Antimatter's Secret, Osiris-Rex's Return, and Iran's Space Leap

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This is Spacetime Series twenty six,
Episode one hundred and eighteen, we broadcast

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on the second of October twenty twenty
three. Coming up on Spacetime, does

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anti matter fall up or down?
As Osiris rex mission returns home and Irand's

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nuclear missile program advances another step?
All that and more Coming up on Spacetime,

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Welcome to space Time with Stewart Gary. Does anti matter fall up or

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down under the influence of gravity?
It's an age old question among first year

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physics students the world over, and
now we finally have an answer. Yes,

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it falls down, just like where
matter. And after all, why

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wouldn't it. Einstein's theory of general
relativity says antimatter should behave exactly the same

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as normal matter. After all,
the forces are acting on an antimatter particle

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by the effect of mass on space
time don't change just because the particle now

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has an opposite charge. But somehow
humans find it comforting to finally confirm the

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answer by way of a unique experiment
using a cloud of antihydrogen atoms. Scitists

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observed the antihydrogen mostly took a downward
path, just like regular hydrogen would.

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But although the answer seems simple.
The experiment itself wasn't easy. According to

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the standard model of particle physics,
the foundation stirred upon which sciences current understanding

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of the universe is based, equal
amounts of matter and antimatter were produced when

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the universe burst into existence thirteen point
eight billion years ago, in an event

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these days referred to as the Big
Bang. Shows us there's almost no difference

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between matter and antimatter other than their
charge, and when matter and antimatter come

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into contact, they annihilate each other, producing high intensity gamma radiation. And

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all this begs the question, if
equal amounts of matter and antimatter were produced

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in the Big Bang, why didn't
the universe annihilate itself in a sudden flash

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of purple light as soon as it
came into being? And why do we

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live in a universe filled with matter
rather than antimatter. In fact, we

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now have abundant evidence to show us
that the observable universe is made up almost

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exclusively of matter. If there were
large pockets of antimatter, it would annihilate

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as soon as it came into contact
with the nearby matter, producing very highly

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detectable, high intensity gamma radiation and
this has not been observed. Therefore,

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figuring out how and why our universe
ended up with an abundance of only matter

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rather than antimatter is one of the
biggest open questions in particle physics today.

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In confirming that antimatter, just like
regular matter, is gravitationally attracted, the

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finding also rules out gravitational propulsion as
the reason why atimatter is largely missing from

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the observable universe. The experiment was
carried out by researchers from the International Anti

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Hydrogen Layer of Physics Apparatus or ALPHA
Collaboration, located in Switzerland at CERN,

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the European Organization for Nuclear Research,
and their findings have now been published in

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the journal Nature. Understanding the Nature
of antimatter he not only helps scientists understand

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how the universe came into being,
but it can also enable new innovations never

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before thought possible. And of course, beyond the practical and real, there's

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the imagined, such as the atimatter
field, warp drives, and foote on

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torpedoes of Star Trek Fame. Antimatter
is completely real, but it's mysteriously scarce.

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Alpha Collaboration member Jonathan would tell from
the University of California, Berkeley,

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says many indirect measures indicate that gravity
indirects with antimatter just as expected, But

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until this new experimental result came in, nobody had actually performed a direct observation

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that could rule out or, for
example, that antihydrogen moved upwards as opposted

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downwards in a gravitational field. Your
body, the Earth, and almost everything

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else scientists know about the universe are
overwhelmingly made up of regular matter, consisting

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of things like protons and neutrons and
electrons. On the other hand, antimatter

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is regular matters twin, though with
some other su properties. For example,

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antimatter protons called antiprotons have a negative
charge while regular protons have a positive charge,

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and antimatter electrons called positrons have a
positive charge while regular electrons have a

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negative charge. But because they annihilate
each other, antimatter is really hard to

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test because once you make antimatter,
you've got no way of holding onto it.

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As soon as it touches as regular
matter that could be a container,

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it could be the air, it'll
immediately annihilate. Another Alpha Collaboration team member

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job for Jean, also from the
University of California, Berkeley says that for

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a given mass, these annihilation events
between matter and antimatter are the densest forms

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of energy release known, so in
a very real sense, it would be

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the ultimate power source. The amount
of matter used in the Alpha experiment was

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small, so small that the amount
of energy created by antimatter annihilations could only

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be perceptible using very sensitive detectors,
and so the team needed to manipulate the

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antimatter very carefully in order not to
lose it. Broadly speaking, in the

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Alpha collaboration produced antimatter and then used
it to conduct a leaning tower of Pizza

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type of experiment. Now, that
term leaning tower of Pisa refers to the

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kind of experiment carried out by Galileo
back in the sixteenth century. His experiment

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was designed to demonstrate the identical gravitational
acceleration of two simile ten vinously dropped objects

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of similar volume but different mass Nassa
Apollo fifteen as not. David Scott repeated

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the exact same experiment on the surface
of the Moon. Can we copied a

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boat olver wind and in a commuter
drum in the ETV? Not quite Yeah,

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I haven't put the solar wind in
yet I will shortly. Oh,

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I'll watch this. I'll have a
good picture there. I've got the beautiful

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picture Dame Well. In my left
hand, I have a fetter in my

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right hand a hammer. And I
guess one of the reasons we got here

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today was because of a gentleman named
Galileo a long time ago who made a

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rather significant discovery about falling objects and
gravity fields. And we thought that where

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would be a better place to confirm
his findings and on the move, And

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so we thought we'd try it here
for you. The feather happens to be

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appropriately a falcon fetter for our falcon, And I'll drop the two up here

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and hopefully go hit the ground at
the same time. How about that was

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correct? And for the Alpha experiment, the anti hydrogen was contained within a

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tall, cylindrical vacuum chamber with a
variable magnetic trap called Alpha G. The

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scientists reduced the strength of the trap's
top and bottom magnetic fields until the anti

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hydrogen atoms could escape, and the
relatively weak influence of gravity became apparent.

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As each anti hydrogen atom escaped the
magnetic trap, it touched the chamber walls

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either above or below the trap and
annihilated, which the scientists could then detect

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and count. The researchers repeated their
experiment more than a dozen times, varying

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their magnetic field strength on the top
and bottom traps in order to rule out

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any possible errors. They observed that
when the weakened magnetic fields were precisely balanced

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at the top and bottom, about
eighty percent of the anti hydrogen atoms nihilated

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beneath the trap, a result consistent
with how a cloud of regular hydrogen would

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behave under the same conditions. In
other words, gravity was causing the anti

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hydrogen to fall down, not up. Despite some modest sources of antimatter,

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like the positrons admitted from the decave
potassium in bananas, sitists don't see much

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of it in the universe. However, the fact that the laws of physics

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predict that atimatter should exist in roughly
equal amounts with regular matter remains a massive

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conundrum these days, referred to as
the barrier genesis problem. One potential explanation

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was that atimatter was gravitationally repelled by
regular matter during the Big Bang. The

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trouble is, these new findings suggest
that theory no longer seems plausible. Wartel

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says that while they've ruled out atimatter
being repelled by the gravitational force as opposed

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to attract it, that doesn't mean
there isn't a difference in the gravitational force

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on antimatter, and only a more
precise measurement will tell the Alpha collaboration will

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continue to probe the nature of antihydrogen. In addition to refining their measurement of

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the effect of gravity, they're also
studying how anti hydrogen interacts with electromagnetic radiation

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through spectroscopy. If antihydrogen were somehow
different from regular hydrogen, that would be

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a revolutionary thing because the physics laws
both in the quantum mechanics would and gravity

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say that behavior should be the same. But worth All points out, we

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won't be sure until we actually do
the experiment, and let's face it,

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that's what science is all about.
This space time still to come, NASA's

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epic Assiris REX mission returns home,
and Irand's nuclear missile program advances yet another

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sinister step. All that and more
still to come on space time, NASA's

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first ever asteroid sample return mission has
arrived safely back on Earth. Parachuting down

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onto a US military test range in
the Utah Desert. The Osiris REX sample

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return capsule landed right on target,
following at seven year six point two one

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billion kilometer return journey to the half
kilometer wide nearer f asteroid BNOU recovery operations

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helicopters one and two. I've arrived
at the herding location, so good news.

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Our helicopters are ready to go and
begin those recovery operations just as soon

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as we have confirmation of touchdown here
and as the sun begins to rise in

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the West Coast, the SRC is
going to be streaking across the atmosphere above

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San Francisco, California, about eighty
two miles in altitude. It's gonna becoming

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it hot over five thousand degrees fare
knight almost a couple of seconds after it

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hits that atmosphere that's about half as
warm as the surface of the Sun.

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To give you some context, but
don't wear. Our sample will be safe

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and sound within. We have a
heat shield which is made of a phinilic

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impregnated carbon ablater. It's a very
fancy term to describe what's going on with

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this heat shield. It basically ablates
away or burns away any kind of heat

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flux that develops on that outer shell, making sure that our sample is safe

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and cool within similar technology that we
use with astronauts coming back from the Moon

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or any kind of other landers that
we have going into planets and moons.

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So we're just a couple of moments
away from this key moment. It's going

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to be very exciting next couple of
thirteen minutes here and you'll hear a couple

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call outs come in from just next
door and or emission operations team as they

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begin to get us ready for this
key moment. It's a journey of three

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point eight six billion miles getting reduced
to the scale of mirror miles eighty two

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miles above the surface of the Earth
in San Francisco. A couple key events

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are going to happen as soon as
we get into the Earth's atmosphere very quickly

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in we're going to deploy our drogue
parachute. This is for stability, stabilizes

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our descent, and make sure that
we are continuing to target that landing lips

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that is here in the Utah Test
training range. It is a thirty six

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point five by eight mile landing lips
that is here marked out for that recovery

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operation. This team, i'll remind
you, just a few hours ago,

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gave that command to release the SRC
on this long journey. It's been on

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its own for four hours. There's
nothing we can do at this point.

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It's coming in rain or shine till
SRC has entered the Ears atmosphere. ETTR

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TRACKI assets he require, and here
we go. Start your top stopwatch.

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Right now we are thirteen minutes of
entry, descent and landing as it enters

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into Earth's atmosphere. The punishing deceleration
that spacecraft, that SRC is experienced right

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now as it comes in at about
twenty seven thousand, six hundred and fifty

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miles an hour, glowing brightly in
the sky, and in just a few

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moments we're going to reach peak heating
and peak deceleration. That's at thirty two

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G forces punishing G force on our
SARCO. At this point we've entered in

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over San Francisco, California, and
are very quickly going to be approaching the

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Utah Test and Training Range just a
little bit further to the east. Entry

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was at pole still is experiencing maximum
eating and maximum deceleration. So you just

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heard right there. We're experiencing that
five thousand degree fahrenheit maximum heating, burning

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scalding hot on that heat shield that
is protecting our sample, with an end

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maximum deceleration that is at thirty two
G force punishing deceleration from Earth's atmosphere,

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the drag forces that are acting on
that SRC. Our next milestone will be

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expecting that drogue parachute deployment that'll be
at about one hundred two thousand, three

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hundred feet altitude that will stabilize our
descent and slow us from hypersonic to subsonic

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speeds as we continue to target the
Utah test and training range expected e O

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milestone SRC commands drogue parachute deploy So
we heard that command to deploy the drogue

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parachute. At this time eight forty
four am Mountain time, the Ocyrius APEX

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spacecraft is at its closest approach to
Earth that will be on to its extended

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mission visiting the asteroid Epophus in the
year twenty twenty nine, continuing this incredible

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mission at another world, and in
just a few moments we should enter into

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specially use airspace at approximately eight forty
six am. That's going to be at

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ten miles off the deck here at
Utaw testin Training Range. That SRC is

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nearly three feet wide one point six
feet into small objects, so quite a

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challenge to track this as it comes
Syrian to Earth's atmosphere. This area is

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specifically chosen for this mission. It's
a wide open, vast desert space,

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relatively flat, perfect to land this
sample today. Our next milestone we should

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be expecting main parachute deployment at around
eight forty nine am mountain time ETL milestone.

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We have some firm wow and after
an exhilarating streak across Earth's atmosphere,

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is that orange creamsicle colored parachute just
to delight, A sweet delight to see

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in our sky here over the Utah
testin Training Range, just a few minutes

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away from getting that sample from the
other side of the Solar System. From

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the surface of Asteroid Benuit sample site
Nightingale to the rugged terrain of the Utaw

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testin Training Range. Looks like winds
are relatively low, not a lot of

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rocking back and forth. Those parachutes
seem to be perfectly smooth coming down that

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parachute there continuing to descend the slight
little bit of till back and forth of

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our SARC as it comes to its
resting velocity of eleven miles per hours,

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it makes that final descent that parachute
deployant was given internally by the spacecraft and

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once that successfully lands, the teams
will begin the next crucial phase of this

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mission, the sample recovery operations.
They've been rehearsing for this moment for months

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literally years really leading up to this
key moment, and are ready to begin

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those operations to get that SRC into
our portable clean room here and extract that

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sample canister within the ground. Really
closing in now on that one as visual

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on the scar the shute that is
phenomenal and once again just setting the context

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for this, when we first hit
the top of the atmosphere we were at

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twenty seven thousand, six hundred fifty
miles per hour. We are now leisurely

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decelerating under our orange parachute to eleven
miles per hour. Incredible amount of deceleration

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there, as Earth's atmosphere really helped
us out quite a bit getting that initial

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deceleration our drogue parachute initially stabilizing our
descent, and then ultimately that main parachute

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bringing us home Town has touched down
and touchdown of the Osarus Rex sampler Turn

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capsule, a journey of a billion
miles to asteroid Benue and back, has

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come to an end, marking America's
first sampler turnmission of its kind and opening

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a time capsule to our ancient Solar
System. NASA chief Bill Nelson hailed the

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mission, saying the samples contained aboard
the capsule will give scientists an extraordinary glimpse

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into the beginnings of the Solar System. The mission collected an estimated tajn fifty

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grams of regular from the ancient asteroid's
rocky bouldesterns surface. The Saras Rex spacecraft

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released its re entry capsule just over
a day before touchdown at a distance of

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over one hundred and eight thousand kilometers
from Earth. The spacecraft itself then flew

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past the Earth to continue on with
its mission. It'll study another asteroid called

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Apophus. Meanwhile, the re entry
capsule hurtled down towards the Earth's surface at

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some forty five thousand kilometers per hour, using only atmospheric drag to slow down

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enough for two successive parachutes to be
deployed, allowing the capsule to float down

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to a gentle desert landing. The
only concerned during the re entry was the

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deployment of the main parachute, far
higher than originally anticipated. It deployed at

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about twenty thousand feet or six thousand, one hundred meters instead of the five

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thousand feet or fifteen hundred meters originally
planned. The now black and meat a

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wide tire size capsule, touched down
gently under the rocky desert floor, only

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to be quickly surrounded by waiting scientists
taking readings. After confirming the capsule survived

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its journey was not breached, meaning
its contamination seals were still intact, the

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crew placed the device in a sling
and transported it by a helicopter to especially

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prepared nasiclean room I. Meanwhile,
the Asius Rex spacecraft is continuing with its

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mission. After releasing the re entry
cap it fired up its engines and continued

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on to the next part of its
journey, a rendezvous with the asteroid Apophus.

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Like Berneu, Apophus is a near
Earth asteroid. It'll pass within thirty

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two thousand kilometers of the Earth in
twenty twenty nine. Now it was originally

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listed as a potential Earth impactor,
but as more and more data on its

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orbit came in, it showed that
it will miss the planet, not by

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much less than the altitude of many
satellites, but it will be amiss.

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Meanwhile, these samples from the asteroid
Bernou, and they've been flown aboard a

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C seventeen globe mass to transport to
the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.

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That's where they'll be dipped up and
studied. About seventy five percent of

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the samples will be conserved for study
by future generations, with the remaining quarter

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handed out to scientific teams across the
United States and even overseas, including Australia,

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with a team from Curtain University also
getting some samples for experimentation. The

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Curtain team of six researchers or all
members of the Osiris REX science team,

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will use sophisticated instruments to study the
samples and gain invaluable insights into the origins

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of the Solar System and life itself. These asteroids are composed of the original

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materials of the Solar System, getting
back some four point six billion years,

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and they've remained relatively intact ever since. Bnou surprise scientists in twenty twenty when

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the probe, during its spree of
contact with the asteroid surface to collect its

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samples, shockingly sank over a meter
in the regular, revealing an unexpected low

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density for the asteroid. Instead of
solid rock, it's more like a kid's

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pool filled with plastic balls. Understanding
Bernous composition is important, as this asteroid

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has a one in twenty seven hundred
chants of catastrophically slamming into the Earth in

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twenty one eighty two. We now
know Bernou is a rubble pile asteroid.

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That means it's entirely made up of
fragments ranging in size from massive boulders bigger

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than ours and are tiny grains of
dust. This detritus was all ejected during

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the destruction of a much larger parrot
asteroid. The social professor Nick Timms from

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Curtain University's School of Earth and Planetary
Sciences says Cyrus rex will reveal insights into

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the molecular precursors of the origins of
life, and it contains water molecules locked

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in its minerals. Berneux is a
lumpy C group asteroid, a carbonaceous and

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volatile rich group that has been relatively
untouched since formed, and so this gives

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scientists a window to look back to
the beginnings of the Solar System. These

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samples are some of the most pristine
asteroid rocks available. Unlike meteorites that reach

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Earth and quickly become contaminated by the
planet's atmosphere, surface material, water,

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and biota, the Bernous samples are
pristine and unblemished. So with Berneu,

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scientists will be analyzing unsports samples from
some of the oldest objects in the Solar

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System. Tim says, we'll be
added to tell huge amounts about what happened

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when the Solar System was nothing more
than dusting gas and the processes their broad

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planets together and created the ingredients for
life on Earth. One of the benefits

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of flying a spacecraft to these space
objects and asteroids is that we can bring

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these rocky materials back to Earth without
being contaminated by the Earth. Problem with

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meteorites, isn't it no matter how
fresh they are, they've still got earthly

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contamination on the outside. Yeah,
I mean, meteorites are great, they're

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space rocks that made their own way
to Earth, which is very handy for

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us, and we can go and
collect them from the Earth's surface. But

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the longer they lie around on the
Earth, then they can get earth contamination

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by water or Earth's biological organisms and
things like that, And so the longer

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they lie around, and more difficult
it is for us to tell what signals

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are from the space rock and what
has come from the Earth contamination. So

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isolating the returned material from Benu is
a really important thing because we can preserve

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its integrity in terms of the chemistry
of the rock types and the particles and

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all of the molecules out there on
the asteroid. We can then see what

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they're like without worry that it's been
contaminated from it. There must be special

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precautions and procedures that need to be
followed. Yeah, absolutely, there's a

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very long list of procedures that have
been developed by the mission scientists to try

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and achieve that. One of the
main things is being handled and adored in

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a special ultra clean laboratory. It's
basically a huge what looks like a huge

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fish tank or glass tank with holes
in the sides where there are sort of

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plastic gloves that people on the outside
can reach inside the gloves then and handle

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the material inside the big tank and
the tank that has been purged with nitrogen

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gas so that as atmosphere doesn't contaminate
the sample, and that's a really important

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step in trying to curate these samples. So some of the sample will be

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stored away in very well sealed containers
for future signs to look at. When

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you know, technology gets better and
we can discover more and more things that

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we can't even fathom right now.
They did that with the moon samples from

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the Apollo missions, too, didn't
They absolutely yes, And we met over

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fifty years old. Even on that
I think I'm a fiftieth anniversary of the

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Moon landings. They opened some of
these samples for the first time, and

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technology has changed so much in fifty
years that a whole array of new techniques

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can be employed to actually look at
different types of analysis and the chemistry of

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the volatile elements and all sorts of
things from the moon rocks that they recently

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opened. So the similar sort of
thing will be happening to the Penu sample

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too. Now we've had samples from
asteroids before. Curtain University were given samples

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from the High buss Or two mission, and also maybe did you get Highbusser

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as well? Were they samples from
there? Yeah, we've been involved a

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curtain involved in every single sample return
mission in the modern era. Really,

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we also have got a long track
record at looking at the apollos amples from

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the Moon as well, which is
the real privileged position to being. We've

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developed expertise along the way. So
the first asteroid to be visited by the

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Japanese Space Agency, the Space Agency
Jackson, was from an asteroid called Itakawa,

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and there were only fifteen hundred that's
one thousand, five hundred specs of

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dust returned from that one, a
really small amount of material, and we've

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been looking, yeah it didn't quite
go right, but why when it arrived

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back and they put it in a
similar clean laboratory and basically dusted out the

300
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inside of the sample canister and they
found fifteen hundred specs of dust which were

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from the asteroid that's blown in there. And so we've been privileged enough to

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look at those and examine those and
find quite a lot even though the tiny

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specs. Our instruments are so high
tech and highly tuned that we can get

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lots out of material even that's small. And then more recently Ryugu, another

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00:24:56.119 --> 00:25:00.079
asteroid, was visited by E.
Jackson, and the here was returned from

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00:25:00.079 --> 00:25:04.160
that only five point four grams,
which is about the same weight as about

307
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three plane card from a deck of
cards. So it's not very much material

308
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in terms of weight, but that
has also been absolutely brilliant to see lots

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of new information being derived and analyzed
from those materials as well. Virus Rex

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mission was very different. It almost
got eaten up by the asteroid because the

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asteroid was so what's the term un
dense, Yeah, sack into it.

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Yeah, I guess. I guess
my view of an asteroid when I was

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as much younger as a kid,
I guess was these are kind of solid

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blocks of rock that kind of make
their way around the Solar System. Yeah,

315
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that kind of thing. But the
more that we look out into space

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with telescopes and visit these asteroids with
spacecraft and bring bits back, we realize

317
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that there are many of them are
just piles of rubble, that's like bits

318
00:25:53.400 --> 00:25:57.559
of rock and dust, kind of
leftover bits and bobs from the early times

319
00:25:57.559 --> 00:26:03.119
in the Solar System when the planets
were first formed, they've basically accreted together.

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That means all of the bits of
stuck together, and now they's sort

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of little bit round the Sun.
And it's amazing that they're still around,

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to be honest, because they're so
fragile and just collections of rubbles. They

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have little rock piles. Who've got
to think of them as almost like piles

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of dust. Yeah, they call
it soil, I guess, yeah,

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regulate exactly so, and that's what
the REX part in Osiris REX stems boys

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regular explorer. It's quite a different
type of material than I was envision as

327
00:26:30.480 --> 00:26:34.400
a kid, but that's where science
goes. Even in my lifetime, I

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understanding has changed incredibly about a neighboring
object. You'll be given a portion of

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00:26:40.240 --> 00:26:44.039
this material itself. Must be a
great honor to be selected as part of

330
00:26:44.079 --> 00:26:48.720
the scientific team to examine these things. Are there certainly criteria that NASA are

331
00:26:48.759 --> 00:26:52.599
looking forward or we want some of
to examine the chemical composition of any atmosphere

332
00:26:52.640 --> 00:26:59.200
inside the asteroid or inside the regular
thought in the magnetic field of the regular

333
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thought, origins of the regular composition. How does that all work? Yeah,

334
00:27:03.039 --> 00:27:07.559
that's a great question. Yes,
that's how the mission scientists have assembled

335
00:27:07.599 --> 00:27:11.319
the analysis team. And when I
say team, there are about two hundred

336
00:27:11.319 --> 00:27:15.920
and thirty of researchers from around the
world who are closely involved in this the

337
00:27:15.920 --> 00:27:18.559
samples that have been returned, and
everybody has a different role, and everyone

338
00:27:18.680 --> 00:27:25.319
is bringing their own expertise and instruments
that they use in terms of measuring different

339
00:27:25.359 --> 00:27:29.759
aspects of these materials. So there
are some of us who are looking at

340
00:27:29.799 --> 00:27:36.640
the geochemistry of the minerals in the
in the rocks and the dust to understand

341
00:27:36.680 --> 00:27:40.440
more about, you know, how
they formed and when they formed, to

342
00:27:40.559 --> 00:27:42.240
date them. There are some of
us who are looking at the arrangement of

343
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all of the particles and texture and
the micro structure of them and figure out

344
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how processes have happened to make all
of these things stick together, and what's

345
00:27:51.119 --> 00:27:53.920
happened to them since and if they've
been hit by other impacts and all of

346
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those sorts of questions. And there
are yeah, lots of teams, not

347
00:27:59.559 --> 00:28:03.640
necessarily early at Curtain, but around
the world who are looking at different aspects

348
00:28:03.640 --> 00:28:07.440
of this, including the magnetic properties, including the organic molecules that we can

349
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find. Are we're hoping to find
in the sample, and so on and

350
00:28:11.720 --> 00:28:15.640
so forth, and together we can
answer lots of different questions of which were

351
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posed right from the outset of the
mission to start with. What are some

352
00:28:18.000 --> 00:28:22.720
of those questions? They include a
whole array of things. I mean,

353
00:28:22.759 --> 00:28:26.519
there's quite there's a long list that
we the scientists as it were, are

354
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privy too. So I'll just submarize
some of them. I mean, the

355
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asteroid is meant to be. We
think a relic from the early Solar System

356
00:28:33.920 --> 00:28:38.160
has formed, probably around about four
point five billion years ago, when a

357
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very dynamic and violent part of the
Solar System's history, and like I said,

358
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the leftovers of planet formations. So
by looking at these articles and fragments,

359
00:28:48.559 --> 00:28:52.319
we can maybe get some insights into
how planets formed and what happened to

360
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the bits that didn't end up being
planets. Some of the carbon rich material

361
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and that we're hoping to see in
the sample will for molecules and compounds,

362
00:29:00.599 --> 00:29:06.400
which are organics, things like amino
acids and things which ultimately the precurse of

363
00:29:06.519 --> 00:29:10.119
building blocks or life as we know
it on Earth. So we can hopefully

364
00:29:10.119 --> 00:29:14.720
get a glimpse of the variety and
the types of organic molecules that are out

365
00:29:14.759 --> 00:29:18.680
there to help understand how Earth life
might have evolved. We're also hoping to

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00:29:18.759 --> 00:29:23.960
see if the materials can be seen
to have water or other resources which can

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potentially be used in future missions to
help us explore space. If we land

368
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on these asteroids, can we get
water out of the rocks and the material

369
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to then sustain life to hop into
another place, or helping to make fuel

370
00:29:37.839 --> 00:29:42.119
for refueling stations for those sorts of
science fiction sounding things. And the other

371
00:29:42.279 --> 00:29:45.759
reason that we want to look at
this material is to figure out its physical

372
00:29:45.759 --> 00:29:49.240
properties, it's strength, density,
and so on and so forth. To

373
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link through to how we can interpret
what we can see through telescopes. Are

374
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other asteroids that we can sense in
their solar system and SOPO cander ground truth

375
00:30:00.200 --> 00:30:04.000
telescope observations with microscope observations and say, right, this rock to has that

376
00:30:04.079 --> 00:30:07.920
kind of response in the telescope,
and therefore we can see all these other

377
00:30:08.000 --> 00:30:12.240
object we can make interpretations of those
that were a lot more robust. And

378
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also if we understand about things about
strength of the material and so on,

379
00:30:17.279 --> 00:30:22.680
then we can think about how we
can maybe deflect asteroids in the future.

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If any of them end up being
dangerous to the Earth by being in an

381
00:30:26.640 --> 00:30:30.640
orbit which may one day impact the
Earth. We can send spacecraft up there

382
00:30:30.640 --> 00:30:33.319
to try and deflect asteroids out the
way, to mitigate hazards that could be

383
00:30:33.440 --> 00:30:37.279
disastrous if a rig one of these
things hit to be very destructed in day.

384
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They know, is of course one
of those asteroids, one of those

385
00:30:41.200 --> 00:30:45.240
neuarth asteroids which do pose a creditable
threat. What two thousand, seven hundred

386
00:30:45.319 --> 00:30:48.160
to one chance of fitting the Earth. That's not much, but it's there,

387
00:30:48.240 --> 00:30:55.319
and it's yeah, we'll see how
it's orbit goes. That's where things

388
00:30:55.400 --> 00:30:59.359
like understanding the Yakovski effect comes into
it. Yes, that's right. So

389
00:30:59.599 --> 00:31:03.680
the acecraft that ultimately delivered the sample
back to Earth spent a long time orbit

390
00:31:03.759 --> 00:31:07.559
in the asteroid before it landed on
it. Well, one to make measurements

391
00:31:07.559 --> 00:31:11.599
of the three dimensional nature of the
asteroid surface to figure out exactly where to

392
00:31:11.680 --> 00:31:15.480
land, and that was a challenge
in itself. These things have bolders bigger

393
00:31:15.480 --> 00:31:22.000
than cars, and no, they're
very rough surfaces and quite a challenging thing

394
00:31:22.079 --> 00:31:26.039
to find a place for a spacecraft
to go and sample without damaging it,

395
00:31:26.599 --> 00:31:30.440
but also to look at its orbital
properties, and how things like the Sun

396
00:31:30.680 --> 00:31:36.599
illuminating one side of the asteroid and
changes its orbital properties as it heats that

397
00:31:36.720 --> 00:31:40.920
side of the asteroid of and makes
the dynamics shift. And like you say,

398
00:31:41.000 --> 00:31:44.559
those things were very poorly at the
southern I think there've been leaps and

399
00:31:44.599 --> 00:31:48.839
bounds in our understanding of just by
this spacecraft orbiting VENU for a long time

400
00:31:49.039 --> 00:31:53.200
to get a lot more information about
how all that works and those kinds of

401
00:31:53.240 --> 00:31:57.039
phenomenon, and so it's really it's
been a really successful mission. It's very

402
00:31:57.119 --> 00:32:01.839
quite phenomenal. One of the big
miss stories about planet Earth is understanding where

403
00:32:01.839 --> 00:32:07.000
the water came from. We don't
really know. Originally we thought it may

404
00:32:07.000 --> 00:32:10.160
have come with the planet when it
formed. Then the idea was that probably

405
00:32:10.200 --> 00:32:15.640
came with comets. But when you
study the water in comets and the water

406
00:32:15.720 --> 00:32:21.400
in Earth, the ratios of hydrogen
to the ratios of hydrogen to a hydrogen

407
00:32:21.440 --> 00:32:25.119
isotope or deuterium weren't right. Well, we did find that there are lots

408
00:32:25.160 --> 00:32:30.880
of asteroids which had similar hydrogen to
deuterium ratios to what we find here on

409
00:32:30.960 --> 00:32:35.200
Earth. That'll be one of the
things I take at Situs we'll be looking

410
00:32:35.200 --> 00:32:39.200
for with Benou absolutely, and that's
one thing that we can do very well

411
00:32:39.279 --> 00:32:45.039
here at Curtain University is we have
an instrument called an atom probe which can

412
00:32:45.079 --> 00:32:52.279
basically reconstruct the chemistry, geochemistry and
atomic structure on a nano scale, and

413
00:32:52.319 --> 00:32:55.480
we can look at the surface of
the particles that have returned and see how

414
00:32:58.279 --> 00:33:07.000
the Sun has based planted radiation into
the into the sample and cause the sample

415
00:33:07.039 --> 00:33:12.440
to change its geochemistry and that kind
of process we've found out from looking at

416
00:33:12.480 --> 00:33:17.680
samples from asteroid Etokawa has been instrumental
in planting things like hydrogen into the into

417
00:33:17.720 --> 00:33:22.319
the surface of these asteroid particles,
which then if you think, then they

418
00:33:22.400 --> 00:33:25.759
get delivered to Earth and conform naturally
as meteorites which build up over a long

419
00:33:25.799 --> 00:33:32.200
period of time. Is a very
viable mechanism of getting hydrogen. Smuggling hydrogen

420
00:33:32.359 --> 00:33:37.960
from the Sun to Earth. So's
it's interesting to think that maybe some of

421
00:33:38.000 --> 00:33:44.039
our water on Earth actually originated from
the Sun. What else would you guys

422
00:33:44.039 --> 00:33:46.960
be looking for? Do you guys
have a set list of target to Ramia.

423
00:33:47.839 --> 00:33:52.640
Well, we have a vast array
of instruments which are very tuned to

424
00:33:52.920 --> 00:33:58.559
look at the kinds of problems that
we might want to understand. We don't

425
00:33:58.640 --> 00:34:01.559
quite know what we're going to get. We're still the very early stages of

426
00:34:01.720 --> 00:34:07.119
unwrapping the capsule and seeing what samples
there. So we're kind of ready for

427
00:34:07.160 --> 00:34:09.800
a whole range of things depending on
what we get. But one thing that

428
00:34:09.840 --> 00:34:15.760
we've got great expertise in is dating
rocks. We've been isn't the business of

429
00:34:15.840 --> 00:34:23.480
dating rocks for a long time and
measuring the radioisotopes and radioactive decay, figuring

430
00:34:23.519 --> 00:34:29.840
out how old a particular mineral is, and then linking that back to how

431
00:34:29.840 --> 00:34:32.199
it formed and when it formed and
what's happened to it since. And so

432
00:34:32.480 --> 00:34:37.440
we'll be looking forward to dating some
bits of Benu and figuring out what happened

433
00:34:37.480 --> 00:34:42.400
to them when they formed and what
happened to them, since it's something that

434
00:34:42.400 --> 00:34:47.159
we do very well, is it
or Yeah? The zircon is a mineral

435
00:34:47.320 --> 00:34:52.880
that naturally contains a radioactive clock the
uranium that decays to lead, and that's

436
00:34:52.920 --> 00:34:59.119
found not in abundance but quite commonly
in rocks. From the type of rock

437
00:34:59.199 --> 00:35:02.079
that we're expecting to get from Benu. Isn't perhaps going to have lots of

438
00:35:02.079 --> 00:35:07.400
work on it in it, but
there are other isotope systems such as potassium

439
00:35:07.440 --> 00:35:12.280
that decays to argon, which could
be present in some of the materials and

440
00:35:12.400 --> 00:35:15.199
some of the minerals in the samples
that we're going to retrieve from benu.

441
00:35:15.360 --> 00:35:20.760
And so we have a dating facility
here from by a colleague of mine,

442
00:35:20.800 --> 00:35:24.119
which is absolutely geared up for that. It's very destructive. It involves sending

443
00:35:24.239 --> 00:35:30.159
the samples to nuclear reactor to it
radiate them and then let them kind of

444
00:35:30.159 --> 00:35:34.559
cool down a little bit, and
then they get blasted with a laser completely

445
00:35:34.599 --> 00:35:38.840
destructively to then release the all of
the argon gas at which we can then

446
00:35:38.880 --> 00:35:43.960
measure and integure out hole that particle
was. So that's one thing that we're

447
00:35:43.960 --> 00:35:47.119
hoping to do it curtain. Are
you looking for things like CIS and now

448
00:35:47.119 --> 00:35:51.880
that's got nothing to do with the
American Spy Organization. No, that's true.

449
00:35:52.039 --> 00:35:58.679
The AI stands for calcium aluminium inclusions
and they are some of the earliest

450
00:35:58.800 --> 00:36:02.480
solids to form it in the solar
system. There may even be tiny particles

451
00:36:02.519 --> 00:36:09.880
and fragments in these samples which predate
our sun. Exotic particles have arrived and

452
00:36:10.000 --> 00:36:15.960
being embedded in the asteroid material from
other solar systems and the solar processes,

453
00:36:15.960 --> 00:36:21.440
and these are called presolar grains,
and they often stand out by being very

454
00:36:21.559 --> 00:36:24.320
very different from the particles that are
a part of our solar system. They

455
00:36:24.360 --> 00:36:30.960
have different isotopes and different geochemistry that
make them shine out in our instruments very

456
00:36:30.960 --> 00:36:34.360
well. And we can study those
and figure out what kind of sun,

457
00:36:34.639 --> 00:36:37.760
what kind of star that these came
from, and what was going on in

458
00:36:37.800 --> 00:36:39.559
those environments. But we don't exactly
know what we're going to get yet.

459
00:36:39.639 --> 00:36:44.840
We're hoping all of these components will
be in a sample from Benu and we'll

460
00:36:44.840 --> 00:36:47.360
just have to wait and see.
Let's a socio professor Nick Timms from the

461
00:36:47.400 --> 00:36:54.320
Curtain University School of Earth and Planetary
Sciences. And this space Time still the

462
00:36:54.440 --> 00:37:00.079
calm arounds deadly nuclear emiss our program
advances another state, and later in the

463
00:37:00.119 --> 00:37:07.079
science report, new details from the
Australian Bureau of Statistics show that COVID nineteen

464
00:37:07.360 --> 00:37:10.639
was the third leading cause of death
in Australia last year. All that and

465
00:37:10.719 --> 00:37:30.480
more still to come on space Time. Iran says it's launched a new spy

466
00:37:30.559 --> 00:37:36.840
satellite into orbit. The seven kilogram
Nor three Imaging Cube SAT was launched a

467
00:37:36.880 --> 00:37:43.199
border Quissade rocket by Iran's Revolutionary Guards. Tran says the satellite was placed into

468
00:37:43.199 --> 00:37:46.599
a four hundred and fifty kilometer high
orbit. The Quissade is a three stage

469
00:37:46.760 --> 00:37:52.199
rocket based on existing Irani in a
North Korean medium range ballistic missile technology.

470
00:37:52.679 --> 00:37:58.360
The launch vehicles being developed and tested
as the delivery system for the Islamic Republic

471
00:37:58.480 --> 00:38:04.840
secret nuclear weapons prom That program recently
received a six billion dollar boost in funding

472
00:38:04.960 --> 00:38:08.960
after the Biden administration released frozen Iranian
assets as part of a deal broken by

473
00:38:09.039 --> 00:38:15.719
Sweden for the release of American hostages. That money had been frozen following repeated

474
00:38:15.800 --> 00:38:21.639
breaches of the twenty fifteen Vienna Nuclear
Nonproliferation Treaty Accords agreed to by Teran.

475
00:38:22.360 --> 00:38:25.360
A similar release of frozen funds was
carried out in twenty sixteen by the Obama

476
00:38:25.400 --> 00:38:31.559
administration when Biden was Vice president.
That netted RAN somewhere between fifty and one

477
00:38:31.639 --> 00:38:37.079
hundred and fifty billion dollars. The
true total amount was never disclosed. This

478
00:38:37.199 --> 00:38:43.880
latest launched by Iran was another direct
violation of the Vienna Accords, which are

479
00:38:43.880 --> 00:38:49.039
designed to prevent tay Ran from developing
nuclear weapons or the delivery systems to launch

480
00:38:49.079 --> 00:38:52.800
them, such as ballistic missiles.
Last week, i Ran suddenly banned a

481
00:38:52.920 --> 00:39:00.480
third of all United Nations nuclear weapons
inspectors from assessing the Islamic Republics suspected weapon

482
00:39:00.639 --> 00:39:07.079
sites. The International Atomic Energy Agency
slam the unprecedented move as profoundly regrettable,

483
00:39:07.320 --> 00:39:13.159
warning that it would harm the agency's
abilities to monitor the Islamic Republic's nuclear programs,

484
00:39:13.719 --> 00:39:16.440
and just last month, the UN
Nuclear Watchdog said Iran had made no

485
00:39:16.639 --> 00:39:23.360
progress on several outstanding nuclear issues,
including reactivating surveillance devices that were disconnected by

486
00:39:23.440 --> 00:39:30.239
Iran last year. The International Atomic
Energy Agency says Iran's total stockball of enriched

487
00:39:30.320 --> 00:39:35.320
uranium is now more than eighteen times
above the limits set by the twenty fifteen

488
00:39:35.400 --> 00:39:39.400
Vienna Accords. It's now estimated to
be at least three thousand, seven hundred

489
00:39:39.480 --> 00:39:44.880
ninety six kilograms, well above the
two hundred two kilograms agreed to under the

490
00:39:44.960 --> 00:39:50.480
Vienna Accords. The UN Nuclear Watchdog
says the Islamic Republic began using advanced centri

491
00:39:50.559 --> 00:39:54.920
fusures to enrich uranium in September twenty
nineteen and in February twenty twenty one,

492
00:39:55.079 --> 00:40:01.000
UN weapons inspectors found Iran had started
producing uranium metal. Now that's a material

493
00:40:01.440 --> 00:40:07.440
which is only used in nuclear weapons. It has no other use. Then

494
00:40:07.480 --> 00:40:12.159
in April twenty twenty one, both
the German and Swedish intelligence agencies warned of

495
00:40:12.239 --> 00:40:16.719
growing efforts by Iran to obtain nuclear
weapons technology, and a report by the

496
00:40:16.760 --> 00:40:22.239
International Atomic Energy Agency in May twenty
twenty two found traces of enriched geranium at

497
00:40:22.280 --> 00:40:30.639
three secret atomic weapons research facilities.
Israeli intelligence says Iran now has enough weapons

498
00:40:30.679 --> 00:40:36.800
gray geranium to produce at least four
atomic bombs. That's enough to destroy New

499
00:40:36.880 --> 00:40:58.360
York, Washington, London and Paris. This is space time and time that

500
00:40:58.480 --> 00:41:00.320
to take a brief look at some
of the other story is making using science

501
00:41:00.400 --> 00:41:07.159
this week with a Science Report.
New figures released by the Australian Bureau Statistics

502
00:41:07.280 --> 00:41:12.000
show that COVID nineteen was the third
leading cause of death in Australia last year,

503
00:41:12.280 --> 00:41:15.880
the deadly virus accounting for more than
one in twenty fatalities. This marks

504
00:41:15.920 --> 00:41:21.559
the first time and infectious diseases appeared
in the top five leading causes of death

505
00:41:21.599 --> 00:41:27.320
since nineteen seventy, when influenza and
pneumonia ranked fifth. The data shows COVID

506
00:41:27.440 --> 00:41:30.760
nineteen was among the top ten leading
causes of death in all states and territories

507
00:41:30.840 --> 00:41:36.199
last year, ranging from the third
leading cause in New South Wales, Victoria,

508
00:41:36.320 --> 00:41:39.719
South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory
to the ninth leading cause in the

509
00:41:39.719 --> 00:41:45.280
Northern Territory. The virus was the
sixth leading cause in Queensland, with an

510
00:41:45.360 --> 00:41:51.519
Australia and Tasmania. Official figures suggest
some seven million people of now being killed

511
00:41:51.519 --> 00:41:55.880
by the COVID nineteen coronavirus since it
was first detected near China's Wuhan Institute of

512
00:41:55.920 --> 00:42:02.320
Virology around September twenty nineteen. The
World Health Organization estimates the true death toll

513
00:42:02.559 --> 00:42:07.880
is likely to be around eighteen million, with over seven hundred and seventy million

514
00:42:07.000 --> 00:42:14.400
confirmed cases. Globally, Antarctic sea
ice has reached a new record low winter

515
00:42:14.559 --> 00:42:20.239
growth, its lowest maximum extent since
records began. The findings, based on

516
00:42:20.320 --> 00:42:23.360
satellite data from NASA and the National
Snow and Ice Data Center, show that

517
00:42:23.519 --> 00:42:29.400
sea ice reached a maximum extent at
sixteen point nine six million square kilometers during

518
00:42:29.400 --> 00:42:31.760
a time when sea ice cover should
have been growing at a much faster pace

519
00:42:31.960 --> 00:42:37.599
during the darkest and coldest months of
the year. That's one point zero three

520
00:42:37.679 --> 00:42:43.320
million square kilometers below the previous record
reached back in nineteen eighty six. The

521
00:42:43.400 --> 00:42:47.119
average maximum extent between nineteen eighty one
and twenty ten was eighteen point seven one

522
00:42:47.159 --> 00:42:52.039
million square kilometers. Scientists are now
working to try and better understand the cause

523
00:42:52.079 --> 00:42:57.360
of the meager sea ice growth,
which could include a combination of factors including

524
00:42:57.400 --> 00:43:02.199
El Nino, wind patent changes and
warming ocean temperatures. The fact that sis

525
00:43:02.360 --> 00:43:08.719
is melting at both poles reinforces warnings
by scientists of a cycle called ice lbedo

526
00:43:08.880 --> 00:43:14.559
feedback. You see, bright sea
ice acts like a mirror, reflecting most

527
00:43:14.639 --> 00:43:17.679
of the Sun's energy that shines upon
it, setting it back into space.

528
00:43:19.400 --> 00:43:22.679
On the other hand, open ocean
water is darker, so it ends up

529
00:43:22.719 --> 00:43:27.920
absorbing some ninety percent of the Sun's
energy that reaches it. With greater areas

530
00:43:27.960 --> 00:43:32.039
of ocean exposed to solar energy,
more heat can be absorbed. This warms

531
00:43:32.079 --> 00:43:38.880
the oceans and further delays s ice
growth. The US Department of Energy Stanford

532
00:43:38.920 --> 00:43:45.360
Linear Accelerator Center has just achieved first
light on the world's most powerful X ray

533
00:43:45.480 --> 00:43:50.679
laser. The upgraded line Act coherent
light source too ashes in a new era

534
00:43:50.760 --> 00:43:54.480
of science, providing up to a
million X ray flashes per second that's eight

535
00:43:54.519 --> 00:44:00.239
thousand times more than its predecessor.
Work on the one point one billion dollar

536
00:44:00.320 --> 00:44:05.960
project began thirteen years ago involving thousands
of scientists, engineers, and technicians.

537
00:44:06.599 --> 00:44:10.400
The new X ray free electron laser
produces ultra bright, ultra short pulses of

538
00:44:10.519 --> 00:44:15.679
X ray light that allows scientists to
capture the behavior of molecules, atoms,

539
00:44:15.679 --> 00:44:21.679
and electrons with unprecedented detail on the
natural time scales on which chemistry, biology,

540
00:44:21.679 --> 00:44:27.639
and material changes occur. It transforms
the ability of scientists to explore atomic

541
00:44:27.679 --> 00:44:31.679
scale, ultra fast phenomena that a
key to understanding a broad range of applications.

542
00:44:32.320 --> 00:44:37.599
Scientists will now be able to examine
the details of quantum materials with unprecedented

543
00:44:37.639 --> 00:44:43.119
resolution. Let's will drive new forms
of computing and communications. It will reveal

544
00:44:43.280 --> 00:44:47.920
unprecedented and fleeting chemical events to teach
how to create new sustainable industries and clean

545
00:44:49.079 --> 00:44:53.519
energy technologies. It will allows scientists
to study how biological molecules carry out lice

546
00:44:53.599 --> 00:44:58.719
functions, to develop new types of
pharmaceuticals, and to study the world on

547
00:44:58.760 --> 00:45:05.000
the fastest time scale, opening up
entirely new fields of scientific investigation. In

548
00:45:05.039 --> 00:45:12.239
the process, opening up entirely new
fields of scientific investigation, that's really in,

549
00:45:12.320 --> 00:45:15.719
Skeptics have finally answered a question on
everyone's mind, just who is the

550
00:45:15.800 --> 00:45:21.480
nation's best psychic? And the answer
is all of them called to their own

551
00:45:21.480 --> 00:45:27.119
descriptions. Following a recent flurry of
self promotion among the psychic community, Australian

552
00:45:27.159 --> 00:45:30.440
skeptics decided to look at a number
of well known psychics to see exactly how

553
00:45:30.480 --> 00:45:36.400
they rate. Timendum from Australian Skeptics
says they found that each and every one

554
00:45:36.400 --> 00:45:39.639
of the dozens of psychics they examined
insisted that they were the best, and

555
00:45:39.800 --> 00:45:44.639
many said all the others are a
bit chunky. The skeptics, being skeptics,

556
00:45:44.639 --> 00:45:47.920
decided to look into the claims of
various psychics. Now recently we had

557
00:45:47.920 --> 00:45:52.360
someone on TV who was promoting themselves
as an Australia's best medium or Austraiths best

558
00:45:52.400 --> 00:45:55.159
psychic. I forget what he was
saying, certainly simply the best thought,

559
00:45:55.239 --> 00:45:58.960
what are the rest like? And
so we did a spit of a survey.

560
00:45:59.000 --> 00:46:02.400
We looked around websites and the media
coverage of various psychics and things,

561
00:46:02.400 --> 00:46:06.400
and we were trying to find out
who is Australia's best psychic and because what

562
00:46:06.440 --> 00:46:08.639
we found out is they all are
lexed according to themselves. They all say

563
00:46:08.719 --> 00:46:14.239
that they are best astrais best psychic
Australius best medium, most trusted clear voyant

564
00:46:14.239 --> 00:46:19.800
Australia's leading astrologer, and psychic Australia's
most trusted psychic medium. And it goes

565
00:46:19.880 --> 00:46:22.480
and basically, no one says I'm
the second best psychic in Australia, and

566
00:46:22.519 --> 00:46:25.719
certainly no one's going to say they're
the worst. Because the other continuing theme

567
00:46:25.760 --> 00:46:29.639
you find among psychics is virtually all
the ones you talk to will say,

568
00:46:29.719 --> 00:46:31.559
yes, there's a lot of shocks
out there, a lot of dodgy practition,

569
00:46:31.599 --> 00:46:34.519
there's a lot of fakes, but
because they're not one of them,

570
00:46:34.719 --> 00:46:37.320
that one said they were the only
one who wasn't a fake. Just because

571
00:46:37.320 --> 00:46:42.199
you're the best psychic doesn't necessarily mean
you're real. That's very true. And

572
00:46:42.239 --> 00:46:45.599
because there's a lot of people who
have the phone in psychic lines that we've

573
00:46:45.639 --> 00:46:50.039
actually put skeptics into those psychic phone
in lines. They went through the courses

574
00:46:50.360 --> 00:46:52.199
and got the endorsements, which from
a couple of friends of this and because

575
00:46:52.239 --> 00:46:57.320
the courses didn't do anything, and
they became psychics online psychics, and they

576
00:46:57.320 --> 00:47:00.800
were given a script as to what
to read out and how to keep person

577
00:47:00.880 --> 00:47:04.119
on the line as long as possible
because they're being changed by time and they

578
00:47:04.159 --> 00:47:09.000
had no real way of clarifying for
the qualifications of a particular psychic. There

579
00:47:09.280 --> 00:47:14.719
qualifications of a psychic is a little
bit they were noxy moron. But there's

580
00:47:14.760 --> 00:47:17.280
a course, well there's more a
questionnaire of course you answer the question there

581
00:47:17.320 --> 00:47:21.559
are you psychic? Yet? So
basically because the other thing about the skeptics

582
00:47:21.559 --> 00:47:23.719
being spoil sports, as were not
just checked out, is the psychics are

583
00:47:23.719 --> 00:47:28.480
the best. We also checked out
how good they are with us, not

584
00:47:28.519 --> 00:47:30.400
just quantity of e quality of their
predictions, like what are their predictions like

585
00:47:30.719 --> 00:47:34.880
and being the spoil sports that we
are. We went back through twenty one

586
00:47:35.000 --> 00:47:37.239
years of psychics predictions, the sort
of things you see that come up at

587
00:47:37.239 --> 00:47:40.119
the start of the year in January
and thinks they whether say what's going to

588
00:47:40.159 --> 00:47:44.239
happen? During the next twelve months. This was in magazines, on TV,

589
00:47:44.400 --> 00:47:45.880
and radio, on their own website. I've actually all claimed the queen

590
00:47:45.920 --> 00:47:49.199
was going to die, but they
claimed the Queen was going to die every

591
00:47:49.280 --> 00:47:52.840
year apart from the actual years she
died. They was that twenty year periods

592
00:47:52.880 --> 00:47:54.559
she was the poor queen was going
to pop off all the time because they

593
00:47:54.559 --> 00:47:59.519
missed the actual years she did die, so with its silly because she was

594
00:47:59.559 --> 00:48:01.679
pretty old of the time. They
think someone should have. They missed a

595
00:48:01.679 --> 00:48:05.039
lot of other things too. They
missed nine to eleven. They missed the

596
00:48:05.079 --> 00:48:07.079
death of Michael Jackson. But the
predictions they did make, we went through

597
00:48:07.119 --> 00:48:10.920
and sort of give you them up
between vague like I feel there'll be an

598
00:48:10.920 --> 00:48:14.800
earthquake somewhere. Well, there'll be
a problem in the royal family. Yeah,

599
00:48:14.920 --> 00:48:16.920
thank you. That's the bleeding obvious
one. Sort of there'll be an

600
00:48:16.920 --> 00:48:21.599
earthquake in California. Okay, there
is every day, but never mind.

601
00:48:21.639 --> 00:48:23.599
And those that you can't check up
that McCole kiddon will be sick for a

602
00:48:23.639 --> 00:48:27.280
few days. We should not going
to tell people basically something like that.

603
00:48:27.360 --> 00:48:30.400
And now that down to those that
are actually accurate, and it was eleven

604
00:48:30.440 --> 00:48:35.639
percent, which is but we also, because being the sports we are,

605
00:48:35.679 --> 00:48:38.199
we also skeptics, made our own
predictions. Gets us predictions. Please,

606
00:48:38.199 --> 00:48:40.960
we've bret a lot more scientific than
that, and we've got a higher percentage

607
00:48:42.039 --> 00:48:44.519
right. We didn't do that good. I think it was about seventeen percent,

608
00:48:44.599 --> 00:48:46.599
but at least we sort have got
more so were right than it's even

609
00:48:46.599 --> 00:48:52.079
the Professional Psychics Association members got less
than eleven percent. It was a funny.

610
00:48:52.079 --> 00:48:55.239
I'll think. I always think that
if my mechanic or my car mechanic

611
00:48:55.320 --> 00:48:59.719
or my neurosurgeon is right eleven percent
at the time, I'm going to choose

612
00:48:59.760 --> 00:49:02.079
a differ one. But if they're
all right only eleven percent of the time,

613
00:49:02.119 --> 00:49:05.719
I think there's something wrong with the
industry. And that's what our story

614
00:49:05.800 --> 00:49:07.679
was on the psychic They all say
they're the best, and yet they always

615
00:49:07.719 --> 00:49:10.039
get it. More times than not, they get it wrong. Is it

616
00:49:10.119 --> 00:49:13.960
a rich industry to be it?
Is? It is a rich industry.

617
00:49:14.400 --> 00:49:16.440
This latest fellow who's been on a
couple of TV shows and things, he

618
00:49:16.559 --> 00:49:21.079
charges eight hundred dollars an hour.
Yeah, and he's booked out until twenty

619
00:49:21.159 --> 00:49:23.079
twenty five. Apparently he says,
but he does do group sessons as well,

620
00:49:23.079 --> 00:49:25.840
so maybe you can get in there
at a bit cheaper rate. Someone

621
00:49:25.920 --> 00:49:30.599
estimated a couple of years ago the
American psychic industry there's worth about two billion

622
00:49:30.639 --> 00:49:35.039
dollars a year, and that was
an underestimate because most psychics cash in hand,

623
00:49:35.039 --> 00:49:37.960
passed palm with silver, that sort
of thing, so they don't exactly

624
00:49:37.039 --> 00:49:42.960
know how much was being spent on
the psychic. That's what they could uncover.

625
00:49:43.000 --> 00:49:45.840
And yet there are firms there were
being There's one firm that was being

626
00:49:45.880 --> 00:49:51.119
suited had raised two billion dollars over
a few years of offering automated psyche readings

627
00:49:51.159 --> 00:49:53.519
and things, and because they've been
found out, they gave back or canceled

628
00:49:53.519 --> 00:49:58.360
the debt of five hundred million dollars
worth. That's one firm. It's a

629
00:49:58.440 --> 00:50:00.320
huge industry and its for a lot
of people, very lucrative for some people.

630
00:50:00.360 --> 00:50:05.320
Probably your average neighborhood psychic with the
crystal ball and things who charges you

631
00:50:05.440 --> 00:50:08.039
twenty bucks and those sort of people
with a shawl on. It was a

632
00:50:08.079 --> 00:50:10.360
pretty ordinary sort it. But they
probably believe it half the time. You

633
00:50:10.360 --> 00:50:13.159
know, I believe what they're doing. Yeah, I don't think they're making

634
00:50:13.159 --> 00:50:16.199
a fortune. But the person charging
eight hundred bucks is either obviously Astray's best

635
00:50:16.199 --> 00:50:22.639
psychic or is the record. You
don't want to say conky, but he

636
00:50:22.800 --> 00:50:24.760
is. He's the one who walks
around with a frequency scanner from that little

637
00:50:24.800 --> 00:50:30.760
sort of sort of radio size things
and scanning back and forth across the frequencies,

638
00:50:30.880 --> 00:50:32.559
not stopping, but then picks up. You pick up a little word

639
00:50:32.639 --> 00:50:35.679
here or there, or part of
a word, because it doesn't stop on

640
00:50:35.719 --> 00:50:37.480
the station. It just keeps going
back and forth. And he's using that

641
00:50:37.519 --> 00:50:40.079
in semeties to speak to the debt. He said, Oh I hear a

642
00:50:40.119 --> 00:50:43.760
word mark or something like that,
or you know, actually do it a

643
00:50:43.800 --> 00:50:46.159
dog with a list. It could
be dog with the speech impediment. Yeah,

644
00:50:46.440 --> 00:50:51.079
that's out and out obvious. Con
He's been on two TV programs,

645
00:50:51.079 --> 00:50:53.199
rest and he's not be on seventh
thirty Report and The Current Affair, which

646
00:50:53.199 --> 00:51:00.800
is a best when allegedly serious news
program start into The seventh thirty Report was

647
00:51:00.840 --> 00:51:05.800
basically talking about supposed shanks and conment
that they gave him a good run,

648
00:51:05.960 --> 00:51:09.760
and the character fea was about other
people complain about someone impersonating him that's timendum

649
00:51:10.119 --> 00:51:31.360
from Australian Skeptics, and that's the
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650
00:51:31.400 --> 00:51:37.719
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664
00:52:37.360 --> 00:52:42.440
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669
00:53:00.199 --> 00:53:06.119
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