April 6, 2025
Stellar Questions, Black Hole Mysteries & the Dance of Dark Matter
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Space Nuts Episode 510: The Sun's Mass Loss, Black Holes, and Dark Matter Mysteries
In this thought-provoking episode of Space Nuts, host Heidi Campo and astronomer Professor Fred Watson tackle some fascinating listener questions that delve into the complexities of our universe. From the sun's mass loss over billions of years to the enigmatic relationship between primordial black holes and dark energy, this episode is packed with illuminating discussions that will expand your cosmic understanding.
Episode Highlights:
- The Sun's Mass Over Time: Heidi and Fred explore a listener's question about how much smaller the sun is now compared to two billion years ago. They discuss the staggering amount of hydrogen it burns each second and how this affects its overall mass, revealing that the sun has only lost a minuscule fraction of its mass over its lifetime.
- Primordial Black Holes and Dark Energy: The duo addresses a listener's inquiry into the connection between primordial black holes and dark energy. They explain why the mathematics of current theories do not support the idea that evaporating black holes could account for the universe's accelerated expansion.
- The Final Parsecs of Black Hole Mergers: A deep dive into the complexities of black hole mergers leads to discussions about gravitational waves and the challenges of understanding what happens during these cosmic events. Fred shares insights on the final parsec problem and the mysterious nature of singularities.
- Dark Matter and Energy Manifest: The episode wraps up with a listener's intriguing proposition that dark matter could be energy manifest. Fred clarifies how dark matter may have originated from energy during the Big Bang, while the quest to uncover its true nature continues.
For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website.Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music Music, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.
If you'd like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/about
Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
(00:00) Welcome to Space Nuts with Heidi Campo and Fred Watson
(01:40) Discussion on the sun's mass loss over billions of years
(11:20) The relationship between primordial black holes and dark energy
(22:15) Insights into black hole mergers and gravitational waves
(30:00) Exploring the nature of dark matter and energy manifest
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-exploring-the-cosmos--2631155/support.
WEBVTT
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Welcome to Space Nuts. I'm your host today, Heidi Compo,
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and I'm here with Professor Fred Watson, Astronomer at Large,
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and we are going to be answering some of your
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questions today.
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For fifteen seconds.
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Guidance is internal ten nine ignition.
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Sequence dot space nuts nine four.
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Three two more Space Nurse as the nat reboard.
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It feels good.
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So we have a question from Keith Wilson. Keith did
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not list where he was from. Are you from Earth, Keith,
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or are you hailing us from another planet? That would
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be my question for Keith. Keith's question for Fred is
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I have a question, because the Sun burns, it's feels
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so fast. How much smaller is it now compared to
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its size two billion years ago?
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And there's an answer to that which we can calculate.
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We weren't around two million years ago, so it's not
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easy to measure it then, but we can work out
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what it was by the rate at which the Sun
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is burning its fuel now. So the sun goes through
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these numbers always stagger me. Roughly four million tons of
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fuel hydrogen fuel per second, and that means you think,
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my god, that's so awful. A lot of hydrogen every second.
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That's what it's turning into helium. And it's that process,
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the nuclear fusion, that is releasing the energy that we
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see with you know, with all the light and the
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subatomic particles and everything that comes from the Sun. Is
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the underlying process is that nuclear fusion. There is also
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I've not seen this statistic before, but I did look
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it up about one and a half million tons per second.
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That is the solar wind, that's the particles coming off
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the Sun. So there's this loss of about you know,
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roughly five million tons per second. So you can do
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the calculation and it turns out that what saves the
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day is the Sun is very big. It's you know,
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it's got the huge amount of material in it. When
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you think of it, it's one hundred times the diameter
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of the Earth. It's a very very massive object. So
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there's a lot of it. So that release of energy
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and solar particles over its lifetime four point six billion
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years amounts to a loss of mass of wait for it,
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zero point zero five percent. It's virtually negligible. The Sun's
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mass has changed, but by a very tiny amount. There's
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a number of places on the web where you can
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find that calculation, but that's what we believe. It's lost mass,
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but it's only lost a tiny amount compared with it's
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the mass of the Sun itself.
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That's interesting. I have never thought about that, but it's
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good that this is something that doesn't need to also
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keep me up at night along with the other things
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I worry about. Our next question is from Michael, who
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is in New York.
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Hello, this is Mike from New York and I have
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a question about primordial black holes and dark energy. I
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believe you guys have addressed questions before about primorial black
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holes and how a concentration of them could result in
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dark matter and the gravitation that we observe behind them,
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and that's I believe generally been disproven. My question is,
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how could primordial black holes potentially relate to dark energy
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if we assume that they are spread evenly across the universe,
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if there's a sufficient amount of them as they evaporate,
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and that loss of gravitation goes with them as they evaporate,
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could that explain the increased acceleration of the expanding of
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the universe being driven by dark energy. I'm just curious
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to know if you've heard of that being tossed about
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before as an idea, and as I imagine, the math
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doesn't bear out as any studies been conducted to definitively
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say that is not the case. Thanks guys, and keep up.
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The good work. Yeah, thank you, Mike, A good question.
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You're right, the mask doesn't bear it out. But the
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bottom line here there were two things. I guess what
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was it. The basically got rid of the idea that
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dark matter was made up of primordial black holes. It
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was experiments done in the nineties nineteen nineties to look
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for the gravitational lensing effect. If we had a universe
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that was filled with black holes that we couldn't see
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because they weren't gobbling anything up, so they didn't blow
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in X rays as you do when you gobbling stuff up.
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If you're a black hole, those black holes should have
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distorted the images of stars behind them, magnified them, and
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we should have seen these If we measured the brightness
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of large fields of stars regularly, we should have seen
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stars brightening and dimming all over the place due to
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all these black holes, and that was not seen. It
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was an experiment called Macho a Macho actually was basically
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the acronym for those objects massive compact halo objects matt shows.
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So it was at that point that we decided it
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wasn't match chose it was WIMPs. WIMPs being weakly interacting
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massive particles, and that's what we've been looking for ever
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since with dark matter not finding it. If to say,
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but then going on to your comment about black holes
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relating to dark energy, black holes do evaporate. We know
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that from the effect of well, the theoretical work that
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was done by by Stephen Hawking back in the seventies.
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Actually that demonstrated that there is a radiation that comes
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from black holes is by quantum processes rather than relativistic processes,
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and that is called Hawking radiation. And what it leads
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to is the evaporation of black holes. But the timescale
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for that doesn't tally with the dark energy problem. Black
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calls evaporate, but on timescales of tens to hundreds of
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billions of years. It's a slow, slow process, and it's
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hard to imagine how that could contribute in any way
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to the dark energy that we see that is making
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the universe expand ever more rapidly. So a nice idea
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which I think doesn't as exactly as you said, doesn't
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hold up because of the mathematics. Thanks a lot, Thanks again, Michael.
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Yeah, that's very very interesting, a lot of deep thinking
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questions here.
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back to the show.
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Three Space Nuts and speaking of deep questions, we have
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Duncan Sargent from Weymouth.
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It's a follow up question and it is a thesis
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that he's having me read here. So buckal up listeners,
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we have the question of the episode coming at you.
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Hello to both of you. This is a follow up
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question from one I asked ages ago, well over a year,
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if I recall, it was the one about how can
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two black holes merge into one? If no mask can
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come out of a black hole, neither can take the
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matter from one, neither can take the matter from one
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to the other to become one. Of all the questions
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I have sent the answer to, this is the one
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that was the least satisfying.
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I felt.
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Normally I feel you give good answers, but on this
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one I was. But this is the one that I
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was suggested that I read up on the process. Well,
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I have spent months doing this. He has done his homework,
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he has read it, and I still do not have
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a definitive answer. But I will lay out what I
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have discovered. Basically, as black holes near merger, something happens
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within them that creates massive amounts of gravitational waves. This
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accounts for roughly ten percent mass loss in the eventual
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combined black hole. I initially thought this mass loss was
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from the event horizon only, but apparently not, and the
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actual black holes themselves lose mass. Now, neither mass or
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energy can escape the black holes. But apparently this is
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what the math says, and words can't really describe it
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other than just to say that the mass says so
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as it does. It is something to do with the
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mass energy that is not really defined in the way
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that we think it is, and it becomes a bit fuzzy.
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The gravitational waves are in space time itself, and the
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whole merger process is somehow carried out with the actual
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confines of the space time they occupy, rather than the
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actual black holes themselves. As we know, neither of them
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can actually take mass from the other. Apparently, at the
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very last point before they merge, each black hole sends
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out a very thin tentacle of something, which when they
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touch together the merger happens. However, whilst this mathematically defined,
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it is not able to be easily defined by words.
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So could Professor Fred please attempt to put into words
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for me, as with all the reading I have done,
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my head hurts and I cannot think of a way
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to put it myself. How much does matter from one
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black hole or two of them get extracted from one
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from sorry, get extracted from the other and combined, what
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happens to the actual singularity? Do we end up with
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nested singularities? And how can that exist? Please help me
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understand then easily in easily defined English. I get impressed
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from I get impressed from what I have read that
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a lot of this comes down to the math that
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says we see it happening. So it does, but we
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actually don't know, We actually don't know. How Is that
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pretty much it? Okay? Thank you for looking into my
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answer my follow up. I look forward to your podcast
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each week, listening carefully for new snippets of information. Please
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keep up the good work.
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Well done, Heidi.
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Thank you Duncan put me through the challenge my first
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Q and A.
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Yeah, it's like a script for a whole show. But
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thank you Duncan. Yeah, Duncan, fellow Brits living in Weymouth
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there in the south of England, always nice to hear
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from him. But this, yeah, look Duncan, this is it's
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a challenging thing and it challenges the whole, you know,
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the whole of astrophysics because we don't really know what
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happens to black holes within that last well three point
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twenty six light years is the number. It's called the
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final parsec problem. A parsec is a distance. It's what
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astronomers measure rather than light years. You can't measure light
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years because we don't have to stop watch is good enough.
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But a parsec is three point twenty six light years,
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and it's what we in the trade of astronomy, what
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we actually talk about. So the final parsec problem is
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that there's not the way the energy from the merging
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black holes is released into gravitational ways, which is exactly
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what you've said. That is the issue. How does it happen?
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I'm going to read a paragraph from actually space dot com,
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one of the websites that we are big fans of
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at space nuts, they had an article a few years
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ago called what happens when black holes merge? And I'll
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read a paragraph from that because it sort of illuminates
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what you said and actually sort of quotes almost quotes
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to the letter what you had in your what you
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had in your question. The final partic problem, reading now,
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is currently an unsolved riddle in astrophysics. But whatever mechanism
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takes place, eventually black holes get close enough that the
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gravitational waves can really pull a lot of energy from
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the system that this point, the black holes only have
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a few seconds before they merge. At those close distances,
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the black holes start to deform each other. They don't
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really have surfaces. The event horizons are just invisible boundaries
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that mark the region of no escape. But the shape
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of the event horizon depends not just on the black
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hole itself, but also the geometry of space time around it.
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So as the black holes begin they're deadly dance. The
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event horizons elongate and stretch towards each We understand what
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