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  Maximilian                                                        Philip the Handsome   &…

Marti I (1396-1410), Book of Privileges of the Carthusian Monastery of Valldecrist, 15th century   Central panel of the altarpiece of the Archbishop of Toledo Sancho de Rojas, from San Benito el Real, Valladolid. The Virgin crowns the arc…

Juan II (1406-1454). Portrait by Francisco Prats y Velesco, 1848   Enrique IV (1454-1474). Miniature from the  journal of Georg von Ehingen, 1481   Isabella (1474-1504), anonymous portrait, circa 1490

Map of Ming Dynasty           

        The Copernicus Tower  

 Tusi couple - 13th century CE sketch by Nasir al-Din Tusi. Generates a linear motion as a sum of two circular motions. Invented for Tusi's planetary model.   An animated model of a Tusi couple

Osman I d. 1324?   Orhan 1324 - 1361     Murad I 1361 - 1389   Bayezid I 1389 - 1402     Mehmed I 1413 - 1421     Murad II 1421 - 1451      Mehmed II 1451 - 1481

Niccolò Machiavelli, a name synonymous with political intrigue and strategic thinking, remains an enigma centuries after his death. In this exploration of his life and ideas, we unravel the mystery of the man who profoundly influenced Western…

Louis XII of France                                         Pope Julius II   Ferdinand II of Aragon        &nbs…