April 20, 2025
Cosmic Questions, Gravitational Waves & the Mysteries of Space-Time
This episode is brought to you with the support of NordVPN, the official VPN service of the Space Nuts team. We use it and you should too. To get our special deal of up to 74% off and 4 months extra for free, just visit...
Spotify 
Apple Podcasts 
Youtube Music 
iHeartRadio 
Spreaker 
PocketCasts 
YouTube 
Goodpods 
Amazon Music 
TuneIn 
Overcast 
JioSaavn 
Castro 
RSS Feed This episode is brought to you with the support of NordVPN, the official VPN service of the Space Nuts team. We use it and you should too. To get our special deal of up to 74% off and 4 months extra for free, just visit www.nordvpn.com/spacenuts
In this thought-provoking episode of Space Nuts, host Heidi Campo takes the reins while Andrew Dunkley enjoys a well-deserved holiday. Joined by the ever-insightful Professor Fred Watson, they dive into a range of captivating questions submitted by listeners. From the potential discovery of habitable exoplanets within our lifetime to the mysteries of gravitational waves and the intriguing concept of the cosmic jerk, this episode is a treasure trove of astronomical knowledge and cosmic wonder.
Episode Highlights:
- Habitable Exoplanets: Heidi and Fred discuss a question from Thomas, a year 11 student, about the likelihood of finding a habitable planet during our lifetime. Fred shares insights on the thousands of exoplanets already discovered and the promising candidates that may support life.
- Gravitational Waves and LIGO: Adriano from Italy poses an intriguing question about how LIGO measures gravitational waves from colliding black holes. Fred explains the mechanics behind these measurements and explores the potential to detect gravitational waves from the early universe.
- The Moon's Shifting Position: Anthony from Sydney wonders why the moon appears to shift so dramatically in the sky. Fred clarifies the geometry behind the moon's orbit and its relationship to the sun, providing a fascinating perspective on lunar observations.
- Space Tearing and the Big Rip: Mikey from Illinois asks if space can tear and what that would look like. Fred discusses the theoretical notion of "space tearing," the Big Rip hypothesis, and the extreme conditions required for such an event to occur.
- The Cosmic Jerk: Greg from Minnesota raises a question about the acceleration of the universe and whether it is changing at a constant rate. Fred elaborates on recent findings from the Dark Energy Survey Instrument and the implications for our understanding of cosmic expansion.
For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website.Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music Music, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.
If you’d like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/about
Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
(00:00) Welcome to Space Nuts with Heidi Campo and Fred Watson
(01:10) Discussion on the potential for habitable exoplanets
(10:50) How LIGO measures gravitational waves from black holes
(20:30) The shifting position of the moon in the sky
(28:15) Exploring the concept of space tearing and the Big Rip
(35:20) The cosmic jerk and the acceleration of the universe
For commercial-free versions of Space Nuts, join us on Patreon, Supercast, Apple Podcasts, or become a supporter here: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-astronomy-insights-cosmic-discoveries--2631155/support.
WEBVTT
1
00:00:00.280 --> 00:00:05.200
You are listening to another wonderful episode of Space Nuts
2
00:00:05.440 --> 00:00:08.320
and I am your host for today, Heidi Compo. Well,
3
00:00:08.519 --> 00:00:11.720
our beloved Andrew Dunkley is out on holiday. Don't worry,
4
00:00:11.720 --> 00:00:14.599
he will be back soon. But the brains and brawn
5
00:00:14.679 --> 00:00:19.760
of the show, you're beloved, Fred Watson, is here with
6
00:00:19.839 --> 00:00:24.280
us today. Fred. Hello, Hello, you ready? Hid you ready
7
00:00:24.280 --> 00:00:27.839
to answer some questions on our Q and A episode today?
8
00:00:27.960 --> 00:00:28.440
Yeah?
9
00:00:28.519 --> 00:00:32.679
Look, Q and A is the real meat of Space
10
00:00:32.759 --> 00:00:36.520
Nuts because we love people telling us what they want
11
00:00:36.520 --> 00:00:39.320
to hear about. It's far better than me spouting on
12
00:00:39.439 --> 00:00:42.240
things that they don't want to hear about. So yeah,
13
00:00:42.640 --> 00:00:43.560
sound ready to go?
14
00:00:43.640 --> 00:00:46.960
All right, and we get just such a wonderful, diverse
15
00:00:47.079 --> 00:00:50.679
range of questions from our listeners. Starting you know today
16
00:00:50.759 --> 00:00:56.000
we have Thomas dear Professor Fred Watson. My name is
17
00:00:56.000 --> 00:00:59.119
Thomas Wood. I mean, you're eleven student doing my research
18
00:00:59.200 --> 00:01:02.200
project on the question. And the question that I have
19
00:01:02.920 --> 00:01:06.840
is what is the chance of a habitable planet being found?
20
00:01:07.599 --> 00:01:11.599
Here's the key word within our lifetime? So what do
21
00:01:11.640 --> 00:01:13.840
you think, Fred, within our lifetime?
22
00:01:14.599 --> 00:01:19.000
Yeah? I think? I mean we're talking here about planets
23
00:01:19.000 --> 00:01:23.480
of other stars, exoplanets, It doesn't really matter whether they're
24
00:01:23.519 --> 00:01:25.799
habitable or not. Because they're so far away, we're never
25
00:01:25.879 --> 00:01:28.840
going to manage to get to them within what you
26
00:01:28.879 --> 00:01:33.200
might call a human timescale. But there are certainly candidates
27
00:01:33.239 --> 00:01:37.920
already for habitable planets among the five or six thousand
28
00:01:38.439 --> 00:01:41.239
exoplanets that we know of today, and there are more
29
00:01:41.319 --> 00:01:44.519
being discovered all the time. There are planets that sit
30
00:01:44.640 --> 00:01:49.920
within the habitable zone of their parents' star and may
31
00:01:50.000 --> 00:01:54.239
have atmospheres that could sustain life. Those have not yet
32
00:01:54.319 --> 00:01:58.319
been confirmed, they've not been definitively confirmed, but I do
33
00:01:58.400 --> 00:02:01.599
think they will be within our life time, and probably Thomas,
34
00:02:01.640 --> 00:02:05.159
as Year eleven students, your lifetime is rather longer than
35
00:02:05.200 --> 00:02:10.319
mine is, but that's all right. I can deal with that.
36
00:02:11.080 --> 00:02:13.639
I think we'll find them within my lifetime. There you go.
37
00:02:13.719 --> 00:02:15.759
That's putting the that's putting the odds on it.
38
00:02:17.159 --> 00:02:20.439
Well, Fred, I think you have certainly done a lot
39
00:02:20.560 --> 00:02:24.439
with your lifetime so far, and you have really broken
40
00:02:24.639 --> 00:02:27.719
broken the ground for so many more to follow. Our
41
00:02:27.800 --> 00:02:33.879
next question is an audio question. This is Adriana from Florence, Italy.
42
00:02:34.599 --> 00:02:38.400
Hi, Federalreo. This is Adriano from Florence in Italy. I
43
00:02:38.560 --> 00:02:42.800
was listening to a conversation about LIGO so the LASI interferometer,
44
00:02:43.280 --> 00:02:46.800
where they explained that by measuring the gravitational waves from
45
00:02:46.919 --> 00:02:51.159
too colliding the Coursa, for example, they can also estimate
46
00:02:51.319 --> 00:02:55.039
the master of the two objects. Can you please explain
47
00:02:55.120 --> 00:02:58.639
how they can do that? And they also mentioned that
48
00:02:59.159 --> 00:03:02.879
with a much or czable instrumental we should be able
49
00:03:02.960 --> 00:03:07.400
to measure the gravitational waves from the big banger. Is
50
00:03:07.400 --> 00:03:11.319
this is a correct and if so, will we be
51
00:03:11.400 --> 00:03:15.159
able to estimate the master of the entire universe and
52
00:03:15.199 --> 00:03:19.319
therefore to confirm more than I the particis around the
53
00:03:19.439 --> 00:03:23.639
dark energy and dark matter. Thank you guys for your
54
00:03:23.800 --> 00:03:25.680
inspiring podcast Whitby.
55
00:03:26.400 --> 00:03:30.360
These are fantastic questions from Adriana really, you know, on
56
00:03:30.400 --> 00:03:33.840
the edge of our knowledge really, and it's a good question.
57
00:03:33.960 --> 00:03:37.560
How so Ligo, as you said, the Laser into from
58
00:03:38.439 --> 00:03:44.599
Gravitational Wave Observatory is one of several gravitational wave observatories. Now,
59
00:03:44.840 --> 00:03:48.960
LIGO was the first to actually detect gravitational waves back
60
00:03:48.960 --> 00:03:56.080
in twenty fifteen, and what we saw was so gravitational
61
00:03:56.120 --> 00:04:00.240
waves are formed by vibrations in space and waves move
62
00:04:00.280 --> 00:04:09.159
through space, which you know, they're basically propagated by the vibrations.
63
00:04:09.360 --> 00:04:12.919
The waves are propagated by the vibrations of space because
64
00:04:12.919 --> 00:04:17.439
space is flexible. It's one hundred billion billion times more
65
00:04:17.519 --> 00:04:22.040
rigid than steel, but it's still flexible. So what we
66
00:04:22.360 --> 00:04:27.639
have is this phenomenon where we can actually measure those
67
00:04:27.720 --> 00:04:33.800
vibrations directly. And it turns out that ligo is sensitive
68
00:04:33.920 --> 00:04:38.800
to gravitational waves with the same sort of frequency as
69
00:04:38.839 --> 00:04:42.720
the audio waves that we hear through our ears. So
70
00:04:42.879 --> 00:04:47.360
audio waves are frequencies of a few hundred killer hers,
71
00:04:47.839 --> 00:04:51.000
and the gravitational waves that ligo is sensitive to are
72
00:04:51.040 --> 00:04:53.920
the same. And when you look at the traces of
73
00:04:53.959 --> 00:04:58.279
these waves, you can see them in great detail and
74
00:04:58.480 --> 00:05:02.079
measure the way they change as two black holes or
75
00:05:02.160 --> 00:05:06.759
neutron stars combined together. Because there's a characteristic signal, it's
76
00:05:06.759 --> 00:05:10.199
called the chirp. I'll do one for you, Heidi, because
77
00:05:10.240 --> 00:05:13.120
I haven't chirped to you before. If you listen to
78
00:05:13.160 --> 00:05:18.040
the audio, it sounds like and the chirp at the
79
00:05:18.160 --> 00:05:22.319
end is when the gravitational waves, sorry, the black holes,
80
00:05:22.319 --> 00:05:25.759
actually emerge. They come together, and it's the way that
81
00:05:25.800 --> 00:05:29.920
signal changes over those few tens of seconds at the
82
00:05:30.040 --> 00:05:34.079
end of their lives that let you model exactly what
83
00:05:34.199 --> 00:05:36.519
it is that is coming together. You can model the
84
00:05:37.600 --> 00:05:42.240
objects that are colliding by analyzing that waveform in detail.
85
00:05:42.360 --> 00:05:47.839
So that's how it's done. You don't look as though
86
00:05:47.839 --> 00:05:48.399
you believe me.
87
00:05:50.639 --> 00:05:56.120
I just think Adriana's question was a little bit over
88
00:05:56.240 --> 00:06:01.519
my IQ or at least my knowledge. But this sounds
89
00:06:02.360 --> 00:06:05.560
very fantastic, and I'm very excited for all the people
90
00:06:05.560 --> 00:06:09.560
who understood explanation.
91
00:06:10.000 --> 00:06:13.160
Let's go to just finish off his other question though,
92
00:06:13.199 --> 00:06:17.560
because that's really interesting. He says, with a bigger interferometer,
93
00:06:18.000 --> 00:06:22.920
could you detect the Big Bang? And the answer is
94
00:06:24.279 --> 00:06:27.959
basically no, you need something quite different. So, as I said,
95
00:06:28.040 --> 00:06:32.959
the ligo, and it's ilk sensitive to gravitational waves with
96
00:06:34.040 --> 00:06:39.439
killer hurts frequencies, so a few hundred cycles per second
97
00:06:39.480 --> 00:06:44.519
as we used to call it. Did I say killer hurts? Yes,
98
00:06:44.600 --> 00:06:48.519
I meant the wrong. Yeah, well I'm talking. Yeah, killer
99
00:06:48.560 --> 00:06:51.120
hurts are a bit high. It's hundreds of hurts rather
100
00:06:51.160 --> 00:06:53.800
than killer hurts. So you know, five hundred and six
101
00:06:53.839 --> 00:06:57.720
hundred hrs. Killer hurts is a thousand obviously, so just
102
00:06:57.800 --> 00:07:02.120
replay that bit. Anyway, The bottom line is to look
103
00:07:02.160 --> 00:07:05.199
for phenomena in the early universe, and it's not so
104
00:07:05.279 --> 00:07:08.040
much the Big Bang itself as the inflationary period that
105
00:07:08.079 --> 00:07:11.360
followed it, when the universe expanded by ten to the
106
00:07:11.360 --> 00:07:13.720
power fifty and ten to the minus thirty three of
107
00:07:13.759 --> 00:07:18.639
a second, which is just beggars the imagination. But to
108
00:07:18.720 --> 00:07:23.720
pick up phenomena like that, you need to be sensitive
109
00:07:23.879 --> 00:07:31.360
to gravitational waves with nanohertz frequencies. That means, how can
110
00:07:31.399 --> 00:07:35.600
I put it? A billionth of a billionth of a
111
00:07:35.600 --> 00:07:39.319
cycle per second? In other words, they make one cycle
112
00:07:39.480 --> 00:07:43.480
over a very long period of time years, decades, maybe
113
00:07:43.480 --> 00:07:46.240
even millions of years with some of them, so you
114
00:07:46.319 --> 00:07:49.319
never see the vibrations. You just see part of one
115
00:07:49.399 --> 00:07:52.839
cycle because it's so slow. The period of these vibrations
116
00:07:52.920 --> 00:07:56.360
is so slow, and so you need different technologies to
117
00:07:56.399 --> 00:07:59.199
do that, and people are working on those. And indeed
118
00:07:59.240 --> 00:08:02.279
we've spoken about on space Nuts in the past.
119
00:08:03.680 --> 00:08:06.399
People just like people just like you, I'd say, people
120
00:08:06.439 --> 00:08:09.160
like you and me, but probably a little bit more
121
00:08:09.800 --> 00:08:10.480
people like you.
122
00:08:12.680 --> 00:08:15.399
Let's take a short break from space Nuts to tell
123
00:08:15.439 --> 00:08:19.319
you about our sponsor, nord vp N. Now. I've talked
124
00:08:19.319 --> 00:08:22.560
about virtual private networks before and how they can protect
125
00:08:22.600 --> 00:08:26.920
you online, and no one does it better than Nord Now.
126
00:08:26.959 --> 00:08:30.399
I've been using Nord for over two years and I
127
00:08:30.639 --> 00:08:34.440
have no complaints. I'm also using some of their other tools,
128
00:08:34.480 --> 00:08:39.080
including the brilliant password manager and the one terabyte of
129
00:08:39.279 --> 00:08:41.960
cloud storage. And let's face it, you just can't get
130
00:08:42.080 --> 00:08:45.320
enough storage these days. And cloud storage is good because
131
00:08:45.320 --> 00:08:47.879
it's backed up. If you've got it on a drive
132
00:08:47.919 --> 00:08:50.720
attached to your computer, that drive will eventually die and
133
00:08:50.759 --> 00:08:54.279
you don't want to lose all that stuff. So yeah,
134
00:08:54.320 --> 00:08:57.679
cloud storage is the way to go right now. Space
135
00:08:57.759 --> 00:09:01.759
Nuts listeners get an exclusive deals extra for free when
136
00:09:01.759 --> 00:09:03.759
you sign up for a two year plan, and that's
137
00:09:03.799 --> 00:09:07.600
a saving of seventy four percent, plus it comes with
138
00:09:07.679 --> 00:09:11.080
their thirty day money back guarantee. All you have to
139
00:09:11.080 --> 00:09:15.159
do is head over to NordVPN slash space Nuts and
140
00:09:15.240 --> 00:09:19.559
click on get NordVPN. You'll see all the current deals
141
00:09:19.639 --> 00:09:24.919
and options, including their VPN service, malware protection, ad blocker,
142
00:09:25.000 --> 00:09:28.759
track a blocker, they're awesome, password manager, and even a
143
00:09:28.879 --> 00:09:33.679
data breach scanner. Seriously, have a look at it. NordVPN
144
00:09:33.759 --> 00:09:38.639
dot com slash space Nuts. Nord vpn dot com slash
145
00:09:38.919 --> 00:09:42.279
space Nuts. All right, let's get back to the show.
146
00:09:44.399 --> 00:09:45.159
Space Nuts.
147
00:09:46.360 --> 00:09:49.200
Our next question is actually from your side of the world,
148
00:09:49.799 --> 00:09:54.679
and it's from Anthony. Anthony love the show, of course.
149
00:09:54.879 --> 00:09:59.080
My question is, even though the Moon's orbit is tilted
150
00:09:59.320 --> 00:10:02.879
relative to the Earth only by or sorry, by only
151
00:10:02.919 --> 00:10:06.039
seven degrees, why does it appear to shift so much
152
00:10:06.159 --> 00:10:09.759
in the sky tonight? For example, it is really low
153
00:10:09.840 --> 00:10:12.360
in the north from my location in Sydney, but at
154
00:10:12.399 --> 00:10:16.080
other times, sometimes not too far apart, it is almost overhead.
155
00:10:16.519 --> 00:10:19.919
It must be simple geometry, but the differences seem far
156
00:10:20.000 --> 00:10:23.159
too great to be seven or fourteen degrees. It seems
157
00:10:23.200 --> 00:10:26.240
like much more than forty five degrees, certainly more than
158
00:10:26.240 --> 00:10:32.080
the first three lengths. Think. Thanks. That's from Anthony from Sydney, Australia.
159
00:10:32.840 --> 00:10:35.240
Yeah, it's probably not very far from where I'm sitting now,
160
00:10:36.320 --> 00:10:37.039
Hello Anthony.
161
00:10:37.600 --> 00:10:40.240
So seven to fourteen degrees away from you?
162
00:10:40.559 --> 00:10:45.759
Yes, so, actually it's five degrees, not seven degrees. The
163
00:10:45.799 --> 00:10:50.759
tilt of the Moon's orbit is five degrees. But the
164
00:10:50.799 --> 00:10:55.279
main point is that that five degrees is with respect
165
00:10:55.399 --> 00:10:59.480
to the ecliptic, which is the plane of the sorbit
166
00:10:59.559 --> 00:11:03.759
in space. So and in the sky, the ecliptic is
167
00:11:03.799 --> 00:11:08.039
the path of the Sun through the sky. So five
168
00:11:08.120 --> 00:11:14.000
degree tilt to the ecliptic means that effectively the moon
169
00:11:14.159 --> 00:11:17.159
follows the Sun's path through the sky with a bit
170
00:11:17.200 --> 00:11:20.600
of five degrees either side of it, so that, as
171
00:11:21.039 --> 00:11:24.840
Anthony says, that's not very much. But the bottom line is,
172
00:11:24.879 --> 00:11:27.039
of course the Sun's path through the sky is tilted
173
00:11:27.039 --> 00:11:29.879
at twenty three and a half degrees with respect to
174
00:11:29.919 --> 00:11:35.039
the equator, and that's why we see such large variations.
175
00:11:35.080 --> 00:11:37.600
So if you think about what the Sun does in
176
00:11:37.639 --> 00:11:40.559
a year, the moon does more or less the same
177
00:11:40.600 --> 00:11:44.799
thing in a month, because it goes around the ecliptic
178
00:11:45.200 --> 00:11:47.279
five degrees one side or the other of it, but
179
00:11:47.360 --> 00:11:49.879
more or less going around the ecliptic in one month,
180
00:11:49.919 --> 00:11:52.519
which is why, over very short periods of time you
181
00:11:52.559 --> 00:11:56.399
see the moon in very very different places in the sky.
182
00:11:57.559 --> 00:12:01.720
One little characteristic, and this might illuminate one of the
183
00:12:01.759 --> 00:12:08.320
comments that Anthony made is that when you're near the solstices,
184
00:12:08.399 --> 00:12:13.120
either the summer solstice, which for us in Australia is
185
00:12:13.159 --> 00:12:15.919
in December the sun is at its highest in the sky,
186
00:12:17.279 --> 00:12:20.000
or the winter solstice, which for us in Australia is June,
187
00:12:20.919 --> 00:12:23.799
then the moon in its path through the sky and Basically,
188
00:12:24.840 --> 00:12:28.440
when it's full, a full moon is exactly opposite where
189
00:12:28.440 --> 00:12:30.480
the sun is. So when the sun's very high in
190
00:12:30.519 --> 00:12:33.039
the sky, a full moon is very low in the sky,
191
00:12:33.320 --> 00:12:37.960
it's right opposite it, within five degrees either side. So
192
00:12:38.080 --> 00:12:40.519
I always think of that when I look at a
193
00:12:40.559 --> 00:12:44.039
full moon, I imagine it's where the sun will be
194
00:12:44.080 --> 00:12:47.639
in six months time, at the different time of year,
195
00:12:47.840 --> 00:12:51.159
which is kind of quite cute, really in a peculiar
196
00:12:51.159 --> 00:12:55.240
sort of way. So yes, it's a good observation. But
197
00:12:55.320 --> 00:12:58.879
the reason for it is, as you said, it's geometry.
198
00:12:59.440 --> 00:13:03.559
I never thought that that's a quite a cool little tinbit.
199
00:13:04.039 --> 00:13:05.879
I'm just I'm thinking back. This is a little bit
200
00:13:05.919 --> 00:13:08.639
of a side story. But I got married. I insisted.
201
00:13:08.639 --> 00:13:10.840
I told my husband I wanted to do an astronomy
202
00:13:10.919 --> 00:13:13.279
kind of themed wedding, and so we got married under
203
00:13:13.360 --> 00:13:17.039
We chose the October full moon, the Hunter's moon, and
204
00:13:17.320 --> 00:13:20.399
we got married, and then we immediately the next day
205
00:13:20.440 --> 00:13:23.159
we were driving across the country because I was from Utah.
206
00:13:23.279 --> 00:13:25.200
He was in Florida at the time, so we started
207
00:13:25.240 --> 00:13:27.480
our road trip to Florida the day after we got married.
208
00:13:27.919 --> 00:13:31.399
And I just remember, because we did our full moon wedding,
209
00:13:31.399 --> 00:13:32.799
and I got married right at the time that the
210
00:13:32.799 --> 00:13:34.919
moon was supposed to be at his fullest. I'm a
211
00:13:34.960 --> 00:13:36.840
little bit of a weirdo. But then the next day
212
00:13:37.000 --> 00:13:41.279
the moon was so low in the sky and bright red.
213
00:13:41.440 --> 00:13:44.639
I just remember it was the most brilliant looking thing
214
00:13:44.679 --> 00:13:46.720
I've ever seen, and so just really kind of thinking
215
00:13:46.720 --> 00:13:49.240
about Anthony's question with you know, when we got married,
216
00:13:49.279 --> 00:13:50.759
it was up in the sky, and then the very
217
00:13:50.799 --> 00:13:53.399
next day it's right down low on the horizon like
218
00:13:53.440 --> 00:13:55.600
a movie. It was like like like almost like a
219
00:13:55.679 --> 00:13:59.440
Lawrence of Arabia type kind of look. Was very cool.
220
00:14:00.519 --> 00:14:03.679
HARDI I'm going to pick up on that today because
221
00:14:03.679 --> 00:14:07.000
I can't resist this. Marny and I too had an
222
00:14:07.039 --> 00:14:12.039
astronomical wedding. We got married, and this is why I'm
223
00:14:12.080 --> 00:14:16.120
picking up on this six years ago today. It's actually
224
00:14:16.159 --> 00:14:17.799
today is our anniversary.
225
00:14:18.120 --> 00:14:20.559
Oh, happy anniversary, Thank.
226
00:14:20.399 --> 00:14:23.200
You very much. Yeah, we've been together for nearly twenty years,
227
00:14:23.240 --> 00:14:25.120
but it took us quite a while to get married.
228
00:14:25.919 --> 00:14:29.000
Six years ago today. We got married on the summit
229
00:14:29.080 --> 00:14:33.879
of Haliakala on Maui, which has a number of large
230
00:14:33.960 --> 00:14:37.799
significant telescopes on it, including pan stars to the asteroid
231
00:14:37.879 --> 00:14:43.240
Guardian Telescope and the Daniel K. Nui Solar Telescope is
232
00:14:43.240 --> 00:14:45.360
the biggest solar telescope in the world. They were right
233
00:14:45.399 --> 00:14:47.799
behind us when we got married at ten thousand feet
234
00:14:48.120 --> 00:14:51.559
on the summit of and I got wonderfully sunburned on
235
00:14:51.600 --> 00:14:52.080
the top.
236
00:14:51.919 --> 00:14:57.159
Of Oh, that's such a beautiful story. Well, congrats to you,
237
00:14:57.720 --> 00:15:00.759
and congrats to congrats to you yours and that's a
238
00:15:00.960 --> 00:15:03.360
that's such a beautiful story. I guess we're dedicating this
239
00:15:03.440 --> 00:15:11.600
episode to our our significant others and the.
240
00:15:09.159 --> 00:15:13.279
On the moon. That's right. Yeah, sorry, sorry to hijack
241
00:15:13.320 --> 00:15:13.759
that comes.
242
00:15:13.799 --> 00:15:16.320
Oh no, that was a. That was well, that was fun.
1
00:00:00.280 --> 00:00:05.200
2
00:00:05.440 --> 00:00:08.320
3
00:00:08.519 --> 00:00:11.720
4
00:00:11.720 --> 00:00:14.599
5
00:00:14.679 --> 00:00:19.760
6
00:00:19.839 --> 00:00:24.280
7
00:00:24.280 --> 00:00:27.839
8
00:00:27.960 --> 00:00:28.440
9
00:00:28.519 --> 00:00:32.679
10
00:00:32.759 --> 00:00:36.520
11
00:00:36.520 --> 00:00:39.320
12
00:00:39.439 --> 00:00:42.240
13
00:00:42.640 --> 00:00:43.560
14
00:00:43.640 --> 00:00:46.960
15
00:00:47.079 --> 00:00:50.679
16
00:00:50.759 --> 00:00:56.000
17
00:00:56.000 --> 00:00:59.119
18
00:00:59.200 --> 00:01:02.200
19
00:01:02.920 --> 00:01:06.840
20
00:01:07.599 --> 00:01:11.599
21
00:01:11.640 --> 00:01:13.840
22
00:01:14.599 --> 00:01:19.000
23
00:01:19.000 --> 00:01:23.480
24
00:01:23.519 --> 00:01:25.799
25
00:01:25.879 --> 00:01:28.840
26
00:01:28.879 --> 00:01:33.200
27
00:01:33.239 --> 00:01:37.920
28
00:01:38.439 --> 00:01:41.239
29
00:01:41.319 --> 00:01:44.519
30
00:01:44.640 --> 00:01:49.920
31
00:01:50.000 --> 00:01:54.239
32
00:01:54.319 --> 00:01:58.319
33
00:01:58.400 --> 00:02:01.599
34
00:02:01.640 --> 00:02:05.159
35
00:02:05.200 --> 00:02:10.319
36
00:02:11.080 --> 00:02:13.639
37
00:02:13.719 --> 00:02:15.759
38
00:02:17.159 --> 00:02:20.439
39
00:02:20.560 --> 00:02:24.439
40
00:02:24.639 --> 00:02:27.719
41
00:02:27.800 --> 00:02:33.879
42
00:02:34.599 --> 00:02:38.400
43
00:02:38.560 --> 00:02:42.800
44
00:02:43.280 --> 00:02:46.800
45
00:02:46.919 --> 00:02:51.159
46
00:02:51.319 --> 00:02:55.039
47
00:02:55.120 --> 00:02:58.639
48
00:02:59.159 --> 00:03:02.879
49
00:03:02.960 --> 00:03:07.400
50
00:03:07.400 --> 00:03:11.319
51
00:03:11.400 --> 00:03:15.159
52
00:03:15.199 --> 00:03:19.319
53
00:03:19.439 --> 00:03:23.639
54
00:03:23.800 --> 00:03:25.680
55
00:03:26.400 --> 00:03:30.360
56
00:03:30.400 --> 00:03:33.840
57
00:03:33.960 --> 00:03:37.560
58
00:03:38.439 --> 00:03:44.599
59
00:03:44.840 --> 00:03:48.960
60
00:03:48.960 --> 00:03:56.080
61
00:03:56.120 --> 00:04:00.240
62
00:04:00.280 --> 00:04:09.159
63
00:04:09.360 --> 00:04:12.919
64
00:04:12.919 --> 00:04:17.439
65
00:04:17.519 --> 00:04:22.040
66
00:04:22.360 --> 00:04:27.639
67
00:04:27.720 --> 00:04:33.800
68
00:04:33.920 --> 00:04:38.800
69
00:04:38.839 --> 00:04:42.720
70
00:04:42.879 --> 00:04:47.360
71
00:04:47.839 --> 00:04:51.000
72
00:04:51.040 --> 00:04:53.920
73
00:04:53.959 --> 00:04:58.279
74
00:04:58.480 --> 00:05:02.079
75
00:05:02.160 --> 00:05:06.759
76
00:05:06.759 --> 00:05:10.199
77
00:05:10.240 --> 00:05:13.120
78
00:05:13.160 --> 00:05:18.040
79
00:05:18.160 --> 00:05:22.319
80
00:05:22.319 --> 00:05:25.759
81
00:05:25.800 --> 00:05:29.920
82
00:05:30.040 --> 00:05:34.079
83
00:05:34.199 --> 00:05:36.519
84
00:05:37.600 --> 00:05:42.240
85
00:05:42.360 --> 00:05:47.839
86
00:05:47.839 --> 00:05:48.399
87
00:05:50.639 --> 00:05:56.120
88
00:05:56.240 --> 00:06:01.519
89
00:06:02.360 --> 00:06:05.560
90
00:06:05.560 --> 00:06:09.560
91
00:06:10.000 --> 00:06:13.160
92
00:06:13.199 --> 00:06:17.560
93
00:06:18.000 --> 00:06:22.920
94
00:06:24.279 --> 00:06:27.959
95
00:06:28.040 --> 00:06:32.959
96
00:06:34.040 --> 00:06:39.439
97
00:06:39.480 --> 00:06:44.519
98
00:06:44.600 --> 00:06:48.519
99
00:06:48.560 --> 00:06:51.120
100
00:06:51.160 --> 00:06:53.800
101
00:06:53.839 --> 00:06:57.720
102
00:06:57.800 --> 00:07:02.120
103
00:07:02.160 --> 00:07:05.199
104
00:07:05.279 --> 00:07:08.040
105
00:07:08.079 --> 00:07:11.360
106
00:07:11.360 --> 00:07:13.720
107
00:07:13.759 --> 00:07:18.639
108
00:07:18.720 --> 00:07:23.720
109
00:07:23.879 --> 00:07:31.360
110
00:07:31.399 --> 00:07:35.600
111
00:07:35.600 --> 00:07:39.319
112
00:07:39.480 --> 00:07:43.480
113
00:07:43.480 --> 00:07:46.240
114
00:07:46.319 --> 00:07:49.319
115
00:07:49.399 --> 00:07:52.839
116
00:07:52.920 --> 00:07:56.360
117
00:07:56.399 --> 00:07:59.199
118
00:07:59.240 --> 00:08:02.279
119
00:08:03.680 --> 00:08:06.399
120
00:08:06.439 --> 00:08:09.160
121
00:08:09.800 --> 00:08:10.480
122
00:08:12.680 --> 00:08:15.399
123
00:08:15.439 --> 00:08:19.319
124
00:08:19.319 --> 00:08:22.560
125
00:08:22.600 --> 00:08:26.920
126
00:08:26.959 --> 00:08:30.399
127
00:08:30.639 --> 00:08:34.440
128
00:08:34.480 --> 00:08:39.080
129
00:08:39.279 --> 00:08:41.960
130
00:08:42.080 --> 00:08:45.320
131
00:08:45.320 --> 00:08:47.879
132
00:08:47.919 --> 00:08:50.720
133
00:08:50.759 --> 00:08:54.279
134
00:08:54.320 --> 00:08:57.679
135
00:08:57.759 --> 00:09:01.759
136
00:09:01.759 --> 00:09:03.759
137
00:09:03.799 --> 00:09:07.600
138
00:09:07.679 --> 00:09:11.080
139
00:09:11.080 --> 00:09:15.159
140
00:09:15.240 --> 00:09:19.559
141
00:09:19.639 --> 00:09:24.919
142
00:09:25.000 --> 00:09:28.759
143
00:09:28.879 --> 00:09:33.679
144
00:09:33.759 --> 00:09:38.639
145
00:09:38.919 --> 00:09:42.279
146
00:09:44.399 --> 00:09:45.159
147
00:09:46.360 --> 00:09:49.200
148
00:09:49.799 --> 00:09:54.679
149
00:09:54.879 --> 00:09:59.080
150
00:09:59.320 --> 00:10:02.879
151
00:10:02.919 --> 00:10:06.039
152
00:10:06.159 --> 00:10:09.759
153
00:10:09.840 --> 00:10:12.360
154
00:10:12.399 --> 00:10:16.080
155
00:10:16.519 --> 00:10:19.919
156
00:10:20.000 --> 00:10:23.159
157
00:10:23.200 --> 00:10:26.240
158
00:10:26.240 --> 00:10:32.080
159
00:10:32.840 --> 00:10:35.240
160
00:10:36.320 --> 00:10:37.039
161
00:10:37.600 --> 00:10:40.240
162
00:10:40.559 --> 00:10:45.759
163
00:10:45.799 --> 00:10:50.759
164
00:10:50.799 --> 00:10:55.279
165
00:10:55.399 --> 00:10:59.480
166
00:10:59.559 --> 00:11:03.759
167
00:11:03.799 --> 00:11:08.039
168
00:11:08.120 --> 00:11:14.000
169
00:11:14.159 --> 00:11:17.159
170
00:11:17.200 --> 00:11:20.600
171
00:11:21.039 --> 00:11:24.840
172
00:11:24.879 --> 00:11:27.039
173
00:11:27.039 --> 00:11:29.879
174
00:11:29.919 --> 00:11:35.039
175
00:11:35.080 --> 00:11:37.600
176
00:11:37.639 --> 00:11:40.559
177
00:11:40.600 --> 00:11:44.799
178
00:11:45.200 --> 00:11:47.279
179
00:11:47.360 --> 00:11:49.879
180
00:11:49.919 --> 00:11:52.519
181
00:11:52.559 --> 00:11:56.399
182
00:11:57.559 --> 00:12:01.720
183
00:12:01.759 --> 00:12:08.320
184
00:12:08.399 --> 00:12:13.120
185
00:12:13.159 --> 00:12:15.919
186
00:12:17.279 --> 00:12:20.000
187
00:12:20.919 --> 00:12:23.799
188
00:12:24.840 --> 00:12:28.440
189
00:12:28.440 --> 00:12:30.480
190
00:12:30.519 --> 00:12:33.039
191
00:12:33.320 --> 00:12:37.960
192
00:12:38.080 --> 00:12:40.519
193
00:12:40.559 --> 00:12:44.039
194
00:12:44.080 --> 00:12:47.639
195
00:12:47.840 --> 00:12:51.159
196
00:12:51.159 --> 00:12:55.240
197
00:12:55.320 --> 00:12:58.879
198
00:12:59.440 --> 00:13:03.559
199
00:13:04.039 --> 00:13:05.879
200
00:13:05.919 --> 00:13:08.639
201
00:13:08.639 --> 00:13:10.840
202
00:13:10.919 --> 00:13:13.279
203
00:13:13.360 --> 00:13:17.039
204
00:13:17.320 --> 00:13:20.399
205
00:13:20.440 --> 00:13:23.159
206
00:13:23.279 --> 00:13:25.200
207
00:13:25.240 --> 00:13:27.480
208
00:13:27.919 --> 00:13:31.399
209
00:13:31.399 --> 00:13:32.799
210
00:13:32.799 --> 00:13:34.919
211
00:13:34.960 --> 00:13:36.840
212
00:13:37.000 --> 00:13:41.279
213
00:13:41.440 --> 00:13:44.639
214
00:13:44.679 --> 00:13:46.720
215
00:13:46.720 --> 00:13:49.240
216
00:13:49.279 --> 00:13:50.759
217
00:13:50.799 --> 00:13:53.399
218
00:13:53.440 --> 00:13:55.600
219
00:13:55.679 --> 00:13:59.440
220
00:14:00.519 --> 00:14:03.679
221
00:14:03.679 --> 00:14:07.000
222
00:14:07.039 --> 00:14:12.039
223
00:14:12.080 --> 00:14:16.120
224
00:14:16.159 --> 00:14:17.799
225
00:14:18.120 --> 00:14:20.559
226
00:14:20.399 --> 00:14:23.200
227
00:14:23.240 --> 00:14:25.120
228
00:14:25.919 --> 00:14:29.000
229
00:14:29.080 --> 00:14:33.879
230
00:14:33.960 --> 00:14:37.799
231
00:14:37.879 --> 00:14:43.240
232
00:14:43.240 --> 00:14:45.360
233
00:14:45.399 --> 00:14:47.799
234
00:14:48.120 --> 00:14:51.559
235
00:14:51.600 --> 00:14:52.080
236
00:14:51.919 --> 00:14:57.159
237
00:14:57.720 --> 00:15:00.759
238
00:15:00.960 --> 00:15:03.360
239
00:15:03.440 --> 00:15:11.600
240
00:15:09.159 --> 00:15:13.279
241
00:15:13.320 --> 00:15:13.759
242
00:15:13.799 --> 00:15:16.320