April 27, 2026

Supermassive Black Holes, Voyager's Journey & Gravitational Waves Explained | Q&A

Sponsor Link: For our special NordVPN deal and 30 day money back uarantee, visit https://nordvpn.com/spacenuts Show Notes Supermassive Black Holes, Voyager 1, and Gravitational Waves In this engaging Q&A episode of Space Nuts, hosts Andrew...

Show Notes
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For our special NordVPN deal and 30 day money back uarantee, visit www.nordvp.com/spacenuts

Show Notes
Supermassive Black Holes, Voyager 1, and Gravitational Waves In this engaging Q&A episode of Space Nuts, hosts Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson tackle a variety of intriguing audience questions that span the cosmos. From the formation of supermassive black holes to the journey of Voyager 1 and the nature of gravitational waves, this episode is filled with cosmic curiosities and scientific insights.
Episode Highlights:
- Formation of Supermassive Black Holes: Martin from Merseyside sparks a fascinating discussion about the mechanisms behind the formation of supermassive black holes. Andrew and Fred Watson explore the gravitational instability theory and the contrasting processes that could lead to the creation of these colossal entities in the early universe.
- Voyager 1's Journey: Andy, our favourite train driver, raises an interesting question about whether the particles in space could slow down Voyager 1 as it travels at 38,000 miles per hour. The hosts clarify the nature of space and the spacecraft's trajectory, highlighting the vast emptiness of interstellar space and the spacecraft's remarkable speed.
- Gravitational Waves Explained: Ben from Kent asks a thought-provoking question about the nature of gravitational waves produced by colliding black holes. Andrew and Fred Watson delve into whether these waves are spherical or flat, providing clarity on how they propagate through the fabric of spacetime.
- Thought Experiments on Earth's Rotation: Judd from Brisbane brings up the current speed of Earth's rotation and its effects on gravity. The hosts discuss the fascinating implications of Earth's spin on weight, including the differences between the equator and the poles, and what would happen if Earth suddenly stopped rotating.

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Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.

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WEBVTT

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Hello again, thanks for joining us on Space Nuts, where

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we talk astronomy and space and science all at the

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same time. This is a Q and A episode. My

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name is Andrew Dunctor, your host. Great to have your company.

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Coming up audience questions. We're going to answer a question

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from Martin about super massive black holes. Ben has also

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got a question about black holes and gravitational waves. And

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the Favorite train driver is on about a voyager one,

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and Judd has some thought experiments for us. We'll check

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it all out on this episode of Space.

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Nuts fifteen, Channel ten nine Ignition Siquench.

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Space Nuts Guy or three two one Space Nuts.

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As when I reported Neil's good.

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And back to unravel, unpack and solve all of that

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is Professor Fred Watson, Astronomer at Large. Hello Fred, Hello Andrew,

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very good to see you. Good to see you too.

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I've still got my crochie voice. In fact, I've been

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so unwell. I'm still wearing the same clothes as I

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was last week.

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Well there you go, funnily enough, so am I?

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Yeah? Well what a coincidence? Shall we get down to business?

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Why not?

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All right to do so? Yeah, Now we've got some

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text and audio questions we'll go text first today and

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forgive my rather unreliable voice as I work my way

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through this. Hi Fred and Andrew. It's Martin here from

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Heswall on the We're all in Merseyside. I posted a

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question before and Fred mentioned that he knew Barnston, which

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is just a pleasant walk over the fields from here.

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I have a question about your favorite topic, black hole.

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I thought it was going to be golf black holes.

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I'm interested specifically in the process of their formation, and

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more particularly in super massive black holes. The mechanism for

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the creation of stellar mass black holes seems to be

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well understood, but I find it hard to believe that

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this can be the same way that super massive black

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holes in the early universe were formed. I've read that

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the gravitational instability theory posits that black holes can be

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formed directly when a massive cloud of matter collapses under

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its own gravity. Why is it not possible that there

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can be two processes at work depending on the size.

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For me, part of the evidence in supporting in support

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of invoking gravitational instability is the lack of evidence for

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the existence of intermediate mass black holes. What are the

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arguments against this theory as it does seem to be

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that widely It doesn't seem to be that widely accepted.

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If black holes are created in two completely different ways,

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what effect would this have on their properties? For instance, charge, spin, etc.

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I really enjoy listening to the show. It helps me

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keep up to date with the world of science, space

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and stuff. That's our slogan. Ha, well done, well done, Martin,

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that's our slogan. Yeah. Look, that's a really good question.

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And we only talked in the last episode about the

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different theories about how black holes are formed and the

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possible discovery of primordial black holes. So if you haven't

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heard that episode, wind back because it's worth listening to

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that story. But yeah, it brings up an interesting point.

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How can it be the same process for a super

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massive black hole versus another one, a smaller one.

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Yeah? So, I mean Martin's hit on one of the

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key questions at the moment in astrophysics and cosmology. So

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he's right up to date there, sure is. Because this

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idea of the super massive black holes in the early universe,

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for directly as a direct result of a cloud of

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gas collapsing without having to go through the mechanisms forming

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a star and then the star is basically exploding to

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form a black hole. That's quite new, and that might

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be why, as Martin says, it's not yet sort of

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considered to be mainstream, but it is very much an

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up and coming idea and theory that answers the criticism

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that the conventional theory has, and that is, conventionally, scientists

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have assumed that super massive black holes are created over

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long periods of time by the accretion of material, So

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we know how a stellar mass black hole is formed

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exactly as Martin mentioned. We understand that a massive star

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explodes at the end of its life when the fuel

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balance runs out. The outer layers are shed off and

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a super and over remnant and the center, basically the

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central core, collapses to be the black hole, which is

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a point with zero dimensions, a point where density is infinite,

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so that the conventional method says you start off with

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lots of those in a galaxy and they eventually accrete

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to form a bigger object, mixing with stuff that's sucked

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in on the accretion disc as well. That might include

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a few odd black holes dropping in to form eventually

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a super massive black hole. But the problem has been

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how do you manage to do that in less than

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a couple one hundred million years, which is you know

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where the earliest super massive black holes are after the

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Big Bang. We know about those because we can we

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measure them by look at using the James Webb space telescope.

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It's measured I think several objects within maybe two hundred

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and fifty million years after the Big Bang. In other words,

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we're looking back almost thirteen point eight billion years thirteen

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point six or something like that. How did they form

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so quickly? If that's the mechanism, and that's why this

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alternative mechanism of direct collapse from an interstellar from a

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not interstellar because there were no stars then, but from

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a primordial gas cloud might have occurred. And as I

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understand it, the idea of primordial black holes postulated, this

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is what we talked about last week or the last episode,

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postulated by Stephen Hawking in visage that there would be

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a very very wide range of masses of black holes,

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ranging from things less than the mass of the Sun.

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As we reported in the last episode. We think we've

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found one of those now to a supermassive black holes.

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I think that is all within the purview of Hawking's

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theory of primordial black holes. And so the question, you know,

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maybe the fact that we're finding the supermassive black holes

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too early in the universe might to have been formed

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by stuff coming together, might be a support for the

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Hawking theory that maybe some of these were actually formed

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immediately after the Big Bang.

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Wow, wouldn't that be interesting?

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And there was something about something that Martin mentioned about intermediate.

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Yeah, he said, for me, part of the evidence in

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support of invoking gravitational instability is the lack of evidence

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for the existence of intermediate mass black holes, although they're

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the ones we were talking about recently.

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That we now have discovered, have we not, Yes, but

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there's still normally there still seem to be yes, much

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error than the super massive black holes or the stellar

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mass black holes which exist in profusion, intermediate mass black

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holes have been quite hard to find.

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Up.

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Yeah, I mean, you know, what Martin says is right,

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that might point to the idea of gravitational instability. In

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other words, sort of primordial type black holes as being

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the formation that might point to that. And so I

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don't think there's an issue there. But yes, his final question,

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if black holes are created in two completely different ways.

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What effect would that have on their properties? For example,

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for instance, charge, spin, et cetera. Now, in fact, the

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only properties of a black hole that you can observe

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are the charge in the spin as well as the mass,

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and that that's because of something that you and I

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might have mentioned before. Andrew something called the no hair theorem,

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which I'm very fond of, if you can guess, and

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no hair theorem basically says that there's you know, there's

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virtually nothing of the black hole's characteristics that you can

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see from the outside. It's like suggesting a baldness of

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the of the black hole the event horizon. It doesn't

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give much away. Charge and spin are I think, I

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think only the only two apart from mass. Now I

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don't know the answer to that. Would there be any

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difference in those properties for two different methods of black

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hole formation. Thanks a really good question, and it's something

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that I probably should have a look at and see

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if I can find out.

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Yeah, I thought i'd look up no hair theorem to

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see what happened, and I didn't get an ad for

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a hair pill. It actually took me. It actually took

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me to the to the to the no hair theorrem

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the no hair theorem a bit of black holes. Yeah,

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so they go the internet actually worked. Yes, nice change,

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nice change, and a nice question, Martin. Thanks for sending

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that to us. Hopefully that helped you sort a few

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things out. But yeah, there's still a lot of theory

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around black holes yet to be proven. But we're chipping

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away at it. We are chipping away at it. Not

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me personally. I leave that to other people who are

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more astute. Thanks for sending it in. Our next question

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comes from our favorite train driver. His name is Andy.

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Train driver. Here, just a question for you on Voyager one.

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I know that he's currently traveling about thirty eight thousand

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miles per hour, and it's very low on fuel, and

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the fuel is used for the thrusters to point in

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the Santana's back to Earth. And I know that space

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is not empty. There's particles and space dust. So, because

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he've got such a long journey before he reaches anything significant,

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would the particles in space slow it enough to bring

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it to a halt, Because as far as I'm aware,

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it's got about forty thousand years before it reaches something significant.

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So is that a long enough time? Would you say

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to maybe not bring it to a halt, but to

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slow it significantly that it really does increase that timescale.

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Sorry if that doesn't make much sense. Thanks for your podcast, guys,

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really enjoy it.

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Speak to you soon.

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Bye. Thank you, Andy, Hope, Aul as well on your

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daily commute. Although you're the driver, so you just drag

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everyone else around. What a great job, right, okay? Voyager

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one thirty eight thousand miles an hour. Is there enough

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material to ultimately stop it because it's going to run

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into a few things here and there. Possibly, But I

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would question the spread of the dust when you get

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out into those interstellar places. The amount of material fins

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out significantly, doesn't it?

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Yeah, very much. So there is still you know, there

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are still atoms there or nucleari probably part of sub

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atomic particles.

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But it's not.

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It's not enough to significantly slow the spacecraft. It's you know,

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you're basically, to all intents and purposes, it's moving through

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a vacuum. It's I was thinking kilometers per second. Its

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current speed is sixteen point nine two zero kilometers per

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second relative to the Sun.

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Sixty one thousand kilometers an hour, seventeen kilometers a second

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dish thirty eight thousand mile Now, yep, it's going. It's fast.

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It is the speed I like is in units of

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astronomical units per year, and that is three point three

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point six nearly three point five six nine, So three

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times a year, it covers the distance from the Earth

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to the Sun.

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Yeah.

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Yeah, that's one hundred and fifty million kilometers.

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Sure is that's that's amazing, isn't it. And it's still

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going strong.

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Yeah, so, and it's right. I think the fuel's low.

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But the fuel is just for the thrusters. It's just

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to keep the antenna pointed towards Earth.

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So yeah, and he said it might come across something

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in about forty thousand years. I thought when we talked

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about this last that it could just keep going. It

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might not run into anything.

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Yeah, simply because it's not aimed at anything. And space

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is very empty. Even though there's a you know, four

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hundred billion stars in the Milky Way or whatever. The

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Milky Way is very very big, indeed, and it's look,

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it's it's distances. I think. I think the olds are

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that it will keep going forever. It might be captured

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by the gravity of another star. I think the notion

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of a collision is vanishingly small. I've just statistics just

224
00:14:06.600 --> 00:14:08.039
come into my head that I used to use a

225
00:14:08.080 --> 00:14:12.000
lot to give people the idea of just how big

226
00:14:12.080 --> 00:14:15.120
the galaxy is. And I'm sure you and I have

227
00:14:15.200 --> 00:14:18.360
discussed it too. If you imagine a diagram of our

228
00:14:18.440 --> 00:14:23.039
galaxy that was the size of the Earth, so twelve

229
00:14:23.080 --> 00:14:26.919
and a half a thousand kilometers in diameter, that's your

230
00:14:27.039 --> 00:14:30.440
map of the galaxy the size of the Earth. The

231
00:14:30.879 --> 00:14:35.240
separation from the Sun to the Earth on that scale

232
00:14:35.840 --> 00:14:40.840
is two millimeters. That tells you that the galaxy is very,

233
00:14:41.159 --> 00:14:44.039
very large compared with the size of the Solar System.

234
00:14:46.000 --> 00:14:50.480
That's just mind boggling stuff. It's really easily. And the

235
00:14:50.559 --> 00:14:53.440
other thing, I suppose we talk about the odd cloud,

236
00:14:53.519 --> 00:14:58.080
which is this thing around our Is it around the

237
00:14:58.240 --> 00:15:01.440
Solar system, around a galaxy? Apparently it's around the solar

238
00:15:01.480 --> 00:15:05.720
systolic system. They reckon it's going to take three hundred

239
00:15:05.840 --> 00:15:10.679
years for Voyager one to reach that. That's right, that's right,

240
00:15:11.440 --> 00:15:14.360
that it's a long which means it still hasn't really

241
00:15:14.480 --> 00:15:15.600
left our Solar system.

242
00:15:15.679 --> 00:15:18.639
In real terms, I'm not even sure that it will

243
00:15:18.720 --> 00:15:21.840
be three hundred years because the oak Cloud is about

244
00:15:21.840 --> 00:15:22.759
a light year away.

245
00:15:24.000 --> 00:15:28.279
Well, actually it says here the inner edge in three

246
00:15:28.360 --> 00:15:30.720
hundred years, but it will take thirty thousand years to

247
00:15:30.799 --> 00:15:32.600
pass through it. That's more like it.

248
00:15:32.759 --> 00:15:33.879
Yeah, it's more like it.

249
00:15:34.000 --> 00:15:39.440
I should have finished reading the sentence, shouldn't I there

250
00:15:39.559 --> 00:15:41.879
was There was an unpredictable full stop in there though,

251
00:15:42.279 --> 00:15:42.960
So yeah.

252
00:15:43.240 --> 00:15:48.679
But yeah, incredible. Sorry, I meant to say last time

253
00:15:48.759 --> 00:15:50.600
Andy came on, I meant to tell him that I'm

254
00:15:50.639 --> 00:15:55.799
a train driver too, But it's and scale, which he'll know.

255
00:15:56.080 --> 00:15:59.360
He'll know what that is. Not some people might not. Actually,

256
00:15:59.399 --> 00:16:02.120
probably quite a lot of our listeners do. But I

257
00:16:02.279 --> 00:16:04.559
drive my trains in and scale. I love it.

258
00:16:04.679 --> 00:16:07.639
I should send Andy if he sends me his email

259
00:16:07.720 --> 00:16:11.320
address some video of our brand new regional trains in

260
00:16:11.399 --> 00:16:14.120
New South Wales that are like to see that being

261
00:16:14.200 --> 00:16:18.039
fitted out in Dubbo where I live, and they've been

262
00:16:18.120 --> 00:16:21.159
doing test runs on them. I've actually heard it in

263
00:16:21.240 --> 00:16:24.360
the wee small hours passing by because it's got a

264
00:16:24.440 --> 00:16:26.840
completely different sound, and I've actually reached a point now

265
00:16:26.840 --> 00:16:31.840
where I recognize the different trains by sound. Hypathetic as that,

266
00:16:32.320 --> 00:16:37.919
but yeah, it's much much quieter than the current train

267
00:16:38.159 --> 00:16:41.519
which is the XPT, which is well past its use

268
00:16:41.600 --> 00:16:44.879
by date. But never let the New South Wales government,

269
00:16:45.639 --> 00:16:48.960
you know, build a train because they will. They will say, okay,

270
00:16:49.000 --> 00:16:51.240
it's got a twenty year life, so we'll replace it

271
00:16:51.320 --> 00:16:57.519
in fifty, because that's what's happening. But these are very slickly.

272
00:16:57.519 --> 00:17:00.399
These are Spanish trains that are being fitted out dubbo

273
00:17:00.600 --> 00:17:05.279
and really really lovely piece of kit as Fred would say. So,

274
00:17:06.240 --> 00:17:08.440
and he sent me your email address and I will

275
00:17:08.519 --> 00:17:12.599
send you a video of our new trains. It's weird

276
00:17:12.640 --> 00:17:15.799
watching them run around with nobody in them. It's just

277
00:17:16.359 --> 00:17:20.200
no passengers, nothing, just all the lights are on. Nobody's home.

278
00:17:20.640 --> 00:17:21.319
Nobody's home.

279
00:17:22.279 --> 00:17:24.240
Yeah, if you're on the Metro in Sydney, there's not

280
00:17:24.319 --> 00:17:25.680
even a driver on board either.

281
00:17:25.920 --> 00:17:28.519
Yeah, I know. I've been on the Metro a couple

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00:17:28.559 --> 00:17:31.960
of times. It's a slick system. One of my boys

283
00:17:32.039 --> 00:17:34.240
lives in a suburb where they're just about to complete

284
00:17:34.279 --> 00:17:37.319
a metro line. So he's really happy about that because

285
00:17:37.319 --> 00:17:40.039
it'll get him to work, you know, three times as fast,

286
00:17:40.839 --> 00:17:43.440
so he's really he's thrilled because he got rid of

287
00:17:43.480 --> 00:17:46.039
his car. He doesn't use a car in Sydney doesn't

288
00:17:46.039 --> 00:17:48.880
see the need. Got to have one out here though

289
00:17:48.960 --> 00:17:52.039
in the country. Thanks Andy lovely to hear from you.

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00:17:52.200 --> 00:17:56.480
This is Space Nuts with Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson.

291
00:17:58.599 --> 00:18:01.359
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nuts space nuts. Oh boy, okay o. Next question, I

314
00:19:38.920 --> 00:19:40.559
don't even know where we're up to. Where are we

315
00:19:40.680 --> 00:19:43.599
up to? We've spoken to Andy, You're right. Question three

316
00:19:43.759 --> 00:19:47.279
high space nuts. Ben Harding here from Kent, England. Having

317
00:19:47.359 --> 00:19:50.680
listened to your show for several years now, I know

318
00:19:50.960 --> 00:19:53.759
everything there is to know about black holes. Indeed, I

319
00:19:53.839 --> 00:19:56.400
am ready to start building my own any day now.

320
00:19:56.559 --> 00:19:59.640
But wait. If I build two and they crash together,

321
00:20:00.039 --> 00:20:03.200
they will create gravitational waves, and I need to account

322
00:20:03.240 --> 00:20:05.839
for the ensuing distortion of the fabric of space time.

323
00:20:06.319 --> 00:20:12.000
All my cats will be upset. So our gravitational waves

324
00:20:12.240 --> 00:20:16.519
spherical or flat? I'm thinking they must be spherical, But

325
00:20:16.839 --> 00:20:20.000
then again, if they are created by two objects spiraling

326
00:20:20.160 --> 00:20:24.319
in together, the waves may be flat by some sort

327
00:20:24.359 --> 00:20:29.079
of conservation of angular momentum rule. I hope you can

328
00:20:29.279 --> 00:20:32.359
help me with my cats. They get a bit scratchy

329
00:20:32.359 --> 00:20:37.319
when they're upset. Thanks for the awesome show, Ben. I

330
00:20:37.400 --> 00:20:42.599
thank you, Ben. I'm just imagining your cats freaking out

331
00:20:42.640 --> 00:20:45.799
over gravitational waves. There's a comic strip in that, I

332
00:20:45.920 --> 00:20:50.119
reckon somewhere. My brother would do a comic on that.

333
00:20:50.240 --> 00:20:55.279
I reckon. He's very artistic, is my brother? Okay? All right,

334
00:20:55.359 --> 00:21:00.200
So our gravitational waves from the cataclysmic collision of two

335
00:21:00.240 --> 00:21:01.680
black holes spherical.

336
00:21:04.200 --> 00:21:10.599
So I think what Ben is referring to in his

337
00:21:10.759 --> 00:21:16.440
description is whether they whether they're they're radiated. Gravitational waves

338
00:21:16.440 --> 00:21:20.160
are radiated in all directions what we would call isotropic,

339
00:21:20.640 --> 00:21:24.240
or just in a plane, in the plane of the collision.

340
00:21:24.880 --> 00:21:28.319
And to the best of my understanding, the answer is

341
00:21:28.359 --> 00:21:31.440
that they're isotropic. They go off in all directions. So

342
00:21:31.720 --> 00:21:37.720
space shutters are just because of the gravitational interaction. It's

343
00:21:37.839 --> 00:21:40.839
not got any prefer I don't think. I do not

344
00:21:41.000 --> 00:21:44.680
believe it's got any preferred direction because of the you know,

345
00:21:44.759 --> 00:21:47.799
the direction of the collision. I think it's it's the

346
00:21:47.880 --> 00:21:53.480
same in all directions. There's another way of interpreting Ben's question, though,

347
00:21:53.640 --> 00:21:59.759
and that is how the oscillations of gravitational waves take place.

348
00:22:01.000 --> 00:22:05.160
And they're not the same as sound waves, where which

349
00:22:05.200 --> 00:22:09.319
are compression waves where things push backwards and forwards. And

350
00:22:09.400 --> 00:22:12.519
they're not the same as light waves, which are transverse

351
00:22:12.759 --> 00:22:16.759
waves where the electric field and magnetic field vary in

352
00:22:16.839 --> 00:22:20.680
a transverse manner, in other words, opposite to the direction

353
00:22:20.799 --> 00:22:24.079
of propagation, or right angles to the direction of propagation.

354
00:22:24.319 --> 00:22:27.759
There's something called quadruple waves, which is a sort of

355
00:22:27.880 --> 00:22:31.119
combination of not quite a combination of the two, but

356
00:22:31.319 --> 00:22:37.200
certainly a slightly unusual form of transverse wave. Quadruple waves

357
00:22:37.279 --> 00:22:39.519
is what they are. But I don't think that's what

358
00:22:39.640 --> 00:22:42.079
he means. I think what Ben means is what I

359
00:22:42.160 --> 00:22:45.559
answered in the first place, that yes, they're isotropic, rather

360
00:22:45.680 --> 00:22:47.799
than limited to a particular plane.

361
00:22:48.000 --> 00:22:50.920
They go out in all directions, unlike the gravitational wave

362
00:22:51.079 --> 00:22:54.559
that I detected on a plane. I don't know what

363
00:22:54.680 --> 00:22:57.319
that guy was eating, but yeah, I hope I don't

364
00:22:57.319 --> 00:22:58.519
have to experience a kid.

365
00:23:00.400 --> 00:23:02.599
Yeah, I know those things as well.

366
00:23:02.880 --> 00:23:07.759
Pretty awful stuff. Really. I'm impressed that Ben says he

367
00:23:07.880 --> 00:23:10.440
knows everything there is to know about black holes. Does

368
00:23:10.519 --> 00:23:15.440
that mean we've been doing a job That means he

369
00:23:15.519 --> 00:23:17.519
knows more than us, which, yeah, well it is to

370
00:23:17.599 --> 00:23:20.880
do possible too. Yeah, yes, but we're learning more and

371
00:23:20.960 --> 00:23:21.599
more about them.

372
00:23:22.319 --> 00:23:24.359
But that's of course we're listening to our listeners.

373
00:23:24.519 --> 00:23:29.200
That's that's exactly right. But yeah, there've been the topic

374
00:23:29.279 --> 00:23:32.559
of I think since we started a decade ago. Fred,

375
00:23:33.799 --> 00:23:36.839
you reminded me earlier it's been ten years we've been

376
00:23:36.920 --> 00:23:40.079
doing this podcast. That's that's extraordinary. We should have had

377
00:23:40.079 --> 00:23:42.319
a party, but I think we just can't stay up

378
00:23:42.400 --> 00:23:48.079
that late anymore. But it's it's probably been the hottest

379
00:23:48.279 --> 00:23:51.799
topic on Space Nuts since day one. Is black holes,

380
00:23:52.799 --> 00:23:57.000
closely followed by dark matter, dark energy, and I don't

381
00:23:57.000 --> 00:23:58.720
know where you go from there, but it's been a

382
00:23:58.880 --> 00:24:02.839
life in space. Yes, life, Yes, you are right. Those

383
00:24:02.880 --> 00:24:04.960
are the top four topics. So I expect next week

384
00:24:05.000 --> 00:24:08.400
our four questions will be on black hole's, dark matter,

385
00:24:08.759 --> 00:24:10.799
dark energy and life elsewhere.

386
00:24:11.839 --> 00:24:15.799
There's a good chance they will. That will be the standard.

387
00:24:16.400 --> 00:24:19.400
Yep, very good, Thank you, Ben. Lovely to hear from you.

388
00:24:19.519 --> 00:24:23.960
Hope all is well in Kent. Our final question comes

389
00:24:24.039 --> 00:24:24.720
from Judd.

390
00:24:26.480 --> 00:24:30.480
Goody, Fred and Andrew. It's Judd from Brisbane. Been a

391
00:24:30.519 --> 00:24:33.480
big fan of the show for a long time. My

392
00:24:33.599 --> 00:24:38.319
wife and I were listening to a recent episode where

393
00:24:38.359 --> 00:24:41.559
one of the stories was about the spun out asteroid

394
00:24:41.680 --> 00:24:46.359
that's spinning at an incredibly fast rate. And you know,

395
00:24:46.440 --> 00:24:52.839
we found Andrew's thought experiments about how that would affect

396
00:24:52.920 --> 00:24:57.400

Supermassive Black Holes, Voyager's Journey & Gravitational Waves Explained | Q&A

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