April 15, 2026

Lunar Water Mysteries, Interstellar Juice & Graphene's Cosmic Potential

Lunar Water Mysteries, Interstellar Juice & Graphene's Cosmic Potential
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In this intriguing episode of Space Nuts, hosts Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson explore the latest revelations in space science, focusing on the presence of water on the Moon, the fascinating findings from the comet 3I Atlas, and the innovative use of graphene in propulsion technology. This episode is a deep dive into how these cosmic elements intertwine and shape our understanding of the universe.
Episode Highlights:
- Water on the Moon: Andrew and Fred discuss the recent studies suggesting that the water found in lunar craters may have accumulated over billions of years, primarily through solar wind interactions rather than single impactful events. They delve into the implications of this discovery for future lunar exploration and potential resource utilization.
- Comet 3I Atlas: The hosts share exciting insights from the ESA's JUICE spacecraft, which has provided unprecedented observations of the interstellar comet 3I Atlas. They highlight the significant water vapor emissions and the implications for understanding comet behavior as it travels through our solar system.
- Graphene Aerogel Propulsion: A fascinating discussion unfolds around the recent experiments with graphene aerogels and their potential for light-driven propulsion in space. Andrew and Fred explore how this innovative technology could revolutionize space travel, enabling efficient and sustainable propulsion methods for future missions.
- Future of Space Exploration: The episode wraps up with reflections on the importance of ongoing research and technological advancements in the realm of space exploration, emphasizing the need for in-situ investigations to unravel the mysteries of our celestial neighbors.

For more Space Nuts, including our continuously updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, Instagram, and more. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.
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Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.

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WEBVTT

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By there. Thanks for joining us on Space Nuts, where

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we talk astronomy and space science. My name is Andrew Dunkley.

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It's great to have your company coming up today. We're

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going to talk water, we're going to talk juice, and

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we're going to mix it up with graphine. That's it

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all coming up soon on this edition of Space Nuts.

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Fifteen seconds guidance in channel ten nine ignition.

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Sequence Space Nuts side or three two one Space Nuts

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as can I reported. Bill's good and he's back. It

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is Professor Fred Watson, Astronomer at Large. We got off

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to a quick start today. Fred, so far, so good.

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Don't speak too soon. It's very good to see you, Andrew,

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and I'm sure everything will go flawlessly.

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This mornko to see you too. I meant to ask

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you something off camera, but I forgot all about it.

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But he did a little trip the other day in

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your new ev we did. Now you were traveling four

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hundred and five kilometers on a four hundred kilometer battery.

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How did that go?

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We look, it was a learning curve, a very steep

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learning curve because we've never done that before. I never

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used a roadside charger or any of the other things.

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So we stopped about a third of the way in Maitland,

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your hometown. We charged the car, but we only added

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twenty kilometers to me I think, or maybe forty because

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we because it was a slow charger. So we stopped

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again at at Now where was it's gone? It's going, Yes,

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up the Conta valley and ran into a couple who

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were from Maitland, and they were quite elderly. But I said,

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you don't happen to know the Dunkeley family, do you?

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Told her why I was asking, and she said, I

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do know of the Dunkeleys. I can't say I know

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them though, but I do know of the Dunkeleys. Yeah,

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we had a nice conversation, but they showed us how well.

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They sort of helped us as money fathomed out how

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to use the NRM FUST charger, which solved the problem.

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And then on the way back we found the NRM

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FUST charger in Boritland.

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So yeah, they're starting to pop up everywhere. They're putting

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two new ones on the New Highway West at the moment,

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and they've got two at the Western Plains Cultural Center

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as well, and they've got Tesla charges there and an

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NRMA charger. But they're just starting to like, this is

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not this is not going to stop, hope, not given

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what's been happening in the world lately. So I'd say,

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and people have actually said to me, I'm done with

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all this. I'm buying an AV I think EV sales

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again to skyrocket that there.

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Already are doing. Yeah, there was some numbers I saw

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the other day, and they're just going up like that.

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We were kind of ahead of the curve a bit,

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which I'm very club because otherwise we might have been

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waiting for months for.

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Well, we're halfway there. We've got a hybrid hybrid yet

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still very economical, especially around town.

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Yeah, it's great for culture driving.

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As well, it is. Yeah, yeah, all right, Yes, brave

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new world we're walking into or driving into, by the

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sound of it. But yeah, not before time.

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I would suggest, Well, that's right for the climate at least,

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that's right.

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Indeed, all right, we'll get down to business. Like I said,

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we're talking water and juice, and we're going to mix

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in a little bit of graphene and then we're going

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to hold our nose and guzzle. But first let's talk

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about water and more specifically the water that they think

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is on the Moon and how it got there, now

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that's the big mystery. But they're starting to think that

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it might have been a slow release system rather than

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one big event.

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Yes, exactly, that's right. There's two stories here that have

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got separate media releases, and they're telling the same story.

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But there are all kind of inflicting with a different nuance.

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Yeah. So the first one comes from the Laboratory for

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Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado, Boulder,

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and it's about, as you've said, it's about how the

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water that we do believe is exists as ice in

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the deepest, darkest craters near the moon's south pole. That

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basically is how it got there and in particular why

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it's in some craters and not but not all of them.

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It's just in some h and it's the study has

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basically looked at the possibilities for how, how the how

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the water got there. So the bottom line, there's a

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there's basically a nice quote here from Paul Hayne, who's

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the i think the lead the lead article or the

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lead author of this, who says it looks like the

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Moon's oldest creators. Also have the most ice. That implies

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that the Moon has been accumulating water more or less

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continuously for as much as three to three and a

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half billion years. And he goes on say finding water

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beyond Earth in liquid and usable form is one of

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the most important challenges in astronomy. And I think that's

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probably right. So the mechanism that they're suggesting, and another

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quote from Paul Hayne that the mechanism is not quite

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what you might think it would be, because we, naturally,

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you and I, being space nuts, would turn our thoughts

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to icebergs, flying icebergs, which we call comets, And certainly

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that's one of the sources that it has been looked

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at as to how the water got there. They've also

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looked at whether volcanic activity back in the the Moon's

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volcanic era might have brought water up from deep down

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inside the Moon. So all of that those considerations have

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been taken into account. But one that you and I

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might not have thought of is the solar wind. That

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the charge particles that come from the Sun are basically

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contributing to the water on the Moon's surface. And once

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again Paul Haynes says, through the solar wind a constant

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stream of hydrogen bombards the Moon, and some of that

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hydrogen can be converted to water on the lunar surface,

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so that no matter where it came from. That these

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researchers believe that the isis sort of built up, and

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they use the term coal traps. We used to use

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that in engineering for cryogenic devices, coal traps, which to

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them are craters on the Moon's surface that are in

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permanent shadow from the sun and in some cases haven't

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seen the sun for billions of years, and they're going

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to be very very cool places, and that's where the

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water has accumulated. One of the one of the quote

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what's clear is that the ice has a patch of distribution.

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It's not concentrated in the same quantities in every crater,

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and they don't have an explanation for.

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That except maybe the age of the craters. Yes, that's

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more water in the older ones.

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The longer it's called being a core trap for the

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more water it's likely to have.

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It's interesting that it sounds like a lot of the

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water has been created on the Moon by the solar winds.

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That that's fascinating.

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It is, isn't it.

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That maybe build up over time through meteorite impacts or something.

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Because everything's got a bit of water in it. I

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guess it does.

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Yes, at some level. Most most rocks that we think

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about in planetary ology, I've got some water in them.

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Not all of them, but some of them do.

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So yeah.

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So yes, the idea of a single big impact with

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a comet filling up these craters seems to be ruled out.

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It seems to have been a longer process.

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Well, they've ruled that out with Earth too, haven't they.

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Wasn't there a study some years ago we discussed that

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said most of Earth's water probably was already here. It

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just in the conglomeration of what became Earth. There was

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already moisture in the planet. It just took all that

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time to surface when the conditions were right.

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That's correct, and that's because you know what, the studies

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that have been made of the water in comets seems

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to suggest that it's generally speaking, not always, but generally

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speaking's got a different isotopic ratio or ratio of normal

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water to heavy water than what we have here on Earth.

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So that that kind of put the boot into the

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idea that comet bombardment was the thing that actually produced

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the Earth water, the thing that principally produced the Earth water.

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And the suggestion now exactly as you've said, is that

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much of it comes from the rocks themselves, from which

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the from which the Earth was made, and so the

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same the same thing would apply on the in the

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case of the Moon.

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Yeah, you know, well we've seen it with Mars as well,

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which we talked about the other day, where the water

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there is not the same as Earth. It's saltier and

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there's more deuterium in it than non Earth. I think

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was the remembering rightly.

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I think that's right.

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Yeah, And this other article about the water on the

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Moon suggests that there, you know, it's definitely there, but

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there might be enough of it for future need when

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it comes to you know, getting on the Moon and

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starting to make rocket fuel and all the other.

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Yeah, that we talk about. That's right. So this is

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work being done at the University of Hawaii and they

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have looked actually at high resolution images from various spacecraft

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like Lunary Reconnaissance Orbiter, and these are I think these

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are quite new observations. And I'm sure some of the

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imagery coming back from Artemis too will probably contribute to

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this as well. But what they're saying from the views

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that they're now having of these deep craters that the

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ice that we believe is in them is a lot

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more diffuse than was thought to be the case, suggesting

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that it might not be quite so easy as we've

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hoped to dig up the water turn it into sorry,

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dig up the ice, turn it into water, and dissociate

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it to hydrogen and oxygen. And so it is a

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very important result. They're suggesting there isn't as much as

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we've really been led to believe, and so these permanently

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shadow regions or cold traps as we were just talking about,

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might not have as much water as was thought. Part

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of that comes from some of the earlier missions that

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once again orbiting robotic spacecraft Lunar Prospector from NASA Chandra

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Yarn one, which is an Indian spacecraft. They detected a

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hydrogen signature which they interpreted as being due to water ice,

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but it's suggesting that maybe there's more possians than water.

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This work from the University of Hawaii, So actually they

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used an instrument specifically designed for this purpose that flew

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on a spacecraft which I think might still be operational

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the Career Pathfinder lunar orbiter, which was launched back in

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twenty twenty two. So essentially they've used a NASA instrument

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on board that spacecraft to identify the ice and look

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for signs of ice, and they think it's quite quite

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low the proportion.

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That's a bit of a worry given what they're planning,

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like the Moon being at jump point for missions to Mars,

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putting a permanent residential state on them. Yes, that kind

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of thing. And Elon must now I thinks he'll go

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to the Moon instead of Mars. So you know, water

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is an essential, absolute essential. So if there's not enough

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of it there to do all this stuff, we're going

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to have to take it.

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One of the comments from the authors of this second paper,

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the University of Away paper. One of the authors has commented,

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orbital measurements like those that are reported in the current

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paper are fabulous in that they can provide broad regional surveys,

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but oftentimes what you're looking for can only be addressed

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by in situe boots on the ground exploration activities. The

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sooner that we get robotic and human assets on the

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lunar surface to investigate this particular issue. The sooner we'll

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have some definitive answers. So there you go. It looks

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as though we're looking towards Artemis four in twenty twenty

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eight to find out whether there is ice there.

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Yeah, and it'll also give them a chance to look

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further into that first part of the story we were

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talking about, because when they analyze the ice, they'll get

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more of an idea of where it might have come from.

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Even if you know, if it was locally generated, it'll

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have a different signature. Yeah, yes, that's correct. That's right.

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Very interesting stuff. You can read about it at fizz

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dot org Water on the Moon, or you can go

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to Daily Galaxy dot com for the second half of

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the story about the lack of water on the Moon,

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or read the article or the paper and Science Advances Advances.

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This is Space Nuts with Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred

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What's an the crew of Artemis.

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Two now bound for the Moon. Humanity's next great voyage

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begins Space Nuts and Fred.

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Our next story takes us from water to juice. But

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this juice is not something you can drink, because it

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is a spacecraft. What's really interesting, though, is how they

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retasked it. This is an ISA spacecraft. They retasked it

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to do a bit of an analysis on the exocomet

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that we've seen a lot of press about this year

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three I Atlas, and they've learned some amazing things.

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That's right exactly. So Juice, of course on this way

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to it's the Jupiter ic Ice Moons Explorer. It's on

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its way to Jupiter, and en route it has passed

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not desperately close, but probably closer than we have seen

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it past. Comet three I Applas, the interstellar comet that

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is still whizzing through the Solar System sixty odd kilometers

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per second. I'm not quite sure where it is now,

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but it's certainly it's certainly on its way out of

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the Solar System. And so observations were made with a

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camera that wasn't actually designed for looking at the at

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the universe. I think the camera that they used is

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a navigational camera, but it's one that has filters on

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it that have allowed the Juice mission scientists to image

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the comet in different color bands. And what we see

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is basically new new information. It's the fact that there

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is a very powerful water vapor signature which you kind

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of expect because commets, when they get near the sun,

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they release water as a vapor and that has its

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own spectral signature. But what surprised everybody is the amount

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of water vapor that's being released by three i atlas

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two thousand kilograms every second that they're talking about, and

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that's quite a lot. And actually the article quotes that

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as being equivalent to seventy Olympic sized swimming pools every day.

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That's seventy megaliters. Basically swimming pool is technically a million.

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Okay, yeah, that's that's it then. So it's it's not

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that it's not entirely unusual, you know, it's one it's

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something that the comets varying, but it is significant. And

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they note as well that something that stands out is

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the steady nature of the outflow, with a suggestion that

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even several days after the comet's closest approach to the Sun,

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that emission of water vapor was said to be remarkably consistent.

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And also, and you might expect this, that it streams

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pretty well from the side facing the sun. That's what

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you'd expect. That's where the radiation from the sun is

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is hitting but they're suggesting that some of it, some

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of the water actually comes from a kind of halo

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of just dust grains surrounding the comet, releasing the gas

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as they as they heat up. So it's giving scientists

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quite a new understanding of how comets behave in the

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vicinity of the Sun's radiation. And even though this is

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an interstellar comet that comes from a different solar system

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from ours, it's how you know, how there's many common

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factors in the way it behaves compared with the way

285
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a solar system comet behaves. There is it's left, it's

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trailing a dust tail. Comets tend to have two tails,

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one made of the gas, one made of the dust

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because they behave in different ways. The tail is something

289
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like five million kilometers long, and that's fairly typical, but

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still it very very impressive. So it's and that will

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be analyzed as well. The chemicals that are in that

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tail are something else that we'll find out about, and

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we will know a lot more about three I applus

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when the full analysis of these data go through.

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I suppose one of the most interesting things to look

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into will be, as we've been talking about in this episode,

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already analyzing the water from three I has because this

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is water from a different solar system, and it will

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be really interesting if we can to find out what

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that water is like compared to what we know here.

301
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And yeah, it could be could be completely different, could

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be so much the same that it'll be spooky. Who

303
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knows will they be able to find that out? Do

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you think?

305
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I'm not sure that they have enough detail in the

306
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observations to you know, sift that that image O, because

307
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I think you need quite high resolution spectroscopic observations to

308
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make that determination. But yeah, it's still possible that even

309
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you know, maybe even the WEB telescope, which has the

310
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spectroscopic equipment that you might need, WEB could have another

311
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look and see what we've got in terms of the

312
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mix of normal and heavy water, because you're absolutely right,

313
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that will be quite a crucial thing. I think that

314
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the main thing about this story is and it's a

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bit like Cassini, where you launch a spacecraft and you

316
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think you know what it's going to do, and you

317
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build it with its instruments in order to do that,

318
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and then something really unexpected turns up. In the case

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of Cassini, it was the the you know the guys

320
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guys as at the south pole of Enceladus that they

321
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flew through and analyzed, never expecting to have something like

322
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that to to try and analyze. And likewise, with this

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the juice camera, it's, as I said, it's a navigation camera,

324
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but it's given us details that we never expected to

325
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see from three I Atlas. So and especially when you

326
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combine it with the view from our telescopes here on Earth,

327
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that gives you, for example, it gives you a really

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great stereoscopic view of where the comet is. It gives

329
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you a very high precision determination of its orbits because

330
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you've got once one measurement being made from deep space

331
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on juice and one being made from the Earth, so

332
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you've got this really nice way of triangulating its position.

333
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So that's extraordinary as well.

334
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It is I still can't get my head past the

335
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fact that every second it's ditching four four hundred pounds

336
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of water or two thousand kilograms I mean every second.

337
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Two tons every second.

338
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Yeah, yeah, well that's unbelievable. And just for the record,

339
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at the moment, three IE Atlas is eight hundred and

340
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eighty two million kilometers from Earth and change okay, yeah, yeah,

341
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it's pushing on towards eight hundred and eighty three million

342
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kilometers from Earth. That's yeah, it's getting out there. I

343
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don't know which way it is going. I don't understand

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this right ascension and declar polaination. I wouldn't know where

345
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to look if you gave me that, and so you would,

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I wouldn't.

347
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I'd have to think about it though, because we don't. Yeah, yeah,

348
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we do think in terms of right snsion and declination,

349
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most particularly when you're working astronomer and that's where you're

350
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pointing your big telescope, because that's the only way you

351
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can find your objects by putting out the coordinates. I

352
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a little bit out of touch with that. Now. It's

353
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eight years since Alas did frontline observations on the Angle

354
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Australian Telescope, So maybe I'm getting a bit rusty.

355
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Andrew, I suspect they let computers figure all that out.

356
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Now, Well you do, that's right?

357
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Yeah, all right, that is a great story worth reading,

358
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and you can get that from the ISA website, the

359
00:22:46.839 --> 00:22:51.880
European Space Agency website. There's a Space Nuts with Andrew Andley.

360
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Oh no you can't. I'm jumping ahead of myself and

361
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one story ahead of myself. If you want to read

362
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that story about three I atlas daily oops, daily galaxy calm,

363
00:23:03.519 --> 00:23:06.880
that's one of the better. We've had a couple of

364
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cardiac riffs down here too, be any time for sputs. Okay,

365
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let's get to that ESI's story now, because this is

366
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this is a fascinating one. We've talked before Fred about

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testing light sales. There's been a couple of experiments. I

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think they were doing one that fell by the wayside

369
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that sounded pretty exciting, and there was talk of sending

370
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a small sail driven spacecraft to Alpha Centauri at one stage.

371
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But yeah, they're they're still experimenting with different ways of

372
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of propelling objects vast distances because solid rockets or rocket

373
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fuel systems aren't going to have enough gas to get

374
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very far. Basically, this idea, though, might have something. It's

375
00:23:59.160 --> 00:24:03.839
it's a little bit different from the solar sale idea

376
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we talked about before. A little bit different same concept,

377
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but different materials. I think, yes, that's right.

378
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So yeah, you're quite right about, you know, looking at

379
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solar sale propulsion to reach the nearest star. That's the

380
00:24:18.279 --> 00:24:19.920
was the breakthrough starshot.

381
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That's a.

382
00:24:22.039 --> 00:24:25.559
Project I think it's now wrapped up. It was basically

383
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a design study to see whether this would ever be possible.

384
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So the clearly work continues on the idea of using

385
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optical propulsion where you beam lasers at a solar sail.

386
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And so this experiment, which is indeed reported by the

387
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European Space Agency, it was carried out on one of

388
00:24:45.720 --> 00:24:51.759
those flights by an aircraft where the aircraft follows a

389
00:24:51.799 --> 00:24:57.240
parabolic trajectory, and that effectively means you're in free fall.

390
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It means you are not feeling the force of gravity.

391
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You probably remember that the NASA version of that is

392
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called the Vomit Comet because it basically upsets your inside

393
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because of the zero gravity. That lovely photo I used

394
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to show it a lot in talks of Stephen Hawking

395
00:25:16.359 --> 00:25:20.200
on the Vomit Comet feeling zero gravity, and I don't

396
00:25:20.240 --> 00:25:24.079
think he vomited, but for all his major disabilities, you

397
00:25:24.119 --> 00:25:27.079
could just see the smile on his face as he

398
00:25:27.200 --> 00:25:33.079
experienced weightlessness. Really really amazing. Anyway, a flight like that

399
00:25:33.200 --> 00:25:37.000
has been used to carry out these experiments using graphene, which,

400
00:25:37.519 --> 00:25:42.480
as I'm sure you're aware, is basically a single atom thick,

401
00:25:42.960 --> 00:25:46.920
two dimensional sheet of carbon atoms with that sort of

402
00:25:47.000 --> 00:25:54.480
hexagonal structure. It's incredibly strong, which is very very counterintuitive,

403
00:25:55.079 --> 00:25:59.279
but it's got basically, you know, because it's got this

404
00:25:59.359 --> 00:26:03.799
single atom honeycomb lattice structure, it makes it an extremely

405
00:26:03.839 --> 00:26:06.440
strong material. So I think what they've done in this

406
00:26:06.519 --> 00:26:13.279
experiment as I read it is essentially taken little balls

407
00:26:13.319 --> 00:26:17.839
of this stuff, this graphene, put them in a vacuum

408
00:26:18.200 --> 00:26:23.519
in a vacuum bottle with presumably with cameras alongside it,

409
00:26:24.599 --> 00:26:27.960
and then blasted a laser at it to watch how

410
00:26:28.680 --> 00:26:35.200
rapidly the graphene chunk will accelerate. In fact, I might

411
00:26:35.319 --> 00:26:38.240
just read from the ESA press release because they said

412
00:26:38.519 --> 00:26:42.680
says inside a vacuum chamber, a continuous laser beamed on

413
00:26:42.759 --> 00:26:47.000
three small cubes made of graphene aerogel. A high speed

414
00:26:47.039 --> 00:26:51.559
camera recorded the action through glass tubes. Graphene aerogels are

415
00:26:51.680 --> 00:26:56.000
ultra light, highly porous materials that merge graphene's exceptional electrical

416
00:26:56.039 --> 00:27:01.200
conductivity with the structural advantages of air or architecture. They

417
00:27:01.240 --> 00:27:05.839
maintained strong mechanical performance despite their low density, and a

418
00:27:05.920 --> 00:27:10.079
quote here the reaction was fast and furious. Before you

419
00:27:10.119 --> 00:27:14.599
could even begin to blink, the graphene aer agels experienced

420
00:27:14.680 --> 00:27:18.160
large accelerations. It was all over in thirty milliseconds. That's

421
00:27:18.240 --> 00:27:25.720
Marco bry Banti, ANISA project scientist, and the experiment was

422
00:27:25.720 --> 00:27:30.480
called light driven propulsion of graphine aerogels in microgravity. So

423
00:27:31.519 --> 00:27:36.240
Yes and researchers at a Belgian university and the Khalifa

424
00:27:36.359 --> 00:27:42.960
University in UAE led the study. So apparently, though under

425
00:27:43.039 --> 00:27:48.519
Earth's gravity, these air agels hardly moved at all, but

426
00:27:48.680 --> 00:27:52.400
if you put them in microgravity, light propulsion suddenly comes

427
00:27:52.440 --> 00:27:55.319
into its own in terms of, as they say, velocity, thrust,

428
00:27:55.359 --> 00:28:00.799
and distance. And another finding reported in this piece was

429
00:28:00.799 --> 00:28:03.839
the ability to control the propulsion by tuning the light beam.

430
00:28:04.119 --> 00:28:06.799
The stronger the laser, the greater the acceleration the laser

431
00:28:06.839 --> 00:28:10.559
pulse triggers of sharp acceleration peak, after which the aerogels

432
00:28:10.720 --> 00:28:15.240
slow down. So this is yeah, what they say is,

433
00:28:15.680 --> 00:28:19.960
although this is still fundamental science, these promising results using

434
00:28:20.039 --> 00:28:23.400
light to propel graphing aerogels in space is not only

435
00:28:23.480 --> 00:28:27.279
possible but remarkably efficient, and that might point to future

436
00:28:27.480 --> 00:28:30.839
space technologies. Solar cell propulsion here we come.

437
00:28:31.200 --> 00:28:36.079
Yes, sounds like it. We're moving towards one hundred percent

438
00:28:36.079 --> 00:28:38.880
of electric vehicles on the surface of the planet. Why

439
00:28:38.920 --> 00:28:43.200
not you know, light propulsion off the planet. The problem

440
00:28:43.240 --> 00:28:47.359
is stopping. But they might figure you could probably create

441
00:28:47.440 --> 00:28:50.680
you know, let's just go leap forward in time and say, all,

442
00:28:51.400 --> 00:28:57.839
you've invented a spaceship to travel using light propulsion, and

443
00:28:57.880 --> 00:28:59.519
then you get to where you're going, you just use

444
00:28:59.599 --> 00:29:02.559
convention or rockets to slow down. I suppose ritros.

445
00:29:04.519 --> 00:29:08.200
Yes, that's right, you would take all that, it would

446
00:29:08.279 --> 00:29:10.559
I mean, the only problem with that is if you

447
00:29:11.359 --> 00:29:15.920
try and stop at an object, For example, you zoom

448
00:29:15.960 --> 00:29:21.319
off to Alpha Centauri. If the velocity of Alpha Centauri

449
00:29:22.039 --> 00:29:23.720
is kind of more or less the same as the

450
00:29:23.720 --> 00:29:27.759
Earth velocity, so that the tour in the same moving

451
00:29:27.759 --> 00:29:31.440
in the same direction and speed, then you need as

452
00:29:31.519 --> 00:29:36.200
much fuel at the other end to stop your rocket

453
00:29:36.400 --> 00:29:38.799
your spacecraft as you would have done to take it

454
00:29:38.839 --> 00:29:41.400
off in the first place if you hadn't used the

455
00:29:41.480 --> 00:29:44.640
light ceil. But that might actually be a possibility, you know,

456
00:29:44.680 --> 00:29:47.680
in the far distant future that you carry your chemical

457
00:29:47.720 --> 00:29:51.160
fuel not to boost it to great speed, but to

458
00:29:51.160 --> 00:29:53.319
slow it down. At the other end, it's just that

459
00:29:53.440 --> 00:29:56.200
it it would need to be a lot because you

460
00:29:56.359 --> 00:30:00.359
need to basically reverse all that acceleration you've put into

461
00:30:00.359 --> 00:30:02.039
it from the light beam. You've got to get rid

462
00:30:02.079 --> 00:30:02.839
of that somehow.

463
00:30:03.039 --> 00:30:07.839
I've been doing a lot of research lately into long distance,

464
00:30:07.920 --> 00:30:12.279
high speed space travel for my new trilogy, which I'm

465
00:30:12.519 --> 00:30:15.599
into book three. I've been writing one or two chapters

466
00:30:15.640 --> 00:30:20.319
a day NonStop. Fred I'm going berserk while the ideas

467
00:30:20.319 --> 00:30:23.240
are coming. I'm writing them down, and I'm reaching that

468
00:30:23.640 --> 00:30:25.880
crunch point where I've got to really tie the whole

469
00:30:25.920 --> 00:30:29.119
thing together and then put that little twist at the

470
00:30:29.240 --> 00:30:32.400
end that I like to do. But in the research

471
00:30:32.440 --> 00:30:41.279
I've done, it's it's really quite complicated to accelerate out

472
00:30:41.319 --> 00:30:44.119
of the Solar System and then get to where you're

473
00:30:44.119 --> 00:30:49.039
going and timing the slowdown so that you don't overshoot.

474
00:30:50.200 --> 00:30:53.200
And the other problem is you can't accelerate too fast

475
00:30:53.279 --> 00:30:57.519
or you liquify everybody in the spaceship, unless, of course,

476
00:30:57.519 --> 00:31:04.000
you've got which is you know, science fiction inertial dampness.

477
00:31:04.319 --> 00:31:07.680
Yes, science fiction inertial dumpners.

478
00:31:07.720 --> 00:31:10.599
So they do the trick. But it is really fascinating,

479
00:31:10.640 --> 00:31:14.720
it's really fascinating to do the research and learn the

480
00:31:14.759 --> 00:31:18.880
pitfalls of long haul high speed space travel. It's it's

481
00:31:18.920 --> 00:31:22.519
not it's not an easy thing to do in reality

482
00:31:23.720 --> 00:31:25.440
when you compare it to what you can do in

483
00:31:25.480 --> 00:31:31.680
science fiction, which is anything you like, basic, anything that's great,

484
00:31:32.000 --> 00:31:35.839
that's excellent, excellent news anyway, coming soon, coming soon.

485
00:31:36.799 --> 00:31:39.400
So it is going to be a Douglas Adam's trilogy

486
00:31:39.480 --> 00:31:40.400
with four parts to it.

487
00:31:41.960 --> 00:31:45.079
Now it's just going to be three unless I get

488
00:31:45.119 --> 00:31:47.039
to a point where I've written enough and going on,

489
00:31:47.079 --> 00:31:48.920
there's so much more I might I.

490
00:31:48.839 --> 00:31:50.559
Don't think that's what happened to Douglas.

491
00:31:50.759 --> 00:31:55.720
Yeah, it can be like that. There it is. But

492
00:31:55.759 --> 00:32:02.119
if you'd like to read about the graphene ERROWL solar

493
00:32:02.240 --> 00:32:05.039
sale system, you can do that at the es website

494
00:32:05.039 --> 00:32:07.920
as I mentioned earlier, or you can read the paper

495
00:32:08.160 --> 00:32:12.480
in Advanced Science. And Fred, that brings us to the

496
00:32:12.640 --> 00:32:14.440
end of yet another episode. Thank you, sir.

497
00:32:15.400 --> 00:32:18.160
It's a pleasure and always good to chat about these

498
00:32:18.400 --> 00:32:19.359
esoteric things.

499
00:32:19.559 --> 00:32:21.400
It is it is. We'll catch you on the next show.

500
00:32:21.880 --> 00:32:23.480
Sounds great, Thanks Andrew.

501
00:32:23.079 --> 00:32:26.480
Thanks Fred, and while you're online listening to us, jump

502
00:32:26.519 --> 00:32:30.200
on our website Space Nuts dot com or space Nuts

503
00:32:30.240 --> 00:32:32.559
dot io. Have a look around. Maybe you'd like to

504
00:32:32.559 --> 00:32:34.920
be a supporter, Maybe you'd like to leave a review,

505
00:32:35.000 --> 00:32:36.759
Maybe you'd like to send us a message. You can

506
00:32:36.799 --> 00:32:39.000
do all of that, or visit the shop or whatever

507
00:32:39.039 --> 00:32:41.400
you like, or sign up for the Astronomy Daily news feed.

508
00:32:41.440 --> 00:32:44.359
You can do all of that at our website. And

509
00:32:44.400 --> 00:32:47.599
thanks to Hugh in the studio who couldn't be with

510
00:32:47.680 --> 00:32:51.519
us today because he was studying advanced science. It gave

511
00:32:51.559 --> 00:32:56.000
him an awful headache and he's in hospital. And from

512
00:32:56.039 --> 00:32:58.359
me Andrew Dunkley, thanks for your company. We'll catch you

513
00:32:58.359 --> 00:33:02.640
on the next episode of Space Nuts. Bye bye. You'll

514
00:33:02.680 --> 00:33:10.640
be listening to the Space Nuts podcast available at Apple Podcasts, Spotify, iHeartRadio,

515
00:33:11.000 --> 00:33:14.039
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516
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demand at bites dot com. This has been another quality

517
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podcast production from nights dot com.
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