April 27, 2025
Cosmic Questions, Angular Momentum & the Mysteries of the Expanding Universe
Space Nuts Episode 516: Angular Momentum, Cosmic Inflation, and the Infinite Universe
In this thought-provoking episode of Space Nuts, host Heidi Campo steps in for Andrew Dunkley, joined by the ever-knowledgeable Professor Fred Watson. Together, they...
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RSS Feed Space Nuts Episode 516: Angular Momentum, Cosmic Inflation, and the Infinite Universe
In this thought-provoking episode of Space Nuts, host Heidi Campo steps in for Andrew Dunkley, joined by the ever-knowledgeable Professor Fred Watson. Together, they tackle an array of fascinating listener questions that delve into the complexities of angular momentum, the nature of cosmic inflation, and the mysteries surrounding the universe's finiteness or infiniteness.
Episode Highlights:
- Angular Momentum Explained:Heidi and Fred kick off the episode by addressing a question from Buddy about angular momentum. They discuss how angular momentum affects spinning objects, the implications of expansion, and the intriguing concept of a potentially spinning universe.
- Time Dilation and Cosmic Inflation: Scott from Sydney poses a compelling question regarding time dilation during the universe's hyperinflation period. Fred elaborates on how time behaves under extreme gravitational conditions and the significance of inflation in explaining the universe's homogeneity.
- Is the Universe Finite or Infinite?The episode features a delightful audio question from young Enrique and his father Philip, exploring whether the universe is finite or infinite. Fred explains the concept of cosmic horizons and the challenges faced in determining the universe's boundaries.
- Temperature Control on the ISS: Kevin from Melbourne asks about the temperature inside the International Space Station (ISS) and how it varies with sunlight exposure. Heidi and Fred discuss the engineering marvels that maintain a livable environment for astronauts, including the challenges of thermal regulation in space.
For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website.Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music Music, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.
If you’d like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/about
Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
(00:00) Welcome to Space Nuts with Heidi Campo and Fred Watson
(01:20) Discussion on angular momentum and its effects
(15:00) Exploring time dilation and cosmic inflation
(25:30) Is the universe finite or infinite?
(35:00) Temperature control aboard the ISS
For the commercial-free versions of Space Nuts, join us on Patreon, Supercast, Apple Podcasts, or become a supporter here: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-astronomy-insights-cosmic-discoveries--2631155/support.
In this thought-provoking episode of Space Nuts, host Heidi Campo steps in for Andrew Dunkley, joined by the ever-knowledgeable Professor Fred Watson. Together, they tackle an array of fascinating listener questions that delve into the complexities of angular momentum, the nature of cosmic inflation, and the mysteries surrounding the universe's finiteness or infiniteness.
Episode Highlights:
- Angular Momentum Explained:Heidi and Fred kick off the episode by addressing a question from Buddy about angular momentum. They discuss how angular momentum affects spinning objects, the implications of expansion, and the intriguing concept of a potentially spinning universe.
- Time Dilation and Cosmic Inflation: Scott from Sydney poses a compelling question regarding time dilation during the universe's hyperinflation period. Fred elaborates on how time behaves under extreme gravitational conditions and the significance of inflation in explaining the universe's homogeneity.
- Is the Universe Finite or Infinite?The episode features a delightful audio question from young Enrique and his father Philip, exploring whether the universe is finite or infinite. Fred explains the concept of cosmic horizons and the challenges faced in determining the universe's boundaries.
- Temperature Control on the ISS: Kevin from Melbourne asks about the temperature inside the International Space Station (ISS) and how it varies with sunlight exposure. Heidi and Fred discuss the engineering marvels that maintain a livable environment for astronauts, including the challenges of thermal regulation in space.
For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website.Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music Music, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.
If you’d like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/about
Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
(00:00) Welcome to Space Nuts with Heidi Campo and Fred Watson
(01:20) Discussion on angular momentum and its effects
(15:00) Exploring time dilation and cosmic inflation
(25:30) Is the universe finite or infinite?
(35:00) Temperature control aboard the ISS
For the commercial-free versions of Space Nuts, join us on Patreon, Supercast, Apple Podcasts, or become a supporter here: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-astronomy-insights-cosmic-discoveries--2631155/support.
WEBVTT
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Welcome back to another episode of Space Nuts. I am
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your temporary host for today, Heidi Compo, and I'm here
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with the wonderful again delightful Professor Fred Watson, Astronomer at Large.
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Fifteen second Guide the Channel ten nine.
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Ignition Think Wench Space Nuts NY four three two Radio
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one Space Nurse.
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As when I reported Neil's good.
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Hi Fred, how are you doing, Heidi?
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I'm just doing lovely here in Space City, Houston. It's
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actually a quite dreary evening. I think we have rain
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lined up all week long, but it's absolutely necessary. It's
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just probably not the best time with all of us
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grad students going into final exams. I was hoping for
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some sunshine to motivate us in the last few weeks.
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I can have the opposite effect. I remember when I
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was a student having to do a exams in June,
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when the sun was gloriously shining and you're sitting inside
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an examination hall. I found that I found it easy
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to work when the weather was dreary. I have to say, oh.
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Yeah, I think you know, the rain. Rain can be
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really good for studying, but it just it kind of
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brings your mood down. I think. I mean, I mean
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some sunshine to break it up. We've got straight rain
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this whole week, all through the weekend. We've got all
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week of rain. But you know it's not a buzzkill
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or a bummer. Is our questions for today?
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Yep.
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So we have some really fun questions lined up for you,
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and I think we're going to just jump right on
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into those. So our first question of the day is
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from Buddy and Buddy from Oregon asks.
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Greg, could you give me could you explain the other
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end of angular momentum to me? I know you explain
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how well angulars been faster as they compressed, but what
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about when things expand because have the exact opposite effect
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nick things. Will it spread things out differently or Nick
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things want to be different?
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Or how does that work?
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And would that with the expansion of the uniform universe
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have that reverse ingram momentum like from the from the
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Big Bang on? Could that have been with the Scalpe
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kind of what they talk about the Scalpel team or
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the of the universe?
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Could that bee what caused it?
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All?
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Right?
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Just sort it out there, thanks guys, A huge fan.
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Yeah, some great questions. Buddy always does, so it's it's true.
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That angular momentum. It's the energy of objects spinning. If
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you compress an object which is spinning, it will spin
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more rapidly. And the classic experiment, of course is the
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office chair, where sitting at an office chair, you have
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your legs stretched out, you spin yourself around, pull your
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legs in, and look, sure enough, you're spinning faster. I
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used to do that when I had an office chair
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in an office and really annoy people when it was
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a you know, it's a common area, so that's correct. Yep,
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I could be annoying, I know most of the time. Actually,
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I think the opposite is true. If you've got something
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that's spinning and it expands, then it will spin more slowly.
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It's just the way angular momentum works. But the question
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whether the expansion of the universe after the Big Bang
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could be related to what body calls a sort of
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reverse angular momentum, and you know, whether that concept ties
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into the idea of what we call the We actually
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call it the cosmic web, that sort of scaffolding on
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which the galaxies are built, forming the universe's large scale structure.
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I think that's an interesting idea that you've got the
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universe expanding.
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Now.
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I have seen a headline recently that says that some
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of the things that I didn't read the article, but
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I might do it for next time. Some of the
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things that we are mystified by about the universe today
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could be solved if the universe is spinning. But it's
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hard to imagine an object that is everything spinning. What's
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it spinning in relation to, well, we don't know, but
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that spin, you know, it is possible it could be
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linked in the way that Buddy is describing. I should
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go and chase up the headline on the spinning universe
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and see whether it does link to the sort of
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cosmic scaffolding that we see and to things like the
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mysteries of dark matter and dark energy, which we so
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poorly understand at the moment. So thank you, Buddy. That's
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a good question, and it will set me off on
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the track of investigation which I hope might lead to
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some more more succinct answers than the one you find
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this morning.
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That can be a fun article to break Andrew back
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into the swing of things with Hey, Andrew, We're going
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to be talking about the entire universe and relationship to
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things we don't even understand. Good way to bring in
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the gustole.
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That's what we do every week.
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Yeah, it's true, it's true. Well, our next question is
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from Scott on your side of the world. So Scott
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Moonsier from Sindey says, it appears to me that the
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hyperinflation of the universe in the first ten and then
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he has in parentheses negative thirty four seconds can be
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better explained by time dilation due to the extreme gravitation
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experience at that time in the early universe, at the
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very first moment after the Big Bang, time would be
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virtually standing vietually standing still. From the outside observer, time
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would then be speeding up as the expansion progressed. So
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would so for an outside observer such as us, it
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would appear that the universe is much younger than it is.
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Please explain, Please explains a very famous comment made by
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a politician a number of years ago, and it's got
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all kinds of connotations here in Australia which you won't
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be aware of, Heidi, So please please explain. Well I will,
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but I'm not sure I can give the answer.
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But there is.
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There is time dilation. When we look back at the
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early universe, and you can measure that because you can see,
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for example, how long supernova take these are exploding stars
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to rise to their peak brightness and then fade away.
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That length of time changes. When you look in the
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early universe, it's actually stretched out because of time dilation.
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But it's not enough to give rise to this phenomenon
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that we call inflation. This period exactly as Scott mentions,
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for about the first ten to the minus thirty four
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seconds after the Big Bang, the universe expanded by a
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colossal amount. It was, you know, something like changed by
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a factor of ten to the power fifty in a
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length of time alike ten to the minus thirty two
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of a second. Something we just simply cannot get our
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heads around. And that is necessary, not it's necessary, And
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the reason why we believe that happened is that otherwise
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you've got a real problem in the homogeneity of the universe.
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That basically things are more or less the same in
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every direction of what going to it now. But that's
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what that inflation scenario was actually introduced for to explain
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that overall uniformity so time. So it's not an artifact
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of time dilation. We know, it's a real phenomenon. Time dilation,
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as I said, does exist. It has been measured, but
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it's not anything like the kind of violent expansion that
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was necessary to give rise to a universe that looks
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the way it does as we see it today.
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Good question, though, very very interesting. Our next question is
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from Philip and his six year old son Enrique from Portugal,
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and they have a very interesting audio question that we're
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going to play for you here now.
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Good evening. My name is Philip and I'm here with
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my six year old Rike. We're sending this from Portugal.
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We listen to your show every night before falling asleep,
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and Enriquel loves it. He left space and all things
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Cosmos and he's been wanting to send you a question
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since forever now, but we didn't have a great question
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to ask you. But the other day Ricu remembered something
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and he thought of a question that he is curious about.
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So I'm gonna let him do his part. Now.
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Is a universe figh nite or infinite? And if it's infinite,
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what is your teach spending into?
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Okay, so that's our question. Bye bye, say bye bye bye.
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Yeah, a question, like so many of the ones we
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get from our listeners, And this is fantastic coming from
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young Enrique, who's six years old. I wouldn't have thought
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of a proud, profound question like this when I was
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six years old, because I probably didn't know what infinite
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meant in those days. So it's a question that astrophysics
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and cosmology simply don't have an answer to. Is the
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universe finite or infinite? We know that there are horizons
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in the universe beyond which we cannot see, and perhaps
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the best known one is the cosmic microwave background radiation,
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which corresponds to us looking back in time to a
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time in which the universe was still glowing brightly and
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was opaque. Actually you couldn't see through it. It was an
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opaque fog of brilliant radiation visible light. In fact, now
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that the ifact put it this way, the opaqueness of
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the universe came to an end relatively quickly. It became
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transparent over a fairly short period of time, and that's
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what enables us to look back to see this wall
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of radiation, which we call the cosmic microwave background radiation.
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As I think I've said before, I call it the
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cosmic wallpaper because it's behind everything we can see in
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the universe. That radiation is a horizon that we can't
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penetrate with any of the technologies available to us today. Eventually,
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maybe neutrino telescopes and gravitational wave telescopes might penetrate beyond that,
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but at the moment we're limited to our electromagnetic wave
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telescopes and we can't see any further. So that is
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an artist It's like an artificial horizon. It's like it's
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not artificial in the sense that it's human made. It's
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an illusion. It's like when you when you're on a
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vessel and an ocean, you look all the way around,
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you can see a horizon which is the edge of
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the limit of your visibility. But we know the ocean
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goes on a long, long way beyond that, and so
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it's the same sort of thing. And the question is
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how far beyond that does it go in terms of
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the universe, not the ocean, the universe, and the answer
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could be infinite. It could be that it is infinite.
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That's not ruled out by the cosmological models that we
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have today. Now, the idea of it expanding into something
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is again it's illusory. All we know is that it's expanding.
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But we also know that the shape of space changes
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dramatically on very large scales, and so it might not
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need anything to expand into. It might be an entity
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of its own right, which is either infinite or finite.
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It's easier to imagine it when it's finite. That sort
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of folds back on itself, and so it doesn't have
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to have something to expand into. Of course, you can
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always invoke the multi universe theories and perhaps suggests that
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there are extra dimensions that we don't see. We've talked
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about this before, that the universe might be expanding into,
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but all that is not yet supported by observations. It
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got you know, it's conjecture mostly so Enriquet, you're asking
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fabulous questions. You're asking perhaps one of the most fundamental
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questions that astronomers can ask, along with a few like
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what is the nature of time? And things of that sort.
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But is the universe infinite? I think is a great question.
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Maybe as you grow up, cosmology will advance to the
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state where we can put an answer on it, and
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we can say from the observations we can make of
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things like the cosmic microwave, background cosmic wallpaper, we might
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be able to say that there is a limit on
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whether it's finite or infinite, and we hope maybe we'll
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talk about it on Space Nights as well well.
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I just I love that question from Enriqueer. I remember
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being probably around that age, and I was laying in
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bed one day and my little mind was just starting
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to think of these big ideas and I was trying
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to wrap my head around infinity. And I just remember
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walking out of.
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My room and Mom, I have a headache, and I
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was like, oh, my head hurts so much, and She's like, why,
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what's wrong. I was like, I'm thinking about infinity and
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it hurts my head. I was just I could wrap
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my little tiny brain around it. And so I'll say
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this to you and Rieque, if these are things that
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interest you and you would like to be somebody who
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helps solve these problems one day, you want to do
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good in school, especially with math, because math is what
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they are using to define these things. So do good
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in school. Okay, all right.
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Our last question for the day comes from Kevin in Melbourne,
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and Kevin says, love the show guys, and love sharing
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insights with my high school science class. Oh, I love
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to see it. We're going from the little kids to
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the older kids. So Kevin has a question about the ISS.
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What is the temperature on the inside of the ISS?
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Does it vary from the side facing the sun to
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the side in relative shade? Does it increase when the
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