I Take History With My Coffee

In October 1555, a twenty-two-year-old William of Orange holds up an emperor at his abdication — proof, if anyone needed it, that this German count's son had become the Habsburg system's favorite. Ten years later, he's still within that system: a Council member, a wealthy magnate, a man with everything to lose. But something has been shifting since a French king let slip a secret that Philip II had kept from his own negotiators. This episode traces William's formation — the inheritance that rem

Brussels, 1562. A cluster of noblemen's servants arrives at court in matching gray livery — a fool's cap stitched with a red hood that, if you squint, looks uncomfortably like a cardinal's hat. Everyone gets the joke. So does the man it's aimed at: Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle, Cardinal and chief minister to Margaret of Parma, the most powerful — and most resented — man in the Netherlands. What follows is a three-year campaign by the Netherlandish nobility to force Philip II to remove him: j...

In the summer of 1559, Philip II left the Netherlands for the last time — leaving behind two very different sets of instructions. To the great noblemen William of Orange and Lamoral of Egmont, he promised that nothing would be decided without them. To his half-sister Margaret, whom he was making regent, he issued a private order to consult only three men, cutting the nobility out entirely. Margaret of Parma inherited a title once held with real authority by two formidable women — Margaret of Au

In the summer of 1557, a Flemish nobleman, Lamoraal van Egmont, led a cavalry charge that destroyed the French army at Saint-Quentin, making the peace of Europe possible. Two years later, he stood on a quay at Flushing and watched Philip II of Spain board his fleet and sail for home. He would never see Philip again. This episode covers the peace and its terms: the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis, which ended sixty years of Habsburg-Valois warfare and confirmed Spain as Europe's dominant power; the d

On October 25, 1555, Philip II rose before the assembled Estates of the Low Countries in the great hall of the Coudenberg Palace and began to speak. He then stopped. He explained that his French was not fluent enough. The Bishop of Arras delivered his speech for him. The Estates listened, applauded politely, and went home. This episode is a character portrait. It traces the formation that made Philip II who he was: Castilian piety, a governing style built on documents and suspicion rather than

On October 25, 1555, the most powerful man in the world entered the great hall of the ducal palace in Brussels, leaning on a cane, his hand resting on the shoulder of a young prince who would one day lead a rebellion against his son. He was fifty-five and looked older. His fingers were too swollen to untie the strings of a document. He had come to say goodbye. What followed was one of the most theatrical acts of statecraft in European history — and one of the most ambiguous. Was Charles V's abd