July 6, 2025
Stellar Questions: Gravitational Waves, Time Travel & the Search for Extraterrestrial Life
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RSS Feed In this thought-provoking Q&A episode of Space Nuts, hosts Heidi Campo and Professor Fred Watson tackle a variety of intriguing listener questions that delve into the realms of astrophysics and the possibilities of life beyond Earth. From the complexities of time dilation to the potential for extraterrestrial communication, this episode is a treasure trove of cosmic knowledge.
Episode Highlights:
- Time Dilation and Space Travel: The episode kicks off with a fascinating question from listener Peter about the implications of time dilation as depicted in Queen's song "39." Fred explains the calculations needed to understand how a journey at 99.995% the speed of light could allow travelers to experience just one year while 100 years pass on Earth, revealing the mind-bending effects of Einstein's theory of relativity.
- Observing Gravitational Waves: Trent from North Georgia poses a compelling question about how observatories can detect light from events that have already emitted gravitational waves. Fred clarifies the relationship between different types of radiation and their detection, using gamma-ray bursts as a prime example of how various signals can provide insight into cosmic events.
- Limits of Biological Detection: Listener Chris wonders why organisms on Earth can only sense a limited part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Fred discusses the potential for extraterrestrial life to communicate using different frequencies, exploring the limits of biology and the intriguing possibilities of non-verbal communication in the cosmos.
- Earth-Sized Moons Around Gas Giants: Martin raises an interesting question about the possibility of Earth-sized moons orbiting gas giants in other solar systems. Fred elaborates on the feasibility of such moons and their potential to harbor life, while also considering the dynamic challenges posed by their environments.
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Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
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WEBVTT
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Welcome back to another fun and exciting Q and A
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episode of Space Nuts Perfecting.
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Channel ten nine Ignition sik.
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Wench Space Nuts Yo three two one Space Nuts.
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As I reported, good, I'm.
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Your host for this episode, Heidi Compo and joining us
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is Professor Fred Watson. Watson, I don't know why I've
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done that twice now, mispronounced your name Astronomer at Large, Fred,
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how are you well?
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Thank you don't don't really care how the name's pronounced.
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It's Fred's pretty straightforward.
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You know.
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When I go to Scandinavia, I've probably said this before, Heidi,
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there are freds. I see Fred everywhere because it's the
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Scandinavian word meaning peace, and so fred Gutten is a
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peace street, and I've got lots of photographs standing underneath
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peace streets because they're called Fred.
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That's lovely. I love that. I guess my name is
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a German name is short for Adehyde and it means noble.
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Here you go, So mind's German as well. It's from Freed,
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same same word. Yeah.
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Well, our first question from today is from Peter wondering
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if I don't think I know the history of that one.
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I think it's'rean, it's very old. It goes back to
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biblical times.
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Yeah.
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Yeah, the rock, Peter is the rock Petra.
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That's what it means, is the rock.
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Yeah.
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I love that. Let's see if let's see if we
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can figure out the etymology of all the names today.
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I think we've we've probably run out now.
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All right, So yeah, our first question is from Peter,
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and he says high Space Nuts. Queen's great nineteen seventy
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five album A Night at the Opera has a song
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called thirty nine, written by astrophysicist Brian May. Of course,
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in the song, the a band interpret band of intrepid
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volunteers leave Earth in a spaceship to find another planet
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for human habitation. They leave in the year thirty nine,
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we don't know what century, and their trip takes one year.
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They must have had a good warp drive because when
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they return it is the year thirty nine in the
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next century, so they have been away for one hundred
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years in Earth time. The protagonist of the song laments
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his remaining life, with his wife and children dead and
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just his great granddaughter remaining now a very old lady.
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My question is these my questions are these approximately? How
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far out into the galaxy might they have gone in
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that time and what would their average speed have been?
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At first I thought that they only traveled for a year,
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and the near star is more than year four light
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years away, so it is a wasted trip. But then
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they were away from the Earth for one hundred years.
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Maybe they checked out many stars with planetary systems. Now
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I'm just confused, that's our question from Peter.
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Well, so it turns out that it's reasonably easy to
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do the calculation that Peter's interested in, because what he's
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talking about is something we call time dilation. It comes
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from in this case, it comes from Aindistein's special theory
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of relativity that covers the effects of things that are
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moving close to the speed of light. And so you've
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got to be moving close to the speed of light
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to experience this. So what we've got here is a
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fraction of one hundred. It's been a year on Earth.
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Sorry it's been a year for the travelers, but it's
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been one hundred years on Earth. So that means that
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the time dilation effect is one hundred. It's one hundred times. Now,
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there's a formula for time dilation which is reasonably simple.
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I'll just quote it's in silent in relativity one hundred
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years ago. The time dilation is and it's a fraction.
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It's one over the square root of one minus V
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squared over C squared via is the velocity that you're
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traveling at, and see is the velocity of light. So
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it's a relatively straightforward formula. And so yesterday what I
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did was I put the numbers into it to work
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out what speed they would have to travel for that
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ratio of one hundred years on Earth to one year
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on the spacecraft. And it turns out to me, here's
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my calculation.
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The probably yeah, spread back before everyone outsourced their brains
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to chat GPT. That is a handwritten math everybody.
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And the bottom line you probably can't see it. They
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would have to travel at ninety nine point five percent
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of the speed of light. So ninety nine point nine
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nine five percent of the speed of light. If you
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travel for a year, then on Earth you've got one
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hundred years elapsed. Now that probably means that they they
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went out for fifty light years and then came back again,
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so they could have visited many stellar systems in that time,
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although they wouldn't have seen much of it going past
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them at nineteen nine point nine ninety five percent of
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the speed of light. So yeah, that's the answer. Check
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it out. You can look up time dilation on the
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web and you'll find all the formulae there. And that's easy.
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You know, it's a relatively easy question to answer. So Peter,
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thank you for getting my brain working on these questions again,
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because I appreciate that, and I've always so it was
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a good thing to have at the back of your mind,
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the relativistic time dilation travel near the speed of light,
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just in case you ever find your off doing that.
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Fred I am tickled at the amount of times you
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said easy and time dilation equation in that answer. I
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think you use the word this is easy or the
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phrase this is easy at least two or maybe three times.
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So that's just I don't know if I need to
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work on my bath skills or if you're just that brilliant.
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But that was that's adorable, it's not.
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It's a lot easier than some of the ones I
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used to stumble over back when I was This must
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not go beyond these four walls, Heidi. But there's a
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mass exam at university that I failed five times. It
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took me six attempts to pass it.
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Oh my goodness. So there's hope for the rest of us.
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Yeah.
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Oh, Gosha still shudder at that. It was the wrong
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kind of mathematics. You had to do it. It was
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pure mathematics, and my brain just didn't work that way.
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Yeah, mine does not either.
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What space nuts.
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Well, our next question is from Trent, and this is
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an audio question that we're going to queue up and
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we're going to play for you right now.
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Hello, Heidi, and for sir Watson. My name is Trent.
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I'm from North Georgia, USA, and I had a question
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in reference to Ben's question from Northwestern University in episode
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five point thirty. I was wondering how an observatory could
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view something that's already happened, for example, and his question
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he asked about an observatory turning to look at a
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source of gravitational wave, and I was thinking, so, gravitational
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waves move it to speed of light, and the light
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from that source is also moving at the speeded light.
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After the gravitational waveservatory has already observed.
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The phenomenon, how can a radio observatory or a light
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observatory observe the same phenomena since.
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The other waves would have already passed us. So hope
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this question piqued your interest. I would love to hear
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the answer and you'll have a wonderful time. I love
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your show, never miss an episode. Y'all are fantastic.
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Bye bye, that was sweet. Thank you so much, Trent.
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That that was wonderful.
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So Trens questions is a great one and his points
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is absolutely well made. You know that if you've got
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a phenomenon that causes gravitational waves and also beams out lies,
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then the two travel at the same speed. So how
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can a detection in gravitational waves then be used to
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you know, somebody phones up in observatory and says, oh,
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we've seen these gravitational waves. Can you point your telescope
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in this direction? What you're going to see the I
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guess Trend's hypothesis is that it will be nothing. But
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it's not quite that straightforward because often the counterpart of
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an event seen in one way, for example by gravitational waves,
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the counterpart in the visible light spectrum for example, or
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the radio spectrum. Whilst the radiation travels at the same speed,
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there are sometimes delays because you've got different mechanisms that
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give rise to that signal with what you might call
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the follow up radiation, I'm thinking mostly Perhaps the best
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example of this is in what we call gamma ray bursts,
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which were discovered back in the seventies by spacecraft which
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were put into orbit to look for people breaking atmosphere
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nuclear test bands. The idea was to detect gamma rays
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from illicit nuclear test bands that might be going on
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on the Earth's surface in the atmosphere because they were banned,
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but people wanted to police that until these spacecraft were
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developed and put into orbit and they didn't find any
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illicit nuclear tests. What they found was these phenomena in
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deep space we call gamma ray bursts, which are caused
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we think by cataclysmic events in principally in distant galaxies. Now,
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what you really want to find as well as the
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gamma rays is whether there's another you know, another frequency
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or something that's carrying information. And so it was what
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we call the opt counterparts of those bursts that people
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were looking for, and by that I mean the visible
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light flash. And to do that you would want to
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first of all detect the gamma ray burst and then
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alert visible light telescopes to the direction that that had
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come from so that they could home in on the
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target as quickly as possible after the event to try
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and work out what these things were, because if you've
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got information from gamma rays and information from visible light,
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then you've got a chance of working it out. And
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indeed that's the case because the visible light flash is
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it's usually caused by whatever caused the gamma rays interacting
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with the environment that's around it, and that means rarefied
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gas usually, and it's the effect of that rarefied gas,
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perhaps by a shockwave moving through it, that gives you
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the visible light flash, and that's going to be after
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the original gamma ray burst.
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Self.
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Gammay bus last a few seconds. They're sort of second long,
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a bit different from the millisecond fast radio bus that
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we also see. So all these phenomena have different counterparts,
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different components to them, and you're not trying to see
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back in time when you're following up the you know,
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the target of opportunity observations, which is what we're talking
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about previously. You're actually just looking at a different aspect
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of whatever that cataclysmic event has been I don't know
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whether that's a satisfactory explanation, but that's what's happening. So
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you chase it up as quickly as you can to
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try and learn as much as you can.
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Thank you so much, Trent. Our next question is from Chris,
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and Chris says, thank you for the podcast, folks. Good stuff. Indeed,
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on Earth, living organisms can sense a small part of
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the EM spectrum from infrared through visible light up to
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the ultraviolet, but as far as we know, no organism
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can detect lower or higher frequencies such as radio or
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X rays on Earth. This could be because such senses
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don't convey usefulness, but elsewhere it could. So is there
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any limiting factor in biology, chemistry, or physics that prevents
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organisms detecting this different this, different parts of the spectra
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spectrum and therefore possibly communicating with each other like this?
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Could extraterrestrial life use radio to communicate with each other?
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Isn't that a great question, Heidi, because yeah, it's thinking
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outside the box, and I like that very much. You
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might have a comment on that, actually, because science fiction
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looks at these things quite a lot.
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You know, I'm such a science fiction nerd. Well, I'm
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just thinking of our episode a few weeks ago about
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the whale bubbles.
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Yeah, yeah, that's right. The whale bubbles might well be
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a way of communicating, although of course you're using visible
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light there, and I think that's a little bit different
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from the sort of thing that that Chris is thinking of.
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So it's not quite true that we're not sensitive to
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some of these other electromagnetic radiations, because, for example, X
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rays can damage tissue, and so in a sense, what
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you've got there is a detector. It's albeit it's the
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wrong kind of you don't You know, you don't really
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want your tissue to be damaged, but you know that
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is an organism being able to detect a high frequency
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radiation such as X rays, gamma rays too. So that's
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all what we call ionizing radiation. It's damaging radiation, and biology,
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biological organisms can detect that, but it's usually in a
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very destruct way. There have been many experiments done and
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tests done to see whether the radiation emitted by mobile
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phones has a damaging effect on people's well being, and
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the evidence that I've read is that no, the radiation
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levels are too low to have any kind of effect
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but I think higher, you know, higher intensities, and I'm
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thinking now of microwaves. Your microwave oven is cooking by
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means of radiation that causes things to get hot, and
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if you flood your brain with that, it's going to
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get hot. And in fact, and it was Andrew Dunkley
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