Oct. 7, 2024
Navigating the Cosmos and Redshift Riddles
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Space Nuts #458 Q&A Edition
Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this engaging Q&A episode of Space Nuts, where...
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Space Nuts #458 Q&A Edition
Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this engaging Q&A episode of Space Nuts, where they tackle a variety of intriguing questions from listeners. From the mysteries of light and redshift to the enigmatic cores of gas giants, this episode is packed with fascinating insights and cosmic curiosities.
Episode Highlights:
- Light and Redshift: Mario from Melbourne (Australia) queries how light can redshift if it doesn't experience time. Fred Watson Watson delves into relativity and the observer's role in this cosmic phenomenon.
- Gas Giants' Cores: Nigel from Brisbane (Australia) wonders if there's a rocky planet beneath the gas layers of Jupiter and Saturn. Explore the theories about the mysterious cores of these colossal planets.
- Galaxy Collisions: Raul from California asks about the collision of galaxies amidst the universe's expansion. Discover why some galaxies are on a collision course despite the ever-expanding cosmos.
- Future Navigation: David from Tucson questions how we will navigate when exploring beyond our solar system. Learn about the quasars that provide a stable reference point for cosmic navigation.
For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube Music, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.
For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts/support.
Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
WEBVTT
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Hi, there, Andrew Duncley again with another episode of Space Nuts,
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and it's good to have your company. This is a
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Q and A edition. This is where we answer your
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questions if we can. If we can't, we just pretend to.
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We've got questions about light and redshift. Today we're also
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going to talk gas giants, expansion of the galaxy versus
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or expansion of the universe versus galaxy collisions, and a
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future of navigation reference points. How are we going to
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do that? When we start going further and further out,
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those questions will be answered or they'll be faked. We're
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not sure yet. Deep fake radio coming up soon on
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this edition of Space Nuts fifteen seconds. Guidance is in
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channel ten nine ignition sequence Space Nuts or three two.
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One Space Nuts.
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As can I report it?
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Neils good and.
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He's here again, like a fly on a piece of meat.
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Hello Fred, Thanks so do Thanks professor Fred. What's an
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astronomer at large? Nice to see you.
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Yeah, that's right, it's nice to see you too. I
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think I.
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Have enough digs at Hugh. I thought maybe I.
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Should just should That's fine.
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Land a left hook for a change. It always comes
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back and hits me. Though eventually, so, yeah, I can't
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take it.
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I'm tough.
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Let's let's go straight to our questions. Our first question today,
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Fred comes from Mario in Melbourne. He likes to go
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go karting. Hi, Fred and Andrew, hoping you can help
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explain why if light itself doesn't experience time, how can
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it redshift? Doesn't red shifting imply it changes somehow, which
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implies it must have been subject to time. Or is
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this some sort of relativity witchcraft where we as observers
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experience time and the red shift, but the photon itself
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somehow in all states it can be simultaneously or something
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like that. Yeah, simultaneously or something like that. Appreciate you
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unscrambling my brain on this one. Still listening from the
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far start keep up the great show, Mario from Melbourne.
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I think we've kind of had variations of this question
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come up in the past. People sort of have trouble
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differentiating between light and time and what's going on out there.
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Can you shed some light on this one for it?
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I'm sorry, I'm completely in the dark about this one.
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It's a good point though, and so it's made me.
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You know, it's got the old cogs working to try
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and work out what's happening. Because that's right. Because light
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travels at the speed of light to the fastest speed
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anything could travel through the universe, it does not experience time.
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A photon of light does not experience time, and yet
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they change. And you're right, Mario is correct that we
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do see photons changing because the photons that we are
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now receiving from distant galaxy, for example, are highly red shifted.
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They've become ready photons. Now, what that corresponds to is
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a loss of energy, which results from the expansion of
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the universe. And so I think I'm right in saying
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that the photon doesn't notice that. It doesn't know that
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it's lost energy because it doesn't experience time. So I
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think you know, in a sense the loss of energy,
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which by the way, just filters out into the universe.
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Apparently normally that's where it goes. It's I think that
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is a property of the observer, the fact that we're
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observing this thing. The photon, the best of my understanding,
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doesn't care it arrives at the same time as it
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left because it doesn't experience time. But it might be
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surprised that where the place where it arrived at is
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very different from the place where it left out in
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terms of the energy balance and what's happening there. I'm
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not sure whether I'm making much sense here, Mario, but
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that's my understanding of the situation.
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Okay, it is a bit complicated. It'd be nice to
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be a photon if you're doing a long haul flight,
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because if you didn't experienced time, you wouldn't have to
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worry about it twenty hour flight to Turkey, for example,
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or anything like that. Yes, this is weak, yeah all over. Yeah,
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we hope we unscrambled your brain, Mario, because it is
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a bit of a scrambling issue. But photons don't experience time,
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and they don't know that they're losing energy. It's sort
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of like old people.
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Yep, yep, go to health. I probably you should say that,
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though you know. Now look I can vouch for that.
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I'm starting to.
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Experience that myself. Yes, thanks, Mario. Let's move on to
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our next one. This comes from Nugel.
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Oh friend Andrew, this is Nigel from Brisbane, Australia. I
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have two questions about our gas giants, Jupiter and Satin.
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I want to know beneath all that gas. Is there
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a rocky planet and if so, how big are they
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in relation to the Earth? Okay, thank you, love the show.
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Keep up the good work, thanks Nigel.
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Yeah, look, its.
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Theory, isn't it.
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Fred. We don't know for sure what's down deep in
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those gas giants, but there might be something.
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Well, you've absolutely answered the question, Andrew.
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Okay, we'll move on to the next one from Raoul.
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Nigel's question is you know it's one that many astronomers
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and plunge your scientists ask because we don't know, we
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don't know the answer. The modeling suggests that, because of
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the way we believe planets are formed, that there should
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be a rocky core underneath all that gas, that it
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should be quite massive, maybe with a fair degree of
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a water ice involved with it as well. Although some
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of the papers that I've read suggest that there might
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be something called metallic hydrogen at the center of these
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gas giants. I'm not sure what that means. Probably mean
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hydrogen in a state where it can conduct electricity. So yeah,
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so that's it's a question that's really at the forefront
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of knowledge. So you and me both, Nigel, I wonder
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what's at the center of these gas giants and how
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big the central core might be if there is one,
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which we assume there is.
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Yeah, I mean guess giants to a certain degree. What
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could have been stars had their formation happened in a bigger,
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better way. At what point do they reach in size
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or structure where they wouldn't have a solid core? Like
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would a brown dwarf? How does have a solid core?
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Perhaps, Yeah, that's certainly a brown dwarf would have a core,
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and it probably wouldn't be solid either, similar to more
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similar to what the Sun's core we think is like,
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compared with what a planet's core is like. So brown
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dwarf has nuclear reactions taking place, but they're low level.
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Once they're something called deuterium burning, and that doesn't generate
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anything like the same amount of heat as the hydrogen
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process that is going on at the center of our sun.
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So at the center of the Sun, you've got this
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ball of energy, very very hot, radiating gamma ray photons
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out which eventually find their way as a visible light
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out to the surface. The brown dwarf, you've got low
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level radiation which finds its way to the surface. With
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a gas giant, though we don't know that's the thing.
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We really don't know what the core would below.
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That.
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The thinking is that that they are cold enough to
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have a solid core. You know that you're not talking
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about a ball of energy. But we do know again
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that there are nuclear actions taking place. For example, in
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the core of Jupiter Jupiter radio is at one point
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eight times more heat than it receives from the salt
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that's coming from maybe uranium fission or something like that
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happening down there in its interior.
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Wow, do they have a theory if Jupiter has a core?
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Do they have a theory on how big it is
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compared worth?
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Probably? But look, I'm going to take as take a
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punt and say yes, people probably do think it is
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about the size of Earth. I'm sure that kind of
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suggestion before. I just remember Jupiter's about eleven times the
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diamature of Earth.
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Yeah. Wow, all right, jury is still out, Nigel, but
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it maybe could be done. Oh type of scenario. Thanks
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for the question. Sorry, nothing to do with us, nothing
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to see here. This is space Sandred Duntley with Fred Watson,
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Professor Astronomer at Large. Great guy, Now let's take a
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Three Space Nuts.
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Okay, our next question, Fred comes from Raoul.
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Hi, guys, Raoul from California here and a big Chelsea fan.
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I know you were talking about American football, but I
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do like europeanotball. Had a question for you. If the
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universe is ever expanding from the Big Bang, then all
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the galaxies will be moving apart from each other. But
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I recall seeing on a show that galaxies could one
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day collide. Does that mean that the universe is stopping
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its expansion or slowing its expansion, allowing the gravity of
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galaxies to then collide. And if that is the case,
209
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will the universe one day stop expanding and start to
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contract upon whatever the hugest big black hole in the
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middle of the universe really is. Thanks a lot, you
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guys do great love listening to it. Beat the show.
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I love what you did, right, Thank you, David Chelsea.
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Oh sorry, yeah, David, next roll roll thanks for that. Yes,
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Chelsea fan, but yeah, we'll forgive you for that. I'm
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a Liverpool fan myself. Do you follow English Premier League?
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Most League slightly? Yeah? Only you know some of the
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bigger teams. I've was interested in what they're doing. I've
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got a son in law and a grand couple of
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grandsons who are absolutely mad Manchester United freaks, and you know,
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various various other football teams. I never really got heavily
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into football. I can never remember which I was supposed
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to be kicking the balls and it wasn't nice team really,
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But yeah, that takes an interest.
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Yeah, I played soccer for ten years, never won a thing.
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I didn't even win the Raffle anyway. Raoul's asking about
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the universe and his expansion versus galaxy collisions basically, and
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is the expansion slowing or stopping? And is that why
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galaxies are going to crash into each other? Is it
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all going to sort of fall back into a giant
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black hole in the middle. We've had variations of questions
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like this over the years. It's one that always spawns
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a lot of interest.
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It does, doesn't it. And there are actually two things
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going on here. I think in rolls question because it's
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quite right that some galaxies do collide with each other,
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but in fact we are in poor position for a
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collision with Andromeda that might already be happening.
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In fact, yeah, in fact, yeah, we talked about it
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the other day. They're actually sort of you know, tickling
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their fingertips at the moment because of their giant gas balls.
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That's been revealed.
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