July 27, 2026

A Splashdown Success and the Asteroid That Ended the Dinosaurs

A Splashdown Success and the Asteroid That Ended the Dinosaurs
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Season 29
SpaceTime Series 29 Episode 89 A lucky 13th test flight for the world’s biggest rocket The world’s largest and most powerful rocket has successfully launched on its latest test flight bringing it a step closer to NASA’s Artemis program’s aim of returning humans to the lunar surface, and eventually on to Mars and beyond. Scientists identify the asteroid that killed the dinosaurs A new study has determined that the asteroid which slammed into the Earth 66 million years ago wiping out over 75 percent of all life on the planet including all the non-avian dinosaurs was most likely a rare CO type carbonaceous chondrite. SpaceX rocket about to crash into the Moon The spent upper stage of a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket is about to slam into the visible side of the Moon, providing scientists with a new method of pinpointing exactly where objects strike the Moon, data that could help prepare for future lunar seismic experiments. The Science Report Warnings that a third of all heart related deaths due to ultra processed foods. New data suggests fewer people in Australia are now smoking. Scientists have identified high levels of vehicle tyre dust on local Brisbane balconies. Iran continuing its nuclear weapons program in a complex deep below Pickaxe Mountain. Skeptics guide to fake news click bait. Our regular guests: Alex Zaharov-Reutt from techadvice.life Tim Mendham from Australian Skeptics 🌏 Get Our Exclusive NordVPN deal here ➼ www.bitesz.com/nordvpn . The discounts and bonuses are incredible! And it’s risk-free with Nord’s 30-day money-back guarantee! ✌ If you’d like to support the podcast and gain access to bonus content by becoming a SpaceTime crew member, you can do just that through The Big Bang editions on Patreon, Spotify and Apple Podcasts. Details on the Support page on our website https://www.bitesz.com/show/spacetime/support/

The Astronomy, Space, Technology & Science News Podcast.

WEBVTT

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This is Spacetime Series twenty nine, Episode eighty nine, for

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broadcast on the twenty seventh of July twenty twenty six.

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Coming up on Spacetime, a lucky thirteenth test flight for

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the world's biggest rocket. Scientists identified the type of asteroid

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that killed the dinosaurs, and a SpaceX rocket about to

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crash into the Moon. All that and more coming up

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on space Time.

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Welcome to space Time with Stuart Gary.

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The world's largest and most powerful rocket has successfully launched

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on its latest test flight, bringing it a step closer

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to NASA's Artemis program returning astronauts to the lunar surface

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and eventually onto Mars and beyond. The massive one hundred

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and twenty four made a tall starship super Heavy, was

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on its thirteenth test flight from SpaceX's star base on

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the Texas Gulf Coast, some sixty three days after its

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last test flight. A launch attempt a week earlier had

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been spectacularly aborted immediately after engine ignition due to technical

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engine problems that resulted in mission managers eventually deciding to

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swap several Raptor engines on the Super Heavy first stage.

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A second launch attempt several days later was also scrubbed,

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this time due to bad weather nine.

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Eight seven, six five four three two one Cope people

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was pitching down rape chooster Raptor chamber.

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Pressus nominal thirty seconds in to flight, thirty three out

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of thirty three Raptor engines lit on the super heavy

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booster arcing away from us. Here at Starbase, the.

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Lucky third teen hlawunch tested new hardware and software changes

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designed to improve Raptor engine relight reliability. It saw the

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first st ignition sequence changed from that employed on test

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flight twelve. These more powerful Version three engines also meant

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Starship rich max Q, the point of maximum dynamic pressure

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on the vehicle, but sooner than on previous flights, at

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just T plus fifty eight seconds and at a higher altitude.

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Coming up on maxque maximum aerodynamic pressure, which again for

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this flight is going to be higher than it has

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been on any of our previous Starship flights. Either we're

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passing through that dynamic maximum aerodynamic pressure over a minute.

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Now into flight, I'm still seeing thirty three out of

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thirty three Raptor engines lit and burning. Our next major

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moment is going to be coming up in just a

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little over a minute from now, when we're going to

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get to hot staging, we're going to shut down all

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but five of those engines on the booster. It's our

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version of MIKO most engines cut off, and then we're

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going to ignite the six engines on the ship to

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while it is still attached. To do that separation as

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a reminder, we try to do a directional flip for

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00:03:18.159 --> 00:03:20.479
the booster itself. It's like doing a flip up, and

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00:03:20.560 --> 00:03:23.479
we do that by lighting the engines in a slightly

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staggered sequence standing by for hot staging, all but five

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engines down, six igniting, and the booster now doing its

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boost back burn. It looks like we lit all thirty

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three initially. Now we're down to thirteen. We're seeing six

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out of six raptors lit on the ship, burn shut

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down and boost backburn shut down. So it looks like

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we were able to get through the boostback burn this

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time around. It was one of the key objectives we

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didn't have on the last flight. And we've got six

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engines lit on the ship all right, So that's the

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first of two burns that the Booster is going to

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be doing to kind of send it back towards us.

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It's going to be landing a couple of miles offshore

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from star Base. Hopefully we're going to try and get

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it all the way down to do a landing burn

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where we're going to use those thirteen center engines. They're

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going to ignite. That's what's going to really bleed off

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all that velocity that it's built up and will eventually

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hopefully transition to five engines to kind of fine tune

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its path in and then all the way down to

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three for the remaining bit. So booster is going to

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coast for a little bit.

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This booster is not planning to come back to the

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tower or to launch site. For this particular launch, we

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are going to be planning to do an ocean splash

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down just off the coast of star Base, just like

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on tower catches. We are going to be doing a

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thirteen engine landing burn to slow the booster down. So

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right now, the booster is using their three hypersonic griffins

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to guide itself through the atmosphere toward its landing site

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five kilometers above the sea.

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Right here, however, as the super heavy descended towards the

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blue waters of the Gulf of America. Only ten of

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the program thirteen engines lit up for the landing burn,

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but then two engines suddenly shut down seconds later. That

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was followed by three more unplanned engines shut down shortly

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after that. That left just five engines burning, resulting in

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a faster rated descent and a much harder splash down

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than planned.

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Just heard the call out for a landing burn startup

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for the booster.

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Just looking at the booster real quick, it didn't look

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like we lit all thirteen engines that we were planning

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for that initial landing burn. We were targeting a softer

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splash down, and BOT came in with quite a bit

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of velocity still, so landing velocity did look a little

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bit high.

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Meanwhile, the Starship upper stage continued on its plan trajectory

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to a suborbital altitude with the three sea level and

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three vacuum engines all operating nominally.

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Ship still seeing six out of six raptor engines lit.

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Ship's got about four minutes left.

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Still following the planned flight path as well to a

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nominal trajectory. Everything continues to go well with ship.

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Yeah, we've got about a minute left with the ship

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engines on, all eyes on ship. We are just a

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little ways away from getting those engines turn off. We

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expected to burn about eight minutes and change.

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Then eight minutes into the flight, Starship six Raptor engines

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was shut down as planned, with mission managers calling a

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nominal orbit insertion.

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And engine shut down. All right, Starship six Raptor engines

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have successfully shut down nominal orbit insertion, and there's our

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00:06:38.839 --> 00:06:42.319
call out for nominal orbit insertion. So we got a

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ship in space. We've got a booster in the Gulf

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where we were planning to send it.

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This is the second flight of Starship Version three. This

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is flight thirteen.

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A quarter of an hour later, Starship's payload bay was

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opened and the PiZZ dispenser began releasing its twenty Styling

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Version three.

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We've got twenty of these Starlink Fee three satellites. This

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is the first time we've got Starlink Feed three satellites

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getting ready to go into space.

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These next generations Starling Vision three Internet satellites logau flata

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and equipped with laser communications links and expansive solar arrays

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that will eventually replace SpaceX's current Stylink Internet Mega constellation.

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And I mean, these things are really just kind of

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crazy upgrades that they're going to bring to the network,

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where you start talking about just symmetric gigabit speeds through

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the Starlink network pretty much anywhere on the planet that

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this is going to unlock, so really exciting. These will

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only be in space for about twenty minutes, as they're

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on the same Cebordal trajectory as Starship itself. This is

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essentially just giving us a chance to try and run

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as many tests as possible, deploy the solar arrays, antennas,

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whatever we can on these vehicles. We are intentionally being

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a little scrappy with it. They might be playing some

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bumper cars once they're out of the door, but we

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are looking to get these deployed over the next couple

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of minutes.

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First Starling V three getting deployed out of Starship, huge

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milestone for the team out here.

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For fifty three, Starlink V three is continuing to pop

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out with deployment assisted by the pez dispenser. Now, this

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version of Starship is built to deploy up to sixty

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of these more advanced Starlink Version three satellites. Each V

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three is designed to offer one tear a bit per

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second of DOWLNK capacity. Now, let's put that into Falcon

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nine terms real quick. A starship launch with V three

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satellites will launch twenty times the capacity into the constellation

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as a single launch of V two satellites On Falcon nine.

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We've got about three and a half minutes still left

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of our payload deploy sequence.

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It looks like we've got sixteen satellites deployed, so four

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more to go, seventeen out the door, three more to go,

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and eighteen.

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Just at twenty five minutes into our flight. It's crazy

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to think that we're already screaming at twenty seven thousand

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kilometers an hour, two hundred kilometers above the ocean surface.

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These are fully like, These are real satellites. They're not

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just demonstration SATs like we had last time. These are

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going to basically have a twenty minute lifespan where our

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Storelink engineering team will attempt to perform a number of

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tests and really speed run those tests during that time.

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Right, and in.

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Terms of satellite life spans, twenty minutes is it's the

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shortest you could possibly get. But hopefully in that twenty

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minute timeframe we can really try and ink out as

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many tests as we can.

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Nineteen out the door or more.

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That marks if I'm not mistaken our twentieth. So our

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payload deploy singlets is now complete. Starship will now close

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its payload bay door and continue to coast around Earth

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to the Indian Ocean.

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Can also confirm that we would manage to make contact

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with all twenty of those V three sets, so it's

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a massive day for us.

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Thirty nine minutes into the flight, mission manages be ignited

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one of the Raptor engines for a thirteen second burn,

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the longest Raptor orbital ReLit undertaken so far. This is

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a critical test designed to allow future starships to enter

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and leave orbit.

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We are going to be lighting one of our C

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level Raptor engines. This is essentially just a demonstration that

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you can relight an engine after it's already done its

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ass unburned, and this is going to be really important

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when we do maneuvers for orbital missions, whether we're relighting

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to go into orbit or if you're already in orbit

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and you're getting ready to do a deorbit burn. We

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did hear our Raptor team is go for the engine relight,

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so not going to be skipping it on this one. Again,

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this is not a deorbit burn for this ship. We

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are on a suborbital trajectory, So this starship is coming

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back over the Indian Ocean no matter what. But this

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is going to be a pretty critical test for what

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00:10:53.399 --> 00:10:55.759
we'll eventually need to do when we do orbital missions.

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When you've got to relight those engines, do a burn

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to get yourself out of a bit. One thing that

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00:11:01.080 --> 00:11:03.159
is unique on this one is we're going to be

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lighting it for a little bit longer of a time,

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and we've only done about three seconds previously.

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You like demost start.

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And confirmation over the net, we like shutdown. Laburn has ended.

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Ta plus forty seven minutes and thirty seconds into the flight,

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starship began its atmosphere re entry above the Indian Ocean.

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Starship is starting entry good attitude for entry.

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The ship is currently re entering the Earth's atmosphere.

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So re entry it's a critical phase of flight and

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we need information on how the ship's systems before.

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We'll collect valuable data on the spacecraft flying through the

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Earth's atmosphere, and it's doing so at hypersonic speeds or

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more than five times the speed of sound. Re entry

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is typically a portion of flight where we don't have

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communications with spacecraft because it's re entering at or around

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orbital velocity, which is roughly eight kilometers per second or

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about five miles per second. So at those speeds, the

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00:11:59.639 --> 00:12:03.240
space craft is moving through the atmosphere so fast that

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00:12:03.279 --> 00:12:05.639
it creates a plasma field around the vehicle.

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00:12:05.799 --> 00:12:09.759
That blanket of plasma distorts communication frequencies, so it's not

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00:12:09.960 --> 00:12:15.000
uncommon to experience brief blackouts in communication. Starship is designed

221
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to land on Mars where there are no runways or

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other humans to help out, which is exactly why we're

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testing this landing procedure that we're doing today, and we're

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doing these propulsive landings instead of more traditional means like parachutes,

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because landing vehicle, you hear that call out flaps do

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have control of the vehicle.

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Now, when we hear something called entry max heating as

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well as entry max Q, that means that the ship

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has made it through the maximum heating and aerodynamic loads

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that it experiences as it returns. So safe to say

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that if it makes it through those specific points, we're

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doing pretty well.

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That's right. So we'll continue to hear multiple callouts. As

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we go through this phase. One of those callouts will

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be that the ship is transsonic. Also will hear another

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one when it's subsonic. Trans Sonic will be referring to

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the period of flight where velocities of airflows surrounding and

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flowing past the vehicle are current concurrently below at and

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above the speed of sound, so somewhere in the range

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of mock zero point eight to one point two for reference.

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Commercial jets have a range of cruising speeds, but most

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fly at roughly mock point seventy four point eight five

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just for reference. That's between four hundred and eighty miles

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per hour to five hundred and seventy five miles per hour,

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or seven hundred and seventy to nine hundred and thirty kilometers.

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In more, subsnic will refer to speeds that are much

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less than the speed of sounds, so at this point

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in flight, the ship's velocity will be slowing down drastically.

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It quickly became wrapped in the cloak of glowing superheated

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plasma as it plummeted back towards the Earth. As with

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the previous flights, SpaceX use this mission to test various options,

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including different hah hilt attachment methods. Other experiments test a

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different materials and used special load sensing tiles on the

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heat shield. It's generally thought the tiles all seemed to

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hold up well with either a handful of missing or

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damaged and no signs of any burning through on the

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flaps or leading.

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Edges Starship's heat shield, which from one of our initial

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looks it did pretty well on the flight uphill, but

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we'll continue to dig through all the visual data.

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Starship is leaving the peak heating phase of entry.

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External temperatures are coming down.

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Control flaps guided the spacecraft's orientation as it plunged through

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the atmosphere, helping to plead off orbital velocity. These independent

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front rear flaps actively moved to maintain aerodynamic stability and

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roll and pitch control during the superheated plasma phase of

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re entry.

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Starship is a maximum pantry dynamic pressure.

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We made it through max heating and max dynamic pressure,

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meaning that the vehicle temperature and speeds and pressure are

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all coming down.

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As it descended, Starship began executing a specialized banking turn

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known as the Swishman of on future missions, that'll help

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position the spacecraft for its final approach to its landing side.

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Starship, who is executing the Swish maneuver. Dynamic pressure is

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coming down.

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We're doing the swoosh maneuver. This is kind of the

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final maneuver that we plan to have starships returning to

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starba'sed do that will essentially hook them out over the

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gulf before coming in and over Tower two.

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Starship then reconfigured itself into a horizontal belly flop position

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in order to bleed off more speed in preparaction for

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the landing burn. Cold gas thrust has then fired. It

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pitched the spacecraft from its horizontal belly flop position into

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its vertical attitude landing position.

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We're coming up to the ship landing burn.

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We're going to try and light all three raptor sea

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level engines for this burn.

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As it reached the lower atmosphere, Starship reignited its three

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sea level raptor engines for the landing burn, eventually shutting

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down one then a second as it slowed its redded

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descent and suftly splashed down into the Indian Ocean off

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the Western Australian coast.

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Three sea level flip.

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Seeing help the chamber proctors on did our flood down

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to two starship descending into the Indian Ocean down to

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one and we're in the water and it's a soft

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splashdown in the water.

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As it splashed down, it cut off its remaining engine

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and then gently tipped over, floating fully intact on the surface,

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bobbing up and down in the crystal blue waters. And

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that was different to previous splashdowns with a vehicle exploded

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and sank on landing.

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That is the first. That is the softest flashdown we

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have ever had with the Starship there in the Indian Ocean.

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It's bound to be an exciting day for our recovery team.

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I mean, that's a huge milestone to even get the

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soft splashdown, much less have the vehicle stay afloat floating

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so serenely in the Indian Ocean.

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SpaceX bos Elon Musk says the successful flight meant all

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of its mission milestones, as this now moves the program

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a step closer to full orbit entry and future catch

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attempts back at the launch site rather than the Indian Ocean.

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This is space time still to come. Scientists identified the

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00:17:13.000 --> 00:17:16.799
type of asteroid that killed the dinosaurs, and a SpaceX

316
00:17:16.880 --> 00:17:19.920
rocket about to crash into the Moon. All that and

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more still to come on space time. A new study

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is determined that the asteroid which slammed into the Earth

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sixty six million years ago, wiping out some seventy five

320
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percent of all life on the planet, including all the

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non avian dinosaurs, was most likely a rare cootype carbonaceous chondrite.

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The findings reported in the journal Science Advances, based on

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a new advanced nickel isotob analysis of samples narrowing down

324
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the composition of the dead ten to fifteen kilometre wide

325
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KT boundary event asteroid which struck the Chi Salou Bridge

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of Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. This mountain sized space rock hit

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at an estimated sixty four thousand kilometers an hour, creating

328
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a one hundred and eighty kilometre wide crater and triggering

329
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planet wide violent volcanic eruptions, global earthquakes, and massive tsunamis

330
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in all directions in the process, sending a huge cloud

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of dust and burning debris high into the atmosphere, blocking

332
00:18:31.160 --> 00:18:34.319
out the sunlight for months, if not years, and sending

333
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the entire planet into an impact winter Carbonesous chondrites make

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up just five percent of all the mediaorites so far

335
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sampled on Earth, and carbonaco's chondrites are the Ornans class.

336
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The Coeo chondrites make up only a tiny fraction of

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that group. They're some of the most primitive and untouched

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00:18:52.519 --> 00:18:56.920
materials in the Solar System. One of the sturdies authors,

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Philip Claes from the University of British Columbia, says, harbernaceous

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chondrites of the Onance class are not like the typical

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meteorites that you find in museum collections. These COO class

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rocks contain far less volatile elements like carbon, zinc, waterrant

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00:19:12.359 --> 00:19:15.759
sulfur compared to other classes of meteorites discovered on Earth

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so far. Clee says, while it doesn't alder our current

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theory of what caused the extinction event, it makes it

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less likely that sulfur contained in the impactor was the

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00:19:24.880 --> 00:19:28.759
smoking gun. Based on this new data, the fine debris

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thrown up into the atmosphere would have been the primary factor.

349
00:19:32.880 --> 00:19:36.119
The authors reached their conclusions by conducting high precision nickel

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00:19:36.160 --> 00:19:39.680
isotode measurements of samples collected over many years from a

351
00:19:39.720 --> 00:19:43.039
thin layer of iridium rich cla likeketted right across the

352
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planet and created by the impact event. This iridium rich

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Lawyer is known as the Cretaceous tertiary or KT boundary.

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All over the planet. Below this boundary you'll find Ninavian dinosaurs,

355
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and above it have all ceased to exist. Cli says

356
00:19:59.519 --> 00:20:02.440
the research this was challenging. That's because only a minute

357
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fraction of the projectiles preserved in the boundary layer, most

358
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of the parent asteroid having vaporized on impact. Still, many

359
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questions remain about the origins of this world changing asteroid.

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Potential sources include giant debris rich regions of the outer

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Solar System, or even the outer area of the main

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asteroid built near Jupiter. Clay says being impacted by such

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a red giant projectile underscores just how unlucky the non

364
00:20:29.400 --> 00:20:34.920
avian dinosaurs were. This is space time still to come.

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00:20:35.079 --> 00:20:38.039
A SpaceX rocket about the crash into the Moon, and

366
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later in the science report a you warning that a

367
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third of all heart related deaths could be due to

368
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ultra process foods. All that and more still to come

369
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up space time. The upper stage of a SpaceX Falcon

370
00:21:06.839 --> 00:21:10.119
nine rockets about to slam into the Moon. The impact

371
00:21:10.160 --> 00:21:12.519
on August the fifth will be visible from Earth and

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provide sighters with a new method of pinpointy exactly where

373
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objects strike the Moon, data that could or prepare for

374
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future lunar seismic experiments. The abandoned upper stage will crashed

375
00:21:23.759 --> 00:21:27.000
down onto the lunar near Sid's Einstein Crater at an

376
00:21:27.119 --> 00:21:30.880
estimated velocity of around eighty seven hundred and fifty kilometers

377
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an hour. The booster, cataloged as twenty twenty five zero

378
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one zero D, began its journey in January twenty twenty five,

379
00:21:38.640 --> 00:21:43.359
carrying two private robotic landers towards the Moon. After successfully

380
00:21:43.400 --> 00:21:46.640
deploying its payloads, the twelve meter long four ton rocket

381
00:21:46.680 --> 00:21:50.519
had depleted its fuel supply. Therefore couldn't propel itself safely

382
00:21:50.559 --> 00:21:52.920
into deep space or back to Earth to burn up

383
00:21:52.960 --> 00:21:56.200
in the atmosphere, and so it was left drifting in

384
00:21:56.240 --> 00:21:59.839
the darkness of space. Now, a report in the pre

385
00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:03.960
whereas physics website archive dot org has tracked the booster's flypath.

386
00:22:04.559 --> 00:22:08.680
The study's author, astronomer Bill Gray, says computer simulations suggest

387
00:22:08.759 --> 00:22:11.480
that because the rocket's really nothing more than a hollow

388
00:22:11.519 --> 00:22:15.319
metal shell, it's unlikely to penetrate deeply into the lunar's surface,

389
00:22:15.519 --> 00:22:19.119
as say a solid asteroid would. Instead, it'll be crushed

390
00:22:19.119 --> 00:22:22.440
on impact, creating a new roughly twenty to thirty meter

391
00:22:22.559 --> 00:22:25.480
white crater on the lunar landscape, and sending a large

392
00:22:25.480 --> 00:22:28.920
cloud of debris and lunar dust several kilometers into the

393
00:22:28.920 --> 00:22:32.440
black and sky. And this dust cloud is exactly what

394
00:22:32.599 --> 00:22:35.440
Gray and colleagues will be looking for. It's called on

395
00:22:35.480 --> 00:22:38.920
professional astronomers and citizen scientists around the world to also

396
00:22:39.000 --> 00:22:42.880
get involved. Potential observables from the event will include the

397
00:22:42.880 --> 00:22:46.240
flash of impact and the ejector plume as it rises

398
00:22:46.279 --> 00:22:49.440
from the surface. Now for those interested in joining in,

399
00:22:49.519 --> 00:22:51.799
the impact will happen at six point thirty five in

400
00:22:51.839 --> 00:22:55.000
the morning Greenwich meantime, That sixteen thirty five in the

401
00:22:55.000 --> 00:22:58.279
afternoon Australian Eastern Standard time and two thirty five in

402
00:22:58.319 --> 00:23:19.160
the morning US easternummertime. This is space time, and time

403
00:23:19.200 --> 00:23:20.440
now to take a brief look at some of the

404
00:23:20.440 --> 00:23:23.920
other stories making using science this week With a science report.

405
00:23:24.759 --> 00:23:27.319
A new study warns that around a third of all

406
00:23:27.480 --> 00:23:30.279
heart related deaths may be due to the consumption of

407
00:23:30.400 --> 00:23:36.559
ultra process foods ultra processed foods include things like soft drinks, chips, candies,

408
00:23:36.720 --> 00:23:40.240
mass process packaged bread and sweet breakfast cereals, as well

409
00:23:40.279 --> 00:23:44.000
as already made frozen mills, hotdogs, chicken nuggets, and dilimeats.

410
00:23:44.599 --> 00:23:47.799
A report to the International Congress on Obesity suggests that

411
00:23:47.839 --> 00:23:50.920
between twenty three and thirty eight percent of all cardiovascular

412
00:23:50.960 --> 00:23:53.480
deaths and between twenty three and thirty seven percent of

413
00:23:53.519 --> 00:23:57.720
all cases of cardiovascular disease, including coronary heart disease and stroke,

414
00:23:57.880 --> 00:24:02.200
are attributable to consuming ultra sess foods. The study looked

415
00:24:02.200 --> 00:24:05.400
at the diets of Canadian adults in twenty fifteen, fighting

416
00:24:05.480 --> 00:24:08.440
ultra processed foods made up forty three percent of their

417
00:24:08.519 --> 00:24:12.839
daily energy intake. The authors then calculated that between fifty

418
00:24:12.839 --> 00:24:16.319
eight thousand, two hundred and ninety six thousand new cardiovascular

419
00:24:16.359 --> 00:24:20.279
disease cases and between ten thousand, six hundred and seventeen thousand,

420
00:24:20.359 --> 00:24:24.440
four hundred cardiovascular disease related deaths were attributable to ultra

421
00:24:24.480 --> 00:24:29.079
process food consumption by twenty nineteen. Their modelings suggest that

422
00:24:29.160 --> 00:24:32.440
cutting ultra process food consumption by fifty percent could have

423
00:24:32.519 --> 00:24:36.119
prevented around half of all new cardio vaccular disease cases

424
00:24:36.240 --> 00:24:41.279
as well as cardiovacual disease related deaths. A new study

425
00:24:41.359 --> 00:24:44.799
suggest that fewer people in Australia are now smoking. The

426
00:24:44.920 --> 00:24:47.799
data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare shows

427
00:24:47.920 --> 00:24:51.839
rates have steadily fallen over the past two decades. In

428
00:24:51.880 --> 00:24:55.119
twenty twenty five, five point six percent of the population

429
00:24:55.279 --> 00:24:59.160
aged fourteen and over were daily smokers. That's down from

430
00:24:59.160 --> 00:25:01.519
eight point three percent in twenty twenty two and twenty

431
00:25:01.559 --> 00:25:05.039
three and nineteen point five percent in two thousand and one,

432
00:25:05.640 --> 00:25:08.319
and this equates to around one point three million people

433
00:25:08.359 --> 00:25:12.759
smoking daily compared to three million smokers in twenty twenty one.

434
00:25:12.839 --> 00:25:15.559
On the other hand, daily e cigarette use has gone

435
00:25:15.640 --> 00:25:18.880
up slightly. Vaping now stands at three point six percent

436
00:25:19.000 --> 00:25:21.559
compared to three point five percent in twenty twenty two.

437
00:25:21.680 --> 00:25:26.839
Twenty three scientists have identified high levels of vehicle tire

438
00:25:26.960 --> 00:25:31.680
dust on local Brisbane apartment building balconies. The findings, reported

439
00:25:31.720 --> 00:25:34.799
in the journal Acses and Tair, are based on the

440
00:25:34.799 --> 00:25:39.200
identification of tire particles and potentially toxic tire chemical additives

441
00:25:39.200 --> 00:25:43.200
found in dust collected from residential balconies. The research by

442
00:25:43.240 --> 00:25:46.759
the University of Queensland examined balcony dust from homes across

443
00:25:46.799 --> 00:25:49.759
the inner city is, all suburban areas, and especially near

444
00:25:49.839 --> 00:25:52.839
road settings, in order to see how traffic related pollution

445
00:25:53.079 --> 00:25:59.079
traveled from streets to residential environments. Israeli intelligence has confirmed

446
00:25:59.079 --> 00:26:03.279
that Iran has transferred thousands of advanced uranium enrichment centrifugias,

447
00:26:03.359 --> 00:26:06.000
as well as some of it's already enriched uranium stockpile

448
00:26:06.079 --> 00:26:09.680
to a new subterraneum complex buried in granite deep under

449
00:26:09.720 --> 00:26:12.720
Pickaxe Mountain to kilom it Is, south of the Tans.

450
00:26:13.400 --> 00:26:16.200
The moves suggest that the Islamic Republic is using the

451
00:26:16.240 --> 00:26:20.000
fortified underground site to continue its nuclear weapons program by

452
00:26:20.079 --> 00:26:24.440
further enriching uranium the full weapons grade. Tehran currently has

453
00:26:24.519 --> 00:26:27.759
enough weapons grade uranium to make between nine and twelve

454
00:26:27.839 --> 00:26:32.000
nuclear weapons based on estimates from the International Atomic Energy Agency,

455
00:26:32.599 --> 00:26:35.119
Iran currently holds a stockpile of roughly four hundred and

456
00:26:35.160 --> 00:26:38.680
forty kilograms of enriched uranium up to sixty percent purity.

457
00:26:38.920 --> 00:26:43.400
The weapons grade enrichment threshold is ninety percent. Satellite observations

458
00:26:43.480 --> 00:26:47.559
indicate the Pickax Mountain facility could support advanced centrifuge assembly,

459
00:26:47.680 --> 00:26:51.000
meaning further enrichment as well as other nuclear weapons programs.

460
00:26:51.559 --> 00:26:54.559
The complex under Pickax is accessed by a network of

461
00:26:54.599 --> 00:26:58.640
concealed tunnels. Analysis suggests the new complex is at least

462
00:26:58.640 --> 00:27:01.440
one hundred meters below ground, making it deeper and far

463
00:27:01.519 --> 00:27:04.640
more fortified than for Dure or anywhere else the United

464
00:27:04.680 --> 00:27:08.559
States has struck so far. Construction at Pickaxe first began

465
00:27:08.720 --> 00:27:12.079
after the twenty twenty sabotage of the Natanz complex as

466
00:27:12.119 --> 00:27:16.319
a hardened four back site. Neutralizing Pickaxe Mountain would require

467
00:27:16.400 --> 00:27:20.039
multiple B two bombers dropping GBU fifty seven massive ordnance

468
00:27:20.079 --> 00:27:24.319
penetrators in coordinated waves, along with electronic warfare, suppression of

469
00:27:24.440 --> 00:27:28.119
enemy air defenses, real time intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance, and

470
00:27:28.160 --> 00:27:34.119
repeated strikes on tunnel entrances, ventilation shafts, and others supporting infrastructure. However,

471
00:27:34.200 --> 00:27:37.480
analysis suggest that this mountain complex may simply be too

472
00:27:37.599 --> 00:27:41.559
deep for conventional bunker busting bombs to fully destroy, making

473
00:27:41.640 --> 00:27:46.160
access denial and operational paralysis a more realistic objective, that is,

474
00:27:46.240 --> 00:27:49.559
other than a targeted nuclear strike by either the United

475
00:27:49.599 --> 00:27:54.480
States or Israel. We already get plenty of fate news

476
00:27:54.519 --> 00:27:57.880
stories from so called legitimate sources like CNN, The New

477
00:27:57.920 --> 00:28:01.680
York Times, the BBC, and of course Australia's own ABC,

478
00:28:02.079 --> 00:28:04.599
all of which openly pushed their own lives and political

479
00:28:04.720 --> 00:28:08.119
narratives in the guise of real journalism. And now it

480
00:28:08.200 --> 00:28:11.519
seems like shanky commercial companies are following their lead, with

481
00:28:11.599 --> 00:28:14.920
dozens of fake news pages on Facebook cropping up, claiming

482
00:28:14.960 --> 00:28:19.640
to be reputable news distributors. Skeptics. Timendum says the personing

483
00:28:19.680 --> 00:28:23.799
fake scandals, alleged cover ups, dodgy rarts, and rumored fractures

484
00:28:23.799 --> 00:28:26.519
within government, all in the bid to mislead thousands of

485
00:28:26.559 --> 00:28:28.559
readers in order to get more clicks.

486
00:28:28.680 --> 00:28:31.079
Report they came out recently looking at a few phony

487
00:28:31.319 --> 00:28:34.200
news pages looking like websites of news out Let's lee

488
00:28:34.240 --> 00:28:36.559
in Australia, and I'm sure they're everywhere as well, having

489
00:28:36.680 --> 00:28:39.200
fake news stories, some of them with videos, and I've

490
00:28:39.240 --> 00:28:41.920
seen some of these. There's some teed Australia, there's something

491
00:28:41.960 --> 00:28:44.119
in the UK. There was a classic one of Nigel

492
00:28:44.160 --> 00:28:47.039
Ferrari ahead of the Reform Party attacking an interviewer on

493
00:28:47.200 --> 00:28:49.880
screen with the aerias of the angry looking face totally

494
00:28:49.920 --> 00:28:52.519
made up be fake. And there's news reports so and

495
00:28:52.559 --> 00:28:55.720
so dead this person, this person has attacked this person, whatever,

496
00:28:55.839 --> 00:28:58.759
major scandal, whatever. What they're doing is their clickbait, trying

497
00:28:58.759 --> 00:29:00.519
to get you to click on from take it to

498
00:29:00.559 --> 00:29:02.640
another website. It says, by the way, would you like

499
00:29:02.680 --> 00:29:05.240
to buy this product? Whatever? Who are just getting traffic

500
00:29:05.279 --> 00:29:07.799
as much as anything else through sensationalism, and this is

501
00:29:07.839 --> 00:29:11.559
false sensationalism as opposed to pure exaggeration. Interestingly, some of

502
00:29:11.599 --> 00:29:13.960
the pages that you go through are actually themselves fakes

503
00:29:14.119 --> 00:29:16.599
with them take you to somewhere else. It's a sad

504
00:29:16.759 --> 00:29:19.880
indictment of what happens with social media that any of

505
00:29:19.880 --> 00:29:23.119
these things can get attraction. People's critical thinking of papanies

506
00:29:23.160 --> 00:29:25.279
are not prosure. I mean I see them every day.

507
00:29:25.400 --> 00:29:29.559
I get spam messages every day by phone or by email,

508
00:29:29.759 --> 00:29:32.839
and sometimes you see them on a newser online video.

509
00:29:32.960 --> 00:29:36.720
It's well whether call engagement driven advertising model. So basically

510
00:29:36.839 --> 00:29:39.119
they want what we refer to kindly as bums on

511
00:29:39.160 --> 00:29:42.359
seats numbers of people, and that's the way they maximize

512
00:29:42.400 --> 00:29:44.960
their profit or their income. And an article reasoning about

513
00:29:45.039 --> 00:29:47.720
these particular news sites, there's the appearance of a marketing

514
00:29:47.759 --> 00:29:51.119
platform or domain linked to these pages does not necessarily

515
00:29:51.240 --> 00:29:53.480
men that company is behind the activity. In other words,

516
00:29:53.480 --> 00:29:56.119
someone is hijacking someone else's site to then create a

517
00:29:56.160 --> 00:29:58.319
fake site. It means that the public has to be

518
00:29:58.440 --> 00:30:01.960
constantly aware of fake information that they're getting. And because

519
00:30:02.000 --> 00:30:04.519
the AI systems, the video systems that are getting more

520
00:30:04.519 --> 00:30:07.279
and more sophisticated, it's getting harder to assess this, which

521
00:30:07.319 --> 00:30:08.960
means the eventually going to reach the stage where you

522
00:30:08.960 --> 00:30:11.799
don't trust anything either you read or see or hear.

523
00:30:12.039 --> 00:30:13.599
That's probably not a great place to be.

524
00:30:13.880 --> 00:30:15.519
I remember when I was a kid, there was this

525
00:30:15.519 --> 00:30:20.200
thing called the Sydney Morning Herald, which was a brilliant

526
00:30:20.359 --> 00:30:23.640
and their lead story was Queen Abdicates and I was

527
00:30:23.680 --> 00:30:26.079
reading it on the train. People were milling around because

528
00:30:26.079 --> 00:30:29.079
I thought it was real. It was very amusing. That's

529
00:30:29.119 --> 00:30:48.079
the skeptics timendum, and this is space Time, and that's

530
00:30:48.119 --> 00:30:51.680
the show for now. Space Time is available every Monday,

531
00:30:51.759 --> 00:30:55.960
Wednesday and Friday through at fytes dot com, SoundCloud, YouTube,

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your favorite podcast download provider, and from space Time with

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00:30:59.640 --> 00:31:03.519
Stewart Gary dot com. Space Time's also broadcast through the

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00:31:03.559 --> 00:31:07.079
National Science Foundation on Science Own Radio and on both

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with Steward Gary dot com for full details. You've been

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00:31:34.480 --> 00:31:36.599
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This has been another quality podcast production from bytes dot com.