide to the creep of creationism in schools Our Guests This Week: DSN Spokesperson Rhianna Lyons from the CSIRO Sean Hodgman from the Australian National University Yogesh Sridhar from the Australian National University And our regular guests: Alex Zaharov-Reutt from techadvice.life Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics 🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn . The discounts and bonuses are incredible! And it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌ If you’d like to support the podcast and gain access to bonus content by becoming a SpaceTime crew member, you can do just that through premium versions on Patreon, Spotify and Apple Podcasts. Details on the Support page on our website https://www.bitesz.com/show/spacetime/support/

The Astronomy, Space, Technology & Science News Podcast.

WEBVTT

1
00:00:00.160 --> 00:00:03.200
This is Space Time Series twenty nine, Episode forty four,

2
00:00:03.399 --> 00:00:06.280
for broadcast on the thirtieth of April twenty twenty six.

3
00:00:06.960 --> 00:00:11.039
Coming up on space Time, NASA's Artemis two returns safely

4
00:00:11.080 --> 00:00:13.560
back to Earth following its historic mission to the Moon,

5
00:00:14.240 --> 00:00:17.920
discovery of the most primitive star ever seen, and there's

6
00:00:17.960 --> 00:00:21.280
been yet another fireball spotted, the fifth in as many weeks,

7
00:00:21.600 --> 00:00:25.359
this one over the Australian state of Victoria. All that

8
00:00:25.440 --> 00:00:27.760
and more coming up on space Time.

9
00:00:29.199 --> 00:00:42.240
Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary.

10
00:00:48.520 --> 00:00:52.000
NASA's Artamis two mission has returned safely back to Earth

11
00:00:52.000 --> 00:00:55.840
following its historic journey around the Moon. The four person

12
00:00:55.960 --> 00:00:58.960
crew splashed down in the North Pacific Ocean off the

13
00:00:59.000 --> 00:01:02.840
San Diego Coat, ending their ten day record setting flight

14
00:01:02.920 --> 00:01:05.760
which saw them travel further from Earth than humans have

15
00:01:05.840 --> 00:01:07.000
ever traveled before.

16
00:01:07.319 --> 00:01:11.079
Flashdown confirmed at seven oh seven pm Central Time five

17
00:01:11.120 --> 00:01:14.159
oh seven pm Pacific Time. From the pages of Jules

18
00:01:14.280 --> 00:01:16.519
vern To a modern day mission to the Moon, a

19
00:01:16.599 --> 00:01:20.159
new chapter of the exploration of our celestial neighboroos complete.

20
00:01:20.200 --> 00:01:23.319
The historic Artemis two mission had blasted off from Pad

21
00:01:23.400 --> 00:01:26.040
thirty nine B at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida

22
00:01:26.120 --> 00:01:29.159
with a ninety eight meter tall Space Launch System SLS

23
00:01:29.280 --> 00:01:33.120
rocket powering the Orion spacecraft integrity on the first leg

24
00:01:33.200 --> 00:01:35.840
of its one million, one hundred and eighteen thousand, six

25
00:01:35.920 --> 00:01:38.879
hundred and twenty four kilometer journey to the Moon and back.

26
00:01:39.480 --> 00:01:42.879
The mission has marked the first time the SOLS rocket

27
00:01:43.000 --> 00:01:46.519
and the Orion spacecraft have carried a human payload on

28
00:01:46.560 --> 00:01:49.480
the way to the Moon. Ittemis two deployed four small

29
00:01:49.560 --> 00:01:54.159
CubeSat research satellites. The crew tested the spacecraft systems and

30
00:01:54.239 --> 00:01:57.599
manual handling characteristics before getting the green light with a

31
00:01:57.640 --> 00:02:01.680
crucial six minute TLI or trams lunar injection burn, which

32
00:02:01.719 --> 00:02:03.599
took a Ryan out of Earth a little bit and

33
00:02:03.680 --> 00:02:05.599
on a four day journey to the Moon.

34
00:02:05.920 --> 00:02:10.319
Ten seconds until translunar injection burns start, integrity, good engine,

35
00:02:10.360 --> 00:02:11.360
good control.

36
00:02:11.080 --> 00:02:13.199
Be sure the same post great up here.

37
00:02:13.360 --> 00:02:16.280
At met mission lapse time of one day, one hour

38
00:02:16.360 --> 00:02:20.199
and fourteen minutes into the Artemis two mission, as Orion

39
00:02:20.280 --> 00:02:23.280
was flying one hundred and fifteen statute miles above Earth

40
00:02:23.319 --> 00:02:26.439
and two hundred and forty seven thousand, six hundred miles

41
00:02:26.479 --> 00:02:29.120
away from the Moon, we have the start of the

42
00:02:29.159 --> 00:02:32.000
translunar injection burn that will send the crew around the Moon,

43
00:02:32.080 --> 00:02:34.599
the first humans to do so in over fifty years.

44
00:02:34.840 --> 00:02:37.919
Integrity looks like a good burn. We're confirming in.

45
00:02:38.000 --> 00:02:41.400
Tigerty confirmation from teams here on the ground to the

46
00:02:41.719 --> 00:02:46.159
Artemis two crew aboard Orion. We have translunar injection burn

47
00:02:46.280 --> 00:02:48.560
cut off and early reports that it was a very

48
00:02:48.639 --> 00:02:51.800
good burn. Orion now five hundred and twenty miles away

49
00:02:51.840 --> 00:02:54.280
from Earth. Just five minutes ago we were only one

50
00:02:54.360 --> 00:02:57.520
hundred and fifteen miles above Earth's surface. That distance will

51
00:02:57.520 --> 00:02:59.919
continue to increase as we are now on a church

52
00:03:00.000 --> 00:03:02.520
factory to fly around the Moon for the first time

53
00:03:02.560 --> 00:03:03.759
in over fifty years.

54
00:03:03.879 --> 00:03:07.599
The world watched as Integrity sped towards its target, with

55
00:03:07.719 --> 00:03:11.159
a public cheering on every milester along the journey, which

56
00:03:11.240 --> 00:03:13.879
was paving the way for future man missions to the

57
00:03:13.919 --> 00:03:18.000
lunar surface. You see, the Itemis two mission was very

58
00:03:18.080 --> 00:03:20.599
much a man test round to the Moon and back.

59
00:03:21.240 --> 00:03:24.159
It followed the path of the unmanned Artemis one mission

60
00:03:24.199 --> 00:03:27.759
back in November twenty twenty two, and it journeyed a

61
00:03:27.800 --> 00:03:30.800
record setting four hundred and six thousand, seven hundred and

62
00:03:30.840 --> 00:03:34.680
seventy seven point eight kilometers from Earth as Orion swung

63
00:03:34.719 --> 00:03:37.800
around the far side of the Moon, six four hundred

64
00:03:37.919 --> 00:03:42.080
kilometers above the alien world's gray crater strewn surface.

65
00:03:42.439 --> 00:03:47.439
Integrity, Houston, you are six minutes from your forty minutes

66
00:03:47.639 --> 00:03:50.319
lunar flyby los.

67
00:03:49.599 --> 00:03:50.439
From all of us.

68
00:03:50.599 --> 00:03:53.199
It's a privilege to witness you carrying the fire past

69
00:03:53.240 --> 00:03:54.080
our farthest reach.

70
00:03:54.719 --> 00:03:55.960
Thank you, God speed.

71
00:03:56.520 --> 00:04:00.199
Thank you for that, Jenny, and thank you too, all

72
00:04:00.240 --> 00:04:03.280
of you for allowing us the immense privilege to be

73
00:04:03.400 --> 00:04:06.360
on this journey together. Quite amazing. And as we get

74
00:04:06.360 --> 00:04:08.879
close to the nearest point to the Moon and farthest

75
00:04:08.879 --> 00:04:12.599
point from Earth, as we continue to unlock the mysteries

76
00:04:12.800 --> 00:04:15.599
of the cosmos, I would like to remind you of

77
00:04:15.599 --> 00:04:18.000
one of the most important mysteries there on Earth, and

78
00:04:18.040 --> 00:04:21.040
that's love. And so as we prepare to go out

79
00:04:21.040 --> 00:04:25.920
of radio communication, we're still fulfill your love from Earth

80
00:04:26.800 --> 00:04:29.560
and to all of you down there on Earth and

81
00:04:29.680 --> 00:04:31.319
around Earth, we.

82
00:04:31.319 --> 00:04:34.560
Love you From the Moon, Houston. Copies will see on

83
00:04:34.600 --> 00:04:35.079
the other side.

84
00:04:35.160 --> 00:04:37.920
During their voyage around the Luna fire side, the crew

85
00:04:38.079 --> 00:04:42.680
studied the desolate landscape, identifying many never before seen landmarks.

86
00:04:43.319 --> 00:04:46.360
One name It's sent back showed the Moon's Orenthal Basin,

87
00:04:46.560 --> 00:04:49.560
a massive crater which had previously only ever been imaged

88
00:04:49.600 --> 00:04:53.680
by unmanned spacecraft, and they also suggested names for two

89
00:04:53.720 --> 00:04:58.120
other craters, the first named Integrity and honor of their spacecraft,

90
00:04:58.319 --> 00:05:01.439
and the second named Carol, which honors the late wife

91
00:05:01.519 --> 00:05:05.199
of Mission commander Reid Wiseman, who died of cancer. The

92
00:05:05.240 --> 00:05:08.120
creator named proposals will now be formally submitted to the

93
00:05:08.120 --> 00:05:11.839
International Astronomical Union, the organization that covers the naming of

94
00:05:11.879 --> 00:05:15.399
celestial bodies and their surface features. As well as being

95
00:05:15.439 --> 00:05:17.680
the first humans to see the lunar far side in

96
00:05:17.720 --> 00:05:20.439
more than half a century, they also witnessed their own

97
00:05:20.560 --> 00:05:23.759
private solar eclipse as the Moon passed in front of

98
00:05:23.800 --> 00:05:27.160
the Sun seen from their vantage point in space. As

99
00:05:27.240 --> 00:05:30.879
they traveled around the lunar farside, communications with mission control

100
00:05:30.920 --> 00:05:34.519
in Houston was lost for around forty minutes. That loss

101
00:05:34.519 --> 00:05:37.399
of signal was expected as the Moon's body blocks the

102
00:05:37.480 --> 00:05:41.480
signals between the spacecraft and NASAs deep space network communications

103
00:05:41.519 --> 00:05:45.360
dishes back on Earth. In fact, the agency's Tidbin Biller

104
00:05:45.480 --> 00:05:48.879
tracking station just south of Canberra was in charge during

105
00:05:48.879 --> 00:05:50.759
the lead up to the loss of signal event and

106
00:05:50.879 --> 00:05:54.639
for signal reacquisition as Orion re emerged from behind the

107
00:05:54.639 --> 00:05:58.759
limb of the moon. Canberra DICENT spokesperson Rheianna llions from

108
00:05:58.800 --> 00:06:01.800
the CSIRO. This was the first human mission of the

109
00:06:01.800 --> 00:06:05.839
moon Sisapolo seventeenth back in nineteen seventy two, and all

110
00:06:05.879 --> 00:06:09.839
the operators, technicians, engineers and support teams that Tidbinbilla had

111
00:06:09.879 --> 00:06:10.879
been preparing for.

112
00:06:10.800 --> 00:06:14.040
This for years, so everyone here was pretty cool, calm

113
00:06:14.040 --> 00:06:17.680
and collected during the blackout period as they passed around

114
00:06:17.759 --> 00:06:20.399
the far side of the Moon. We've prepared for this.

115
00:06:20.439 --> 00:06:23.120
It was a planned outage, so we all knew it

116
00:06:23.160 --> 00:06:25.480
was coming, and our team had been doing lots of

117
00:06:25.480 --> 00:06:28.240
training and preparations to lead up to this moment and

118
00:06:28.240 --> 00:06:30.639
what to expect when we lost that signal and we

119
00:06:30.720 --> 00:06:33.399
lost those communications as they went around the moon, and

120
00:06:33.439 --> 00:06:35.879
then what to expect again when they came back on

121
00:06:35.920 --> 00:06:38.519
the other side, and so everyone here was very very

122
00:06:38.800 --> 00:06:41.519
very cool, calm and collected, very excited, and just sort

123
00:06:41.519 --> 00:06:43.399
of a little bit of tension as we waited to

124
00:06:43.439 --> 00:06:45.439
make sure everything was all good on the other side.

125
00:06:45.480 --> 00:06:48.279
And sure enough, everything went just as we planned and

126
00:06:48.319 --> 00:06:50.920
there was no hiccups at all along that way, so

127
00:06:51.000 --> 00:06:52.959
everyone here was doing a fantastic job.

128
00:06:53.079 --> 00:06:54.360
How long was the blackout It.

129
00:06:54.399 --> 00:06:55.519
Was around forty minutes.

130
00:06:55.680 --> 00:06:58.600
When we have a blackout during entry to its atmosphere,

131
00:06:58.639 --> 00:07:02.439
when the plasma built up the spacecraft overwhelms the radio contact,

132
00:07:02.480 --> 00:07:06.800
there's a constant chatter going on Houston Starship or Houston's

133
00:07:07.160 --> 00:07:08.920
Apollo as it would have been in the old days,

134
00:07:09.040 --> 00:07:11.360
and they just repeat that over and over again until

135
00:07:11.360 --> 00:07:13.079
they get a response. Is that the sort of thing

136
00:07:13.120 --> 00:07:14.079
that happened.

137
00:07:14.279 --> 00:07:16.600
It could be similar, So I think upon re entry

138
00:07:16.680 --> 00:07:18.160
it'll be a similar thing to what they would have

139
00:07:18.240 --> 00:07:21.120
done during Apollo. But during that forty minutes, because it's

140
00:07:21.160 --> 00:07:23.399
such a long period of time, we knew that we

141
00:07:23.399 --> 00:07:25.519
weren't going to be able to contact them until they

142
00:07:25.680 --> 00:07:28.360
came back around the other side. So our attention sort

143
00:07:28.360 --> 00:07:31.639
of shifted to maintaining communications, making sure that everything was

144
00:07:31.720 --> 00:07:34.199
running smoothly so that when they came back around it

145
00:07:34.240 --> 00:07:35.680
was going to be an easy pickup and we were

146
00:07:35.720 --> 00:07:37.800
able to get back in contact with them as soon

147
00:07:37.839 --> 00:07:38.720
as we were able to.

148
00:07:38.920 --> 00:07:41.959
Which is the primary receiving station for the blackout period.

149
00:07:42.040 --> 00:07:45.920
Because the moon was visible in the sky in over Australia,

150
00:07:46.079 --> 00:07:49.639
Canberra was the primary and receiver during that black app period,

151
00:07:49.720 --> 00:07:52.199
so we were the ones that were tracking and then

152
00:07:52.439 --> 00:07:56.160
regaining that communication connection back. But it varies so throughout

153
00:07:56.160 --> 00:07:58.879
the whole mission, the station in Madrid has been doing

154
00:07:58.920 --> 00:08:02.519
communications as well the station in Goldstone, California. So as

155
00:08:02.560 --> 00:08:05.079
the Moon goes around the Earth and as the Earth rotates,

156
00:08:05.160 --> 00:08:08.000
it varies on which station is the one receiving, depending

157
00:08:08.040 --> 00:08:09.800
on which one is able to get the best view

158
00:08:09.879 --> 00:08:10.600
of the mission.

159
00:08:10.720 --> 00:08:13.079
You've got a number of dishes there, including a big

160
00:08:13.160 --> 00:08:15.439
seventy meter one which dish was doing most of the

161
00:08:15.480 --> 00:08:18.240
work or do they swap depending on what's available at

162
00:08:18.279 --> 00:08:18.639
the time.

163
00:08:18.720 --> 00:08:21.759
So there were two antennas that were both doing tracking

164
00:08:21.800 --> 00:08:24.759
of artomists and now both doing different communications between the

165
00:08:24.759 --> 00:08:26.839
two of them, but ultimately they were doing the overall

166
00:08:26.839 --> 00:08:30.160
communications together. We had our seventy meter as one of

167
00:08:30.199 --> 00:08:32.320
those antennas, and we also have one of our thirty

168
00:08:32.360 --> 00:08:33.720
four meter antennas as well.

169
00:08:33.840 --> 00:08:37.159
Looking back at the Apollo days and the Apollo eleven mission,

170
00:08:37.200 --> 00:08:39.679
and of course the movie The Dish, which was really

171
00:08:39.679 --> 00:08:42.840
big here in Australia, it basically covered how the Parks

172
00:08:43.000 --> 00:08:46.960
Radio telescope was employed by NASA to help track and

173
00:08:47.120 --> 00:08:50.519
provide data for the Apollo eleven Moon mission. That's a

174
00:08:50.559 --> 00:08:53.320
sixty four meter dish. The seventy meter dish you guys

175
00:08:53.320 --> 00:08:55.440
were using is even bigger, Yes.

176
00:08:55.080 --> 00:08:58.000
It is even bigger. So our seventy meter antenna it

177
00:08:58.080 --> 00:09:00.600
actually used to be a sixty four meter antenna, and

178
00:09:00.600 --> 00:09:03.399
then as the Voyager missions got further and further away

179
00:09:03.440 --> 00:09:06.279
from the Earth, they actually upgraded our size to be

180
00:09:06.320 --> 00:09:09.159
a seventy meter antenna. And now that's the largest antennas

181
00:09:09.159 --> 00:09:11.000
that we have across the whole network. But yes, we've

182
00:09:11.039 --> 00:09:13.480
got the bigger antenna, the biggest antenna in the Southern

183
00:09:13.480 --> 00:09:17.000
Hemisphere to be exact. So very very exciting that we're

184
00:09:17.000 --> 00:09:19.080
able to support these missions to the Moon and also

185
00:09:19.120 --> 00:09:21.639
missions that are out beyond, well beyond the Moon as well.

186
00:09:21.759 --> 00:09:23.360
Any missions are you tracking at the.

187
00:09:23.279 --> 00:09:26.639
Moment, it's over forty active missions active in deep space,

188
00:09:26.759 --> 00:09:29.799
so that includes missions at Mars, missions that are looking

189
00:09:29.799 --> 00:09:32.720
at the Sun, missions doing flybys with other planets, and

190
00:09:32.759 --> 00:09:35.240
the Voyager missions, which are now the furthest missions away

191
00:09:35.240 --> 00:09:35.840
from the Earth.

192
00:09:36.000 --> 00:09:38.960
And I take it you have to do constant exercises

193
00:09:39.000 --> 00:09:42.879
to maintain the ability to track those spacecraft and also

194
00:09:43.279 --> 00:09:46.360
in case something goes wrong for some reason, you lose lock.

195
00:09:46.440 --> 00:09:49.200
These spacecraft maneuvers itself in such your way that it

196
00:09:49.279 --> 00:09:51.120
loves a signal. You have to work to try and

197
00:09:51.120 --> 00:09:52.840
regain that signal. There must be a lot of testing

198
00:09:52.879 --> 00:09:53.519
you do to do that.

199
00:09:53.679 --> 00:09:56.799
Yeah, So we have around ninety people who are work

200
00:09:56.840 --> 00:10:00.039
here at our station, and only a small handful some

201
00:10:00.120 --> 00:10:05.120
of them are the operators. Everyone else mechanics, engineers, technicians,

202
00:10:05.120 --> 00:10:07.600
people who are working on the antennas to make sure

203
00:10:07.639 --> 00:10:10.600
that they are in tiptop condition to maintain their tracking

204
00:10:10.639 --> 00:10:13.039
abilities so that we're not going to have an antenna

205
00:10:13.080 --> 00:10:15.240
breakdown mid track and then lose a lot of data.

206
00:10:15.320 --> 00:10:18.480
So we have lots of regular servicing and maintenance happening

207
00:10:18.519 --> 00:10:20.919
on our antennas. So it's a big group effort out

208
00:10:20.960 --> 00:10:23.159
here at the station to make sure that everything goes well.

209
00:10:23.200 --> 00:10:25.000
And then our trackers are the ones making sure that

210
00:10:25.039 --> 00:10:27.799
those signals that we're receiving are the right signals that

211
00:10:27.840 --> 00:10:29.840
we want to receive, that there's nothing wrong there, and

212
00:10:29.879 --> 00:10:32.240
they're the ones doing all that troubleshooting in case there's

213
00:10:32.240 --> 00:10:35.320
anything going on in that radio signal sphere.

214
00:10:35.480 --> 00:10:38.279
I believe there's a lot of camaraderie between not just

215
00:10:38.320 --> 00:10:41.039
the dig space network of NASA, but also the European

216
00:10:41.080 --> 00:10:42.519
Space Agency ES owned network.

217
00:10:42.679 --> 00:10:45.519
Yeah, so we do a little bit with the other

218
00:10:45.799 --> 00:10:48.279
networks that might be out there, but our predominant role

219
00:10:48.399 --> 00:10:50.799
is with the other stations in the deep space network.

220
00:10:50.840 --> 00:10:53.360
So we work very closely with Madrid, we work very

221
00:10:53.360 --> 00:10:56.639
closely with Goldstern, California, and we also work very closely

222
00:10:56.720 --> 00:10:59.159
with the Jet Propulsion Lab over in the United States,

223
00:10:59.279 --> 00:11:03.200
a part of so we work quite collaboratively amongst those

224
00:11:03.360 --> 00:11:06.159
three point and then sometimes we might get a little

225
00:11:06.159 --> 00:11:09.559
bit of stuff with other stations around the world as well,

226
00:11:09.639 --> 00:11:11.399
depending on what is needed to.

227
00:11:11.399 --> 00:11:14.159
Be done for the artemier's mission. What special things have

228
00:11:14.200 --> 00:11:15.000
you been doing.

229
00:11:14.840 --> 00:11:17.840
We've been doing those primary communications. So we've sort of

230
00:11:18.039 --> 00:11:19.559
gone back to a similar role that we would have

231
00:11:19.600 --> 00:11:22.279
had during Apollo, making sure that the primary communications with

232
00:11:22.360 --> 00:11:25.440
the mission are all going well, going smoothly. We're able

233
00:11:25.480 --> 00:11:28.200
to contact them, they're able to contact us, and we're

234
00:11:28.240 --> 00:11:30.919
receiving back everything that we need to receive from that.

235
00:11:31.039 --> 00:11:33.879
So we're doing a constant role in the background. During

236
00:11:33.919 --> 00:11:36.960
the daytime here in Australia, our operators are the ones

237
00:11:37.039 --> 00:11:39.679
managing the whole network, so they're not just using the

238
00:11:39.720 --> 00:11:42.360
intennas here in Canberra, they're also using the ones in

239
00:11:42.399 --> 00:11:46.120
Madrid and California. So we've been making sure that whilst

240
00:11:46.200 --> 00:11:47.919
the sun is in the sky over here and the

241
00:11:47.919 --> 00:11:50.080
moon is in the sky in Australia, we've been able

242
00:11:50.120 --> 00:11:52.759
to maintain those communications and ensure that the other stations

243
00:11:52.759 --> 00:11:53.879
have been able to do the same.

244
00:11:54.240 --> 00:11:57.200
One of the great controversies about the Apollo mission was

245
00:11:57.240 --> 00:12:00.240
that it wasn't your fault, but the audio, so the

246
00:12:00.360 --> 00:12:03.799
vision was lost for quite some time. That can't happen

247
00:12:03.840 --> 00:12:06.480
these days. There's backups for backups for backups, aren't there.

248
00:12:06.519 --> 00:12:09.960
Yes, there is. They've got lots of contingencies and redundancies

249
00:12:09.960 --> 00:12:11.919
in place to make sure that if something doesn't work,

250
00:12:12.039 --> 00:12:14.080
they've got something else to do it as well. And

251
00:12:14.159 --> 00:12:16.360
so that's why we've got the deep Space network here,

252
00:12:16.399 --> 00:12:18.679
We've got lots of other places. It's a very global

253
00:12:18.679 --> 00:12:21.879
collaborative effort, just as Apollo was. It's the same for Artemis,

254
00:12:22.000 --> 00:12:24.639
but even on a larger scale now. So we've got

255
00:12:24.720 --> 00:12:26.720
lots and lots of things in place to make sure

256
00:12:26.720 --> 00:12:29.399
that we're able to keep tracking and receiving everything that

257
00:12:29.440 --> 00:12:30.519
we need from this mission.

258
00:12:30.600 --> 00:12:33.440
Now under the current Trump plan, we're going to have

259
00:12:33.480 --> 00:12:35.919
an Artemis launch at least once a year, so that's

260
00:12:35.919 --> 00:12:39.360
an incredible increasing cadence. And of course as well as that,

261
00:12:39.399 --> 00:12:41.159
there's going to be lots of activity on the lunar

262
00:12:41.240 --> 00:12:44.279
surface as well. That'll be transmitting data here and there

263
00:12:44.320 --> 00:12:46.799
and everywhere. That's going to make things very busy, isn't it.

264
00:12:46.799 --> 00:12:48.240
It is going to make things very busy, but it's

265
00:12:48.279 --> 00:12:50.600
going to make things very exciting as well. So we

266
00:12:50.679 --> 00:12:53.399
know that Artemis three, it's just changed from a lunar

267
00:12:53.480 --> 00:12:56.679
landing to orbit around Earth to ensure that all of

268
00:12:56.720 --> 00:12:59.440
their systems are working through more maneuvers and more testing

269
00:12:59.440 --> 00:13:01.679
of the module. But then Artemis four is going to

270
00:13:01.679 --> 00:13:03.639
be the big one to past your eyes to because

271
00:13:03.639 --> 00:13:05.320
that's when we're going to be landing back on the

272
00:13:05.360 --> 00:13:08.480
lunar surface, which is going to be such an incredible moment.

273
00:13:08.639 --> 00:13:11.320
As amazing as Artemis two is and as historic as

274
00:13:11.320 --> 00:13:13.759
it is, there's only more than you know, the sky,

275
00:13:13.879 --> 00:13:16.000
the moon is the limit, right, It's even further than

276
00:13:16.000 --> 00:13:18.919
that now. So Artemis two is really set the pavement

277
00:13:19.080 --> 00:13:21.879
for future Artemis missions to go and continue the exploration

278
00:13:22.000 --> 00:13:23.519
that we've started back with Apolo.

279
00:13:23.759 --> 00:13:25.480
You still monitor Voyager two?

280
00:13:25.600 --> 00:13:29.320
We do. We are always in contact with Voyager two

281
00:13:29.399 --> 00:13:31.879
very frequently. We're the only tracking station in the world

282
00:13:31.879 --> 00:13:34.000
that is able to send a signal to Voyager to

283
00:13:34.279 --> 00:13:36.960
end receiver signal. So we spend a lot of time

284
00:13:36.960 --> 00:13:39.320
with that mission as it continues traveling away from our

285
00:13:39.399 --> 00:13:40.000
solar system.

286
00:13:40.320 --> 00:13:42.759
Okay, here's the tough one for you. Can you still

287
00:13:42.799 --> 00:13:46.159
contact the original pioneer probes?

288
00:13:46.440 --> 00:13:47.279
No, we can't.

289
00:13:49.159 --> 00:13:53.399
I know they were used for training exercises for a

290
00:13:53.399 --> 00:13:55.759
while there. Once they stopped, I said, we're decommissioned. They

291
00:13:55.759 --> 00:13:58.720
were still used as training exercises for your guys to

292
00:13:58.759 --> 00:14:00.559
see if they can find them.

293
00:14:00.639 --> 00:14:03.200
Yeah, so back when we could still contact them, we

294
00:14:03.279 --> 00:14:06.120
did contact them frequently, even though they weren't doing any

295
00:14:06.480 --> 00:14:09.360
science at that time. But no, we and we're not

296
00:14:09.399 --> 00:14:11.120
in contact with them any more. The furtherest missions the

297
00:14:11.120 --> 00:14:13.399
way that we contacted the Voyager one, and so we

298
00:14:13.519 --> 00:14:16.320
spend a lot of our time tracking those missions as

299
00:14:16.320 --> 00:14:18.799
well as the forty other missions that are in our

300
00:14:18.799 --> 00:14:20.000
solar system as well.

301
00:14:20.080 --> 00:14:25.799
That's DSN spokesperson Ranalliance from the CSIRO during their lunar flyby.

302
00:14:25.919 --> 00:14:28.519
A fleet of cameras we used to capture imagery of

303
00:14:28.559 --> 00:14:32.240
the Moon, including features humans had never directly seen before.

304
00:14:32.799 --> 00:14:35.720
They also saw several flashes of light as mete or

305
00:14:35.799 --> 00:14:39.320
slammed into the lunar surface before their very eyes. The

306
00:14:39.399 --> 00:14:42.279
crew used a variety of digital handheld cameras to conduct

307
00:14:42.360 --> 00:14:46.679
high resolution photography of the lunar surface see The Artemus

308
00:14:46.679 --> 00:14:49.720
two mission is providing NASA with an opportunity to gather

309
00:14:49.799 --> 00:14:53.039
as much data as possible on the topography and geological

310
00:14:53.080 --> 00:14:56.960
features of the lunar fi side under varying illumination conditions,

311
00:14:57.080 --> 00:15:01.320
thereby allowing shadows to add never before depth and texture

312
00:15:01.440 --> 00:15:06.320
to this alien landscape. The photos, videos, mission telemetry, and

313
00:15:06.360 --> 00:15:10.200
communications information will all be used to help determine landing

314
00:15:10.279 --> 00:15:13.639
sites for future atomist missions. As NASA embarks on the

315
00:15:13.679 --> 00:15:16.759
development of its lunar base near the Moon's south pole.

316
00:15:17.559 --> 00:15:20.679
After being flung around the Moon in a gravity assists maneuver,

317
00:15:20.879 --> 00:15:23.799
Integrity was on course to return to Earth using a

318
00:15:23.799 --> 00:15:27.840
free return trajectory. As it approached our home planet, crew

319
00:15:27.919 --> 00:15:32.799
began reconfiguring a rhine for atmospheric reentry. The European Service

320
00:15:32.879 --> 00:15:36.360
module was jettisoned and the capsule began the most dangerous

321
00:15:36.399 --> 00:15:37.679
part of the entire mission.

322
00:15:37.840 --> 00:15:41.320
Ten seconds till entry interface, and we have crossed the threshold.

323
00:15:41.399 --> 00:15:44.399
Now entering the Earth's atmosphere, we're at four hundred thousand

324
00:15:44.480 --> 00:15:47.440
feet traveling thirty four thousand, eight hundred feet per second.

325
00:15:47.559 --> 00:15:51.240
Time to splash down thirteen minutes, ten seconds, and as predicted,

326
00:15:51.279 --> 00:15:53.879
we've entered our communications blockout. This will be a six

327
00:15:53.960 --> 00:15:57.039
minute blackout period, no voice, no data from the crew.

328
00:15:57.200 --> 00:16:00.360
The rhine was maneuvered so the heat shield faces four forward.

329
00:16:00.960 --> 00:16:04.320
They re entered its atmosphere over thirty eight thousand kilometers

330
00:16:04.320 --> 00:16:07.519
an hour. That's fast enough to travel from Sydney to Perth,

331
00:16:07.759 --> 00:16:10.480
or in New York to la in just five minutes.

332
00:16:10.600 --> 00:16:13.440
We're thirty seconds away from the anticipated point of peak

333
00:16:13.480 --> 00:16:16.679
heating on the vehicle, where temperatures will rise to about

334
00:16:16.720 --> 00:16:19.320
four to five thousand degrees fahrenheit. This is the true

335
00:16:19.360 --> 00:16:22.320
test of our trajectory, the vehicle as it enters the

336
00:16:22.360 --> 00:16:25.120
period of peak heating in the Earth's atmosphere. The first

337
00:16:25.120 --> 00:16:28.559
tug of gravity being felt by Integrity's astronauts since their

338
00:16:28.639 --> 00:16:30.360
launched back on April first.

339
00:16:30.240 --> 00:16:33.600
Temperature has reached over two thousand, seven hundred degrees celsius,

340
00:16:33.639 --> 00:16:36.200
half as hot as the surface of the Sun. And

341
00:16:36.320 --> 00:16:39.399
for all this, their early protection was the spacecraft's five

342
00:16:39.519 --> 00:16:42.039
meter to hate shield, an improved version of the one

343
00:16:42.080 --> 00:16:45.000
which broke apart during the previous Items one mission.

344
00:16:45.080 --> 00:16:46.840
Four and a half minutes until the end of the

345
00:16:46.840 --> 00:16:50.840
blackout period. Time to splash down eleven minutes thirty three seconds.

346
00:16:50.919 --> 00:16:54.039
The Landing and Support Officer reports that the P three

347
00:16:54.240 --> 00:16:57.360
has acquisition on Integrity three and a half minutes left

348
00:16:57.360 --> 00:17:00.480
in this blackout period. The plasma build up around the

349
00:17:00.480 --> 00:17:04.480
spacecraft and the repelling of that heat on Integrity's heat shield.

350
00:17:04.559 --> 00:17:08.319
Flight Dynamics reports so that airborne assets in the vicinity

351
00:17:08.319 --> 00:17:11.039
of the splashdown zone do have a visual on Integrity.

352
00:17:11.160 --> 00:17:14.119
Still two minutes and forty seconds left in our blackout period.

353
00:17:14.200 --> 00:17:17.440
Time to splash down nine minutes thirty five seconds. Multiple

354
00:17:17.480 --> 00:17:20.200
airborne assets as part of the recovery team all have

355
00:17:20.279 --> 00:17:23.599
visuals on Integrity, and the WB fifty seven flying in

356
00:17:23.640 --> 00:17:26.279
the splashdown zone also has a visual and the Navy

357
00:17:26.319 --> 00:17:29.279
helos also have visuals. We're still in the blackout period,

358
00:17:29.400 --> 00:17:32.119
still do not have communications from the crew. We should

359
00:17:32.160 --> 00:17:34.119
be out of the blackout period less than a minute

360
00:17:34.119 --> 00:17:37.240
from now. We are now processing data from integrity landing

361
00:17:37.240 --> 00:17:39.880
and support officer reports. The small boats are en route

362
00:17:39.880 --> 00:17:42.519
to the splashdown target zone, passing through one hundred and

363
00:17:42.519 --> 00:17:45.359
fifty thousand feet. Our trajectory is perfect. Still waiting to

364
00:17:45.440 --> 00:17:47.359
establish voice communication.

365
00:17:47.079 --> 00:17:50.119
Integrity Houston com check post blackout.

366
00:17:50.400 --> 00:17:51.440
Heath Sin Integrity.

367
00:17:51.440 --> 00:17:55.319
We have you out and clear. Your trajectory is nominal

368
00:17:55.519 --> 00:17:57.119
and your recovery teams.

369
00:17:56.839 --> 00:17:58.000
Have visual guides.

370
00:17:58.000 --> 00:17:58.559
Look scared.

371
00:17:59.079 --> 00:18:01.960
No action for the internal camera controller fail.

372
00:18:02.000 --> 00:18:04.440
Big cheers from the viewing room here in mission control

373
00:18:04.519 --> 00:18:08.039
as voice communication re established with Commander Reid Wiseman for

374
00:18:08.160 --> 00:18:11.559
America and a waiting world Integrity. Is five and a

375
00:18:11.599 --> 00:18:14.720
half minutes away from coming home, passing one hundred thousand

376
00:18:14.720 --> 00:18:17.920
feet now ranged to splash down nineteen nautical miles.

377
00:18:18.079 --> 00:18:22.200
Integrity. Impact to the camera controller fail is no cabline

378
00:18:22.279 --> 00:18:23.839
views of the shoots Integrity.

379
00:18:24.000 --> 00:18:27.200
We're processing good data through the GPS system. We're at

380
00:18:27.240 --> 00:18:30.160
fifty thousand feet. The pyros are armed for forward bay

381
00:18:30.160 --> 00:18:31.359
covered jettisons as.

382
00:18:31.279 --> 00:18:34.960
The spacecraft plunge through its atmosphere. Seven drogue and main

383
00:18:35.039 --> 00:18:38.400
parachutes were deployed. Slow Integrity down and they.

384
00:18:38.279 --> 00:18:41.000
Go the first series of parachutes, and we're on Drogues

385
00:18:41.400 --> 00:18:42.400
and Houston. We're visional.

386
00:18:42.440 --> 00:18:43.519
Two droges out the window.

387
00:18:43.640 --> 00:18:45.400
Two good DRUGU shoots we copy.

388
00:18:45.480 --> 00:18:46.079
We see them.

389
00:18:46.119 --> 00:18:48.720
Next up the deployment of pilot parachutes that will pull

390
00:18:48.720 --> 00:18:51.440
the main shoots out. Time to splash down three minutes

391
00:18:51.480 --> 00:18:55.279
and ten seconds, perfect descent rate according to flight dynamics.

392
00:18:55.000 --> 00:18:55.920
Rate on two drugs.

393
00:18:55.960 --> 00:18:56.799
We see the say.

394
00:18:56.599 --> 00:19:00.640
Onmeboard passing through ten thousand feet. Still on Drgues shoot deploy.

395
00:19:00.720 --> 00:19:03.480
We're at five thousand feet. Surgeon recovery beacon has been

396
00:19:03.519 --> 00:19:07.440
activated on Integrity and we have three good main shoots,

397
00:19:07.839 --> 00:19:09.480
good reefing, good descent rate.

398
00:19:09.640 --> 00:19:14.440
Right, and we see three good looking parachutes. Integrity. Cabin

399
00:19:14.440 --> 00:19:16.559
pressure indicates no need for hydrogen check.

400
00:19:16.720 --> 00:19:20.359
Tiggerty copies this is a perfect descent for Integrity. Its

401
00:19:20.440 --> 00:19:23.599
crew sounding hail and hardy on board. Time to splash

402
00:19:23.640 --> 00:19:27.079
down one minute, fifteen seconds. Integrity about to complete a

403
00:19:27.160 --> 00:19:30.519
journey spanning six hundred and ninety four thousand, four hundred

404
00:19:30.480 --> 00:19:33.440
and eighty one miles from its launch from the Kennedy

405
00:19:33.480 --> 00:19:36.279
Space Center back on April first and a trip around

406
00:19:36.279 --> 00:19:40.200
the Moon, passing through one thousand feet.

407
00:19:39.160 --> 00:19:41.839
Taggarty splashdowns having post landing command.

408
00:19:41.640 --> 00:19:43.920
Now splashdown confirmed.

409
00:19:43.480 --> 00:19:45.960
Gopy splash down waiting on VLDR.

410
00:19:45.680 --> 00:19:49.480
A perfect bullseye splashdown for Integrity and its four astronauts.

411
00:19:49.480 --> 00:19:52.720
Integrity's astronauts back on Earth and the landing and Support

412
00:19:52.759 --> 00:19:55.680
officer reports the vehicle is stable one. We still will

413
00:19:55.680 --> 00:19:59.720
be deploying the crew module uprighting system to maintain that orientation.

414
00:20:00.000 --> 00:20:03.759
The unofficial splash down time seven oh seven and forty

415
00:20:03.799 --> 00:20:07.039
seven seconds PM Central Time. That would put the end

416
00:20:07.079 --> 00:20:09.599
of the mission at emissional lapse time of nine days,

417
00:20:09.680 --> 00:20:12.160
one hour, thirty one minutes thirty five seconds.

418
00:20:12.240 --> 00:20:16.799
Following splashdown, recovery teams retrieved the crew using helicopters, delivering

419
00:20:16.839 --> 00:20:20.480
them to the US Navy's USS John P. Murtha. Once

420
00:20:20.559 --> 00:20:24.079
on board, the astronauts underwent post flight medical evaluations at

421
00:20:24.079 --> 00:20:26.680
the ships sick bay before being flown back to shore

422
00:20:26.799 --> 00:20:29.480
to meet with an aircraft down for NASA's Johnson's Space

423
00:20:29.559 --> 00:20:33.960
Flight Center in Houston, Texas. One issue which NASA will

424
00:20:33.960 --> 00:20:37.920
definitely need to address is the Orion spacecraft's disastrous Dunny.

425
00:20:38.480 --> 00:20:42.000
The LU and THELU initially began to malfunction shortly after launch,

426
00:20:42.160 --> 00:20:44.039
and it's been a dare I say, hit and miss

427
00:20:44.119 --> 00:20:48.319
affair for one of the better term ever since. Extraterrestrial

428
00:20:48.400 --> 00:20:51.240
toilets on space shuttles and on the International Space Station

429
00:20:51.359 --> 00:20:54.680
have also had their problems, but they mostly worked well.

430
00:20:55.359 --> 00:20:58.480
A version of the Oriyan weightless water closet was tested

431
00:20:58.519 --> 00:21:01.559
in microgravity conditions of board the space station before being

432
00:21:01.599 --> 00:21:05.759
approved for use on Artemis two, but the cosmic commoders

433
00:21:05.839 --> 00:21:09.920
installed on Oriin wasn't a flushing success, forcing mission control

434
00:21:10.039 --> 00:21:13.519
to request brew members use back up urine collection bags instead,

435
00:21:13.599 --> 00:21:17.200
at least for Number ones. Engineers suspect that ice may

436
00:21:17.240 --> 00:21:20.799
have been blocking the line, preventing urine from completely flashing overboard.

437
00:21:21.400 --> 00:21:23.680
The good news is the toilet was still open for

438
00:21:23.759 --> 00:21:27.119
Number twos, thereby relieving the crew of the need to

439
00:21:27.160 --> 00:21:31.039
wear diapers, and the problems didn't end there. The astronauts

440
00:21:31.119 --> 00:21:34.599
also reported a smell coming from the celestial throne, which

441
00:21:34.640 --> 00:21:36.720
is buried in the floor of the capsule behind a

442
00:21:36.839 --> 00:21:41.440
door and privacy curtain, but all that aside. Itemis too

443
00:21:41.680 --> 00:21:44.759
marks the start of America's return to the Moon. This

444
00:21:44.960 --> 00:21:47.720
time to stay and with plans to land near the

445
00:21:47.799 --> 00:21:50.240
Luna South Pole in twenty twenty eight on the Artemis

446
00:21:50.359 --> 00:21:53.400
fore mission and begin the long process of setting up

447
00:21:53.440 --> 00:21:58.039
a permanent base there by twenty thirty, Oryan onnly tacts

448
00:21:58.119 --> 00:22:01.880
astronauts from Earth ta lunar orbit. Getting from lunar orbit

449
00:22:01.920 --> 00:22:04.000
down to the surface and back again will be the

450
00:22:04.039 --> 00:22:07.880
responsibility of a different type of spacecraft, Luna Lander two

451
00:22:08.000 --> 00:22:12.119
of which SpaceX's Giant Starship HLS and Blue Origins more

452
00:22:12.160 --> 00:22:15.759
moderately sized integrated Lander vehicle are now being developed for

453
00:22:15.880 --> 00:22:19.240
the mission. The next Artemis flight, ATEMIS three, which is

454
00:22:19.279 --> 00:22:22.000
slated for next year, will test both lander designs in

455
00:22:22.079 --> 00:22:25.839
low Earth orbit, checking out their flight characteristics and practicing

456
00:22:25.920 --> 00:22:29.680
docking maneuvers with the Iran spacecraft. Each Lander will also

457
00:22:29.720 --> 00:22:32.519
need to undertake a successful unmanned landing on the lunar

458
00:22:32.599 --> 00:22:36.599
surface and then return to lunar orbit. Potential landing sites

459
00:22:36.680 --> 00:22:39.720
around the lunar south Pole are still being investigated, with

460
00:22:39.880 --> 00:22:43.119
nine currently on the short list. Once a permanent lunar

461
00:22:43.160 --> 00:22:46.119
base is established and operational, the Moon will then become

462
00:22:46.160 --> 00:22:49.000
a jumping off point for future man missions to mass

463
00:22:49.039 --> 00:22:54.319
and beyond. This is space time still to come. Astronomers

464
00:22:54.319 --> 00:22:57.400
discover the most primitive star ever seen, and there's been

465
00:22:57.480 --> 00:23:00.599
yet another fireball spotted, the fifth that has meant weeks,

466
00:23:00.880 --> 00:23:04.279
this one over the Australian state of Victoria. All that

467
00:23:04.359 --> 00:23:23.519
and more still to come on space time. Astronomers have

468
00:23:23.559 --> 00:23:26.720
identified one of the most primitive stars ever seen and

469
00:23:26.839 --> 00:23:30.200
the nearest candidate yet found to the first generation of

470
00:23:30.279 --> 00:23:34.079
stars created out of the primordial material of the Big Bang.

471
00:23:34.640 --> 00:23:38.079
The new research, reported in the journal Nature Astronomy, could

472
00:23:38.160 --> 00:23:41.119
lead to new insights about the formation of the universe's

473
00:23:41.240 --> 00:23:46.359
first stars. The newly discovered star, cataloged as SDSS JAY

474
00:23:46.480 --> 00:23:49.720
zero seven one five minus seventy three thirty four, was

475
00:23:49.759 --> 00:23:53.079
located some eighty thousand light years away in the vicinity

476
00:23:53.119 --> 00:23:56.880
of the large Magellanic Cloud, a small satellite dwarf galaxy

477
00:23:56.920 --> 00:24:00.279
which orbits our own Milky Way galaxy. Astronomy is a

478
00:24:00.359 --> 00:24:04.440
describing it as a prime example of a population two star.

479
00:24:05.240 --> 00:24:08.680
Population twos are a group of stars made directly out

480
00:24:08.720 --> 00:24:11.400
of the material created by the very first generation of

481
00:24:11.440 --> 00:24:14.680
stars in the universe, which are known as population three stars,

482
00:24:14.759 --> 00:24:18.319
and which themselves were formed directly out of the pristine

483
00:24:18.519 --> 00:24:22.200
hydrogen and helium created in the Big Bang. See in

484
00:24:22.200 --> 00:24:24.599
the first moments of the Universe. After the Big Bang

485
00:24:24.680 --> 00:24:27.720
thirteen point eight billion years ago, the cosmos consisted of

486
00:24:27.759 --> 00:24:32.279
an ionized soup of quaklu on plasma. Eventually, after around

487
00:24:32.279 --> 00:24:35.000
three hundred and eighty thousand years, this plasma had cooled

488
00:24:35.119 --> 00:24:39.079
enough for the first atoms of hydrogen and helium to form. Now,

489
00:24:39.279 --> 00:24:42.480
some patches were denser than others, and after a few

490
00:24:42.559 --> 00:24:47.079
hundred million years they gravity overcame the universe's outward expansion trajectory,

491
00:24:47.200 --> 00:24:50.000
and the denser clouds of this material began to collapse

492
00:24:50.039 --> 00:24:53.799
inwards on themselves, eventually forming the first generation of stars,

493
00:24:54.119 --> 00:24:58.400
the population three stars we mentioned earlier. Now, astronomers have

494
00:24:58.519 --> 00:25:02.640
never actually seen at population three star. That's because of

495
00:25:02.680 --> 00:25:06.440
their unusual composition. They're thought to have all been extremely

496
00:25:06.480 --> 00:25:10.039
massive and luminous giant blue stars. And the thing is

497
00:25:10.200 --> 00:25:13.039
high mass stars like these burn through their nuclear fuel

498
00:25:13.079 --> 00:25:16.079
supplies much quicker than low mass stars like our Sun.

499
00:25:16.759 --> 00:25:19.640
They're often described as being the James Deans of the

500
00:25:19.720 --> 00:25:23.759
stellar world, living fast and dying young, often surviving for

501
00:25:23.839 --> 00:25:27.960
just a few million years before going supernova. By comparison,

502
00:25:28.039 --> 00:25:30.400
a yellow dwarf star like our son will live for

503
00:25:30.440 --> 00:25:33.960
around twelve billion years, and even less massive red dwarf

504
00:25:34.000 --> 00:25:37.759
stars could theoretically live for trillions of years. The thing

505
00:25:37.799 --> 00:25:41.200
about stars is they create heavier elements, either through the

506
00:25:41.240 --> 00:25:44.079
fusion of lighter elements in their core during their lifetimes,

507
00:25:44.279 --> 00:25:47.400
or through more violent fusion processes as they explode a

508
00:25:47.519 --> 00:25:53.119
supernovae or they merge, releasing incredible gravitational forces. Although they

509
00:25:53.160 --> 00:25:56.319
were initially formed out of nothing but hydrogen and helium,

510
00:25:56.480 --> 00:25:59.039
maybe a little bit of lithium and beryllium there as well,

511
00:25:59.119 --> 00:26:02.279
Population three V stars evolved to produce all the other

512
00:26:02.359 --> 00:26:05.599
elements in the universe, including the iron in your blood,

513
00:26:05.759 --> 00:26:08.599
phosphorus in your bones, and the calcium in your teeth.

514
00:26:09.160 --> 00:26:12.640
And when these population three stars explode, they spread all

515
00:26:12.640 --> 00:26:16.640
those elements throughout the universe, eventually to be recycled into

516
00:26:16.720 --> 00:26:22.039
the first population two stars. Population two stars like SDSS

517
00:26:22.160 --> 00:26:25.119
JAY zero seven one five minus seventy three thirty four

518
00:26:25.279 --> 00:26:29.039
can be identified by their composition. They have what's known

519
00:26:29.039 --> 00:26:32.279
as low metallicity, meaning their metal poor because the only

520
00:26:32.319 --> 00:26:36.240
contains small amounts of heavier elements. That's because there were

521
00:26:36.279 --> 00:26:40.119
so few heavy elements available in the ancient universe. Now

522
00:26:40.160 --> 00:26:43.039
by the way, astronomers refer to all elements other than

523
00:26:43.119 --> 00:26:47.240
hydrogen and helium as metals. Over time, as more and

524
00:26:47.279 --> 00:26:50.559
more stars were born and ultimately dyed, greater and greater

525
00:26:50.640 --> 00:26:54.039
amounts of heavier elements became available to see the universe,

526
00:26:54.680 --> 00:26:57.400
eventually leading to the creation of more and more high

527
00:26:57.440 --> 00:27:01.599
metallicity stars, including the metal rich population one stars like

528
00:27:01.680 --> 00:27:06.640
our Sun. So by studying a star's metallicity through its composition,

529
00:27:06.839 --> 00:27:09.799
astronomers can determine the age of the star, at least

530
00:27:09.799 --> 00:27:14.200
in terms of its evolutionary position in the universe. SDSSJ

531
00:27:14.400 --> 00:27:17.559
zero seven one five minus seventy three thirty four is

532
00:27:17.559 --> 00:27:21.039
still composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, and it contains

533
00:27:21.200 --> 00:27:24.000
less than zero point zero zero five percent of the

534
00:27:24.039 --> 00:27:27.319
metals we find in the Sun. One of the studies authors,

535
00:27:27.400 --> 00:27:31.079
Kevin Schlaufman from Johns Hopkins University, says the properties of

536
00:27:31.119 --> 00:27:34.559
the first stellar generation some of the most important unknowns

537
00:27:34.559 --> 00:27:39.480
in modern astrophysics. It was Schlaufman who originally identified sdss

538
00:27:39.599 --> 00:27:42.559
J zero seven one five minus seventy three thirty four

539
00:27:42.720 --> 00:27:45.599
as a star of interest back in twenty fourteen. As

540
00:27:45.680 --> 00:27:48.680
part of the current fifth generation of the Sloan Digital

541
00:27:48.680 --> 00:27:52.279
All Sky Survey. He says, while this start doesn't have

542
00:27:52.359 --> 00:27:55.759
a primordial composition itself, it's the closest astronomers have ever

543
00:27:55.839 --> 00:28:00.640
gotten to Population three stars. SDSSJ zero seven one five

544
00:28:00.759 --> 00:28:03.880
minus seventy three thirty four was formed directly out of

545
00:28:03.920 --> 00:28:07.319
the cloud of gas that had interacted with material ejected

546
00:28:07.359 --> 00:28:12.279
by a Population three stars supernova. Working backwards, Schlauveman and

547
00:28:12.359 --> 00:28:14.880
colleagues can use the ratios of the elements in the

548
00:28:15.000 --> 00:28:18.000
star to explore the mass of that earlier Population three

549
00:28:18.039 --> 00:28:21.920
star and the energy of its supernova explosion. The authors

550
00:28:21.960 --> 00:28:25.000
of analyzed data gathered with the Magellan Clay telescope and

551
00:28:25.039 --> 00:28:28.880
its high resolution spectrograph to determine that SDSS JAY zero

552
00:28:28.920 --> 00:28:32.079
seven one five minus seventy three thirty four is almost

553
00:28:32.279 --> 00:28:35.640
entirely hydrogen and helium, with any trace amounts of carbon

554
00:28:35.680 --> 00:28:39.160
and iron. They say the composition of the star indicates

555
00:28:39.160 --> 00:28:42.440
that the earlier progenitor population three star that produced its

556
00:28:42.480 --> 00:28:46.000
carbon and iron was both unusually massive and exploded with

557
00:28:46.160 --> 00:28:51.000
uncommon vigor. Schlaufman says SDSS JAY zero seven one five

558
00:28:51.160 --> 00:28:53.960
minus seventy three thirty four s long history of living

559
00:28:54.000 --> 00:28:57.039
alone has allowed it to ingest material from the cosmic

560
00:28:57.079 --> 00:29:00.240
web for longer periods than stars in the Milky Way.

561
00:29:00.960 --> 00:29:03.839
Those conditions may have promoted the production of other low

562
00:29:03.880 --> 00:29:08.079
metal city stars. Schlafman thinks it's possible that astronomers will

563
00:29:08.119 --> 00:29:11.559
ultimately find relatively higher proportion of ultra low metal port

564
00:29:11.680 --> 00:29:14.759
stars in galaxies like the Magellanic Clouds compared to the

565
00:29:14.839 --> 00:29:18.200
stars we see in our own Milky Way galaxy this

566
00:29:18.720 --> 00:29:23.039
space time still to come. Yet another fireball spotted, the

567
00:29:23.079 --> 00:29:26.240
fifth in five weeks, this one over the Australian stead

568
00:29:26.240 --> 00:29:29.519
of Victoria, and later in the Science report, a new

569
00:29:29.599 --> 00:29:33.480
study has shown that summer is arriving earlier, lasting longer,

570
00:29:33.599 --> 00:29:36.880
and packing more heat than ever before. All that and

571
00:29:36.920 --> 00:29:55.599
more still to come on space time. Residents in the

572
00:29:55.599 --> 00:29:58.640
town of Rutherglen and the Australian state of Victoria have

573
00:29:58.759 --> 00:30:03.079
reported a large green fireball streaking across the sky. It's

574
00:30:03.119 --> 00:30:06.400
the latest in a speed of high visibility meteor sightings

575
00:30:06.440 --> 00:30:11.000
over the past month or so, with others reported in Germany, Ohio, Texas,

576
00:30:11.039 --> 00:30:14.440
and Washington State. NASA says it's all part of what

577
00:30:14.519 --> 00:30:18.519
astronomers call fireball season an annual increase in meteor sightings

578
00:30:18.559 --> 00:30:21.319
between February and April. In fact, the rate of these

579
00:30:21.440 --> 00:30:24.559
very bright meteors can increase by as much as thirty percent,

580
00:30:24.839 --> 00:30:27.960
especially in the weeks around the March equinox, which usually

581
00:30:28.000 --> 00:30:31.759
falls on March the twentieth or twenty first. Because different

582
00:30:31.759 --> 00:30:34.759
elements inside a meteor will burn at different temperatures, the

583
00:30:34.799 --> 00:30:37.240
color of the meteor as it streaks through the atmosphere

584
00:30:37.240 --> 00:30:41.160
can help astronomers identify its composition and the atmospheric gases

585
00:30:41.200 --> 00:30:45.119
that ionize during its entry. The common colors include yellow,

586
00:30:45.160 --> 00:30:48.440
which indicates lots of iron, orange, which suggest the presence

587
00:30:48.440 --> 00:30:52.440
of sodium, blue and green meteors usually contain lots of magnesium,

588
00:30:52.720 --> 00:30:57.359
Violet suggests calcium, and red means atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen.

589
00:30:58.000 --> 00:31:01.079
And the more intense the color just the faster the

590
00:31:01.160 --> 00:31:20.519
media is traveling this space time and time that to

591
00:31:20.599 --> 00:31:22.279
take a brief look at some of the other stories

592
00:31:22.319 --> 00:31:25.000
making us in science this week with the Science Report,

593
00:31:25.720 --> 00:31:28.920
a new study has shown that summer weather is arriving earlier,

594
00:31:29.119 --> 00:31:32.079
lasting longer, and packing more heat than it used to.

595
00:31:32.720 --> 00:31:36.279
And it's all happening much faster than scientists had previously measured.

596
00:31:36.759 --> 00:31:40.559
The findings, reported in the journal Environmental Research Letters, shows

597
00:31:40.559 --> 00:31:43.880
that between nineteen ninety and twenty twenty three, the average

598
00:31:43.880 --> 00:31:47.119
summer between the tropics and the polar circles grew about

599
00:31:47.160 --> 00:31:50.119
six days longer per decade, and that's up from the

600
00:31:50.200 --> 00:31:53.759
roughly four days per decade found in past research investigating

601
00:31:53.759 --> 00:31:56.880
the years leading up to the early twenty tens. For

602
00:31:56.960 --> 00:32:00.920
many cities, the numbers are even more striking. Sydney, for example,

603
00:32:00.960 --> 00:32:04.119
as summer temperatures now lasting around one hundred and thirty days,

604
00:32:04.319 --> 00:32:07.000
up from the eighty days back in nineteen ninety, which

605
00:32:07.039 --> 00:32:10.799
means an extra fifteen days per decade, and even colder

606
00:32:10.839 --> 00:32:14.359
climbs like Toronto summers are expanding by about eight days

607
00:32:14.359 --> 00:32:18.119
per decade now. The authors didn't use the calendar definition

608
00:32:18.200 --> 00:32:20.440
of summer that's Dune through to August in the northern

609
00:32:20.480 --> 00:32:24.599
Hemisphere and December through February the southern hemisphere. Instead, they

610
00:32:24.680 --> 00:32:27.640
defined summer based on the weather stretch of days in

611
00:32:27.680 --> 00:32:31.279
each year when temperatures rise above what was historically typical

612
00:32:31.319 --> 00:32:34.000
for a given location during the warmest part of the year,

613
00:32:34.200 --> 00:32:37.680
a threshold set using climate data gathered between nineteen sixty

614
00:32:37.720 --> 00:32:41.880
one and nineteen ninety. Now these findings have widespread implications

615
00:32:41.920 --> 00:32:46.359
for agriculture, water supply, public health and energy systems, many

616
00:32:46.359 --> 00:32:48.880
of which have been built around assumptions about when the

617
00:32:48.920 --> 00:32:53.680
warm season begins and when it ends. A new study

618
00:32:53.759 --> 00:32:56.759
confirms that people living with abstructive sleep apnea have a

619
00:32:56.799 --> 00:32:59.839
seventy one percent higher risk of heart issues or death.

620
00:33:00.480 --> 00:33:03.359
The findings have been presented at this year's European Congress

621
00:33:03.359 --> 00:33:07.680
on Obesity in Istanbul. The study compared twenty three hundred

622
00:33:07.680 --> 00:33:10.920
people diagnosed with sleep atnea to some ninety seven thousand

623
00:33:11.000 --> 00:33:14.640
people without the condition. Along with heightened heart and death risk,

624
00:33:14.720 --> 00:33:17.160
the group with sleep atnia were also more likely to

625
00:33:17.160 --> 00:33:23.200
develop obesity, diabetes, osteoarthritis, anxiety and depression. The authors say

626
00:33:23.240 --> 00:33:26.920
the findings highlight the need for early screening and diagnoses

627
00:33:26.960 --> 00:33:31.880
of the condition. The Australian Navies investing in a new

628
00:33:31.960 --> 00:33:35.559
fleet of forty locally designed and built Blue Bottle unmanned

629
00:33:35.559 --> 00:33:39.160
surface vessels. The new drones, which are being built in Sydney,

630
00:33:39.200 --> 00:33:41.960
will increase the Navy's operational fleet of Blue Bottles to

631
00:33:42.039 --> 00:33:46.039
fifty five. These vessels are used for long range intelligence,

632
00:33:46.079 --> 00:33:52.200
surveillance and reconnaissance operations, silently monitoring Australia's maritime approaches. News

633
00:33:52.240 --> 00:33:54.519
of the new contract follows a recent deal by the

634
00:33:54.599 --> 00:33:58.559
Navy to purchase dozens of ghost Shark autonomous underwater vehicles.

635
00:33:59.200 --> 00:34:01.960
That fleet will looking in conjunction with manned submarines and

636
00:34:02.000 --> 00:34:06.200
surface vessels, providing long range stealth capabilities for underwater reconnaissance,

637
00:34:06.279 --> 00:34:12.719
intelligence gathering, strake missions, and mind clearing operations. There's growing

638
00:34:12.719 --> 00:34:15.920
evidence that many teachers are taking up the profession not

639
00:34:16.039 --> 00:34:18.440
to educate children and teach them how to think, but

640
00:34:18.559 --> 00:34:22.239
to indoctrinate them in what to think. That's why public

641
00:34:22.239 --> 00:34:25.480
school attendances are dropping or private and home schooling is

642
00:34:25.519 --> 00:34:29.440
increasing in popularity. But it seems not all private schools

643
00:34:29.559 --> 00:34:32.199
are doing the right thing by children in their care.

644
00:34:32.519 --> 00:34:34.519
As the Skeptics timendum.

645
00:34:33.960 --> 00:34:36.400
Explains, Queentian has always been a bit of a hotbed

646
00:34:36.440 --> 00:34:39.320
of creationism, which is the fundermentalist view that the Bible

647
00:34:39.400 --> 00:34:42.000
is literally correct, thirty is six thousand years old, and

648
00:34:42.199 --> 00:34:44.840
that Noah's art existed and the animals were put on there,

649
00:34:44.880 --> 00:34:48.440
including maybe dinosaurs keep and going. So skepty has had

650
00:34:48.480 --> 00:34:50.000
a bit of a history. That's one of the earliest

651
00:34:50.000 --> 00:34:52.599
sort of projects the skeptics did in Australia was to

652
00:34:52.800 --> 00:34:54.920
put out a book called Creationism. It we go through

653
00:34:54.960 --> 00:34:56.760
all the arguments of being put forward at the time,

654
00:34:56.960 --> 00:35:00.719
like scientific inques creationists and analyze them and assess them

655
00:35:00.719 --> 00:35:03.519
and found them wanting. And this was because creations was

656
00:35:03.559 --> 00:35:06.679
being taught in science classes in state schools. It was successful.

657
00:35:06.760 --> 00:35:09.119
It certainly disappeared from the science classes and things, and

658
00:35:09.400 --> 00:35:11.519
it's always been a bit of a French area. Unlike

659
00:35:11.519 --> 00:35:14.159
in America where creations it is quite large and active

660
00:35:14.239 --> 00:35:17.199
in Australia, it's not because we're not a particularly religious

661
00:35:17.280 --> 00:35:19.360
nation as well, for a start, but also because people

662
00:35:19.400 --> 00:35:22.639
just don't regard this fundamentalism as scientifically valid. Anyway, the

663
00:35:22.679 --> 00:35:25.519
creationist movement split one lot staying in Australia, one log

664
00:35:25.559 --> 00:35:28.000
going up largely to America. A lot of the leading

665
00:35:28.039 --> 00:35:31.400
American creations are Australians, one of their more successful exports.

666
00:35:31.480 --> 00:35:33.480
But it's now coming back a bit now in a

667
00:35:33.840 --> 00:35:36.559
religious school and there are private schools in Australia run

668
00:35:36.599 --> 00:35:39.039
by religious organizations. So this one is run by the

669
00:35:39.079 --> 00:35:43.400
Open Brethren organization through the Christian community ministries. I think

670
00:35:43.440 --> 00:35:46.440
they have about fifteen schools around Australia, not just in Queensland,

671
00:35:46.480 --> 00:35:48.360
and they have had a lot of interest in Noah's

672
00:35:48.440 --> 00:35:51.480
Ark and dinosaurs et cetera. I think they probably visited

673
00:35:51.480 --> 00:35:53.840
the one in the US started by in Australia a

674
00:35:53.920 --> 00:35:56.800
huge model of Noah's Ark, including dinosaurs in the little

675
00:35:56.840 --> 00:36:00.440
stalls eating vegetarian dinosaurs. Obviously they are dinosaurs and page

676
00:36:00.519 --> 00:36:03.239
through the art. And now they've said that this should

677
00:36:03.280 --> 00:36:06.280
be taught in science classes. Obviously this has led to

678
00:36:06.280 --> 00:36:08.480
a lot of controversy. There is a curriculum which is

679
00:36:08.679 --> 00:36:12.000
established by state government's education departments saying this is what

680
00:36:12.039 --> 00:36:14.079
you have to teach, and evolution is one of the

681
00:36:14.119 --> 00:36:16.519
things that you have to teach rather than a divine

682
00:36:16.559 --> 00:36:19.400
creation idea, and they are bligs to teach it, even

683
00:36:19.440 --> 00:36:21.360
these private schools. But what they're throwing in is this

684
00:36:21.440 --> 00:36:24.519
extra bit which some people justified by saying it's good

685
00:36:24.559 --> 00:36:26.480
to have both sides of the story. Well, of course

686
00:36:26.519 --> 00:36:30.880
teaching evolution, as we understand that scientific evolution and creationist

687
00:36:30.960 --> 00:36:33.400
views of fundamental creation of the world. There's not just

688
00:36:33.440 --> 00:36:34.599
two sides of the story. There are a lot of

689
00:36:34.639 --> 00:36:36.719
other creation stories out there, but they don't cover those.

690
00:36:36.800 --> 00:36:39.760
They don't cover First Nations creative stories or other relieg

691
00:36:39.800 --> 00:36:43.000
brooders into creation stories. They only covered this Christian knows

692
00:36:43.039 --> 00:36:46.280
our literal truth story and then they begrudgingly also teach

693
00:36:46.239 --> 00:36:49.239
the evolutions. So it's not giving people a balanced view

694
00:36:49.280 --> 00:36:52.199
by any means. For Star, the science behime creationism is

695
00:36:52.320 --> 00:36:55.039
whoor just to be generous to it, and that there

696
00:36:55.039 --> 00:36:57.400
are other creation stories as well, which if they were

697
00:36:57.440 --> 00:36:59.880
honest about or digit about it, they would be covering.

698
00:36:59.639 --> 00:37:04.039
Those of See, I don't mind kids being taught about creationism,

699
00:37:04.199 --> 00:37:07.360
but you teach it in a specific religious class. You

700
00:37:07.400 --> 00:37:10.000
don't teach it in a science class. Science class should

701
00:37:10.000 --> 00:37:11.519
be science only.

702
00:37:11.639 --> 00:37:13.599
That's always been the skeptics point of view. Take it

703
00:37:13.599 --> 00:37:16.599
in a comparative religion class. That's fine, you can compare

704
00:37:16.639 --> 00:37:18.599
with other religions, but it's not science. So I should

705
00:37:18.599 --> 00:37:20.719
not have that information of being taught to science class.

706
00:37:20.719 --> 00:37:22.719
What the fear is that is it's being allowed to

707
00:37:22.719 --> 00:37:24.960
get in by a distrust of science, which is being

708
00:37:24.960 --> 00:37:27.320
fed through a lot of different avenues about that have

709
00:37:27.440 --> 00:37:31.480
propped up anti vax, anti climate change, and this case

710
00:37:31.480 --> 00:37:33.880
anti evolution is in a general view that scientists don't

711
00:37:33.920 --> 00:37:35.840
know what they're talking about with the Bible. That therefore

712
00:37:35.920 --> 00:37:38.039
it's a symptom of a couple of things. One is

713
00:37:38.119 --> 00:37:41.199
religious fundamentalism, which is not strong in Australia even in

714
00:37:41.280 --> 00:37:43.280
Cassiskils and things. They don't teach it in capital.

715
00:37:43.480 --> 00:38:02.360
That's the skeptics timendum, and this space Time, and that's

716
00:38:02.400 --> 00:38:06.480
the show for now. Spacetime is available every Monday, Wednesday

717
00:38:06.519 --> 00:38:11.000
and Friday through bytes dot com, SoundCloud, YouTube, your favorite

718
00:38:11.000 --> 00:38:14.679
podcast download provider, and from space Time with Stuart Gary

719
00:38:14.719 --> 00:38:19.079
dot com. Space Time's also broadcast through the National Science Foundation,

720
00:38:19.199 --> 00:38:22.960
on Science Own Radio and on both iHeartRadio and tune

721
00:38:22.960 --> 00:38:25.719
in Radio. And you can help to support our show

722
00:38:25.840 --> 00:38:28.840
by visiting the Spacetime Store for a range of promotional

723
00:38:28.960 --> 00:38:33.199
merchandising goodies, or by becoming a Spacetime Patron, which gives

724
00:38:33.199 --> 00:38:36.360
you access to triple episode commercial free versions of the show,

725
00:38:36.559 --> 00:38:39.159
as well as lots of burnus audio content which doesn't

726
00:38:39.199 --> 00:38:42.199
go to weir, access to our exclusive Facebook group, and

727
00:38:42.360 --> 00:38:45.760
other rewards. Just go to space Time with Stuart Gary

728
00:38:45.800 --> 00:38:47.519
dot com for full details.

729
00:38:48.320 --> 00:38:51.760
You've been listening to Spacetime with Stuart Gary This has

730
00:38:51.800 --> 00:38:58.039
been another quality podcast production from bytes dot com.