Cosmic Connections: Mapping Magnetic Fields, Dark Matter Mysteries & SpaceX's IPO Success

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Andrew Dunkley: Hello again. Thanks for joining us on another

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episode of Space Nuts. My name is Andrew

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Dunkley. It's great to have your company. I

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hope you're well. Uh, coming up in this

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episode, some exciting storeys. And

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one of them is a new

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CSIRO map

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developed in Australia of

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magnetic fields. Now, it's been quite a while

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since they updated this and they've got a new

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one out. And, uh, it's quite extraordinary,

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uh, the way it was done and what it shows and

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what it can be used for. Uh, we've also got

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a new report about the relationship

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or otherwise between, uh, black holes

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and dark matter. Now this is interesting

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because it's only been a theory

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until now. Now, this isn't absolute

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proof, but it's a step closer to

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proving there is something going on between

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the two of them and they just don't want

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anyone to know. And the world's first

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trillionaire goes public. We'll talk

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about all of that on this episode of space

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nuts.

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Professor Fred Watson: 15 seconds. Guidance is internal.

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10, 9. Ignition

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sequence start.

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Professor Fred Watson: Space nuts.

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Professor Fred Watson: 5, 4, 3, 2. 1, 2, 3, 4,

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5, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1.

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Andrew Dunkley: Space nuts.

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Professor Fred Watson: Astronauts report it feels good.

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Andrew Dunkley: And he's with us again for another dose of

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whatever it is he takes before he talks to

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me.

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It's Professor Fred Watson Watson, Astronomer

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at, uh, large. Hello, Fred Watson.

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Professor Fred Watson: It's good cup of tea that I take

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normally.

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Andrew Dunkley: Uh, I've been drinking a bit more

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tea of late. Um, only because, um,

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by the afternoon I'm not really into coffee.

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But today I did have coffee, so.

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Do love my coffee.

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Professor Fred Watson: I do too, but I make my own.

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Andrew Dunkley: I got the whole barista thing going.

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I'm even doing latte art, Fred Watson.

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Professor Fred Watson: Oh, really?

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Andrew Dunkley: Yeah. I don't know if you'll see this. I took

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this photo, um,

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today of my latte art. Can you see that?

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Professor Fred Watson: That is brilliant.

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Professor Fred Watson: Yeah.

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Andrew Dunkley: Whoa.

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Professor Fred Watson: That's real pro stuff. Self taught

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barista.

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Professor Fred Watson: Yes.

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Andrew Dunkley: I don't know what it is. It's like some kind

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of flower, like a lotus flower.

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Professor Fred Watson: Well, it reminds me of ears of corn.

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Andrew Dunkley: Oh, yeah, it does, doesn't it? Yeah, yeah,

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yeah, that's what it was. Or just ducks

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sitting on top of each other or something.

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Professor Fred Watson: Could be your. Could be your corny latte.

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Andrew Dunkley: Yes, it could be. Anyway, I've been working

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on that.

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Professor Fred Watson: That's very good. Yeah.

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Andrew Dunkley: I was going to do a whole series and put them

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on Instagram of my progression through being

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really crap at it and to reaching a

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point where it's, you know, something to look

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at, but I didn't bother and now I wish I had

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because I've had some epic fails.

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But um, that one came out quite well today.

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Professor Fred Watson: That's very nice. Well done.

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Andrew Dunkley: M. Right, let's uh, let's get on with this

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because, uh, we've got a lot to talk about as

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always.

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And our first storey comes from Australia,

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mate. And it is the uh,

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remapping of uh, the magnetic

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fields of a, uh, large swathe of

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um, uh, the universe. Or is it a large

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swathe of uh, whatever piece of the backyard

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sky someone can see out of. Not sure how much

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of it they

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Professor Fred Watson: got a good chunk of it

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actually. I, uh, thought so because, um.

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So these observations were made

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at uh, uh, a site in

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Western Australia known as Inyariman il Ghare

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Bundara, which is Wajari for

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sharing sky and stars. The Wodgery people are

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the traditional owners there. And it's also

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called the CSIRO Murchison Radio Astronomy

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Observatory, but we tend to refer to it as

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Inyarimana il Ghari Bundara because it's a

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very nice name. Uh,

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so what's there? There is, um, first of

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all, um, it's the site for the

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Low Frequency, uh, arm, um, of the

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Square Kilometre Array. Uh, Square Kilometre

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Array Observatory exists in three places.

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Uh, one is western, earlier where the Low

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Frequency antennas are. The uh, other is

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in South Africa where the mid Frequency

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antennas are. And the other is near

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Manchester where the headquarters are. Um,

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that's Chodrell bank is where the

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headquarters of SKAO are. Uh, uh, and

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they've just got a new Director General, uh,

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by the way, um, Jessica Dempsey I think is

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her name. Somebody I've kind of run

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into before over the years. Uh, is um,

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uh, the new Director General of the SKAO

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Observatory. Sorry, SKA Observatory. Anyway,

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yeah, also on the site in Western Australia

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is ascap, which is the

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Australian SKA

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Pathfinder. A s K a p.

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Coincidence.

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Andrew Dunkley: Uh, an ASCAP is also something you can wear

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if you don't have any pants.

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Professor Fred Watson: There's no answer to that, Andrew.

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Andrew Dunkley: Uh, no,

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no, that one. Can't we just let that one.

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Professor Fred Watson: No, I might leave that one alone. Yeah.

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Anyway, notwithstanding that.

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See, you don't get this on other podcasts, do

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you? It's why we're number one in Iceland.

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Andrew Dunkley: That's right, we are. Thank you.

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Iceland.

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Professor Fred Watson: Absolutely. Go for it. Um,

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I forgot. Yes. ASCAP,

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not the garment, but the um,

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Radio Telescope Array, 3612 metre

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dishes which were built um, over

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the. I guess 15 years ago was when they

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started. It's been operational for probably

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more than 10 years now and done some fabulous

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work. Uh, but the latest piece of high

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profile research that's come from ASCAP is

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exactly as you've said, the largest

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magnetic map of the universe ever produced,

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five times larger than all previous efforts

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combined. And it marks the beginning of a new

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generation of research into the field of

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intergalactic magnetism. And I'm reading

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there from the CSIRO news release,

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um, probably spot the hype but it's well

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deserved type as well and a, uh, well

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deserved kudos to the team leader Alec

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Thompson of csiro. Um,

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what they've done is used

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the telescope uh, in a, I

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suppose in an innovative way.

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Uh, how do you measure magnetic fields? Well

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you know normally to measure a magnetic field

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we stick uh, a magnetometer in the way.

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That's how magnetic fields are measured in

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the solar system by various spacecraft

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because they carry magnetometers which

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measure the local magnetic field of where you

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are. Um, and that gives us

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some insights into not just the sun's

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magnetic field, not the Earth's magnetic

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field and the sun's magnetic field, but also

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uh, courtesy of Voyager, the two Voyager

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spacecraft. The galaxy's magnetic field

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because we can sense the direction of that

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with the magnetometers uh, carried by those

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spacecraft which are now beyond the sun's

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magnetic influence. But

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uh, it's quite a long jump

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from the environs of the

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solar system to the universe as a whole,

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uh, which is what these scientists have done.

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And the basic technique

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is uh, it's all about

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um, polarisation and

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we've talked about polarisation before, we

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all know what it does when we

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wear our uh, polarising sunglasses and you're

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driving your car into the sunlight and

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there's a huge reflection coming off the

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road, especially if it's wet. Uh, and your

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polarising sunglasses magically take away

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that's happening because uh, the light waves

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uh, have um,

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if you think of them as just being wiggles in

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space, which they are, ah, electromagnetic

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wiggles, they have a preferred direction.

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Um, normal light has a mix of all these

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directions but uh, it turns out that

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you can separate out them by using

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well a polarising filter which is what we've

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got in our sunglasses that only lets through

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the vibrations that are vertical. That's the

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vertical direction of the light that's coming

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to you because the horizontal ones which are

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very um, much reflected uh,

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in the reflection from the wet road, they are

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cancelled out and so you don't see them. Uh,

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so we're kind of familiar with that idea of

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the direction of vibration of

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Light waves. Well, the same holds good

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in, um, in radio waves. And

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so ASCAP and many other radio

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telescopes can actually sense the

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polarisation of the radio

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signals that they're receiving from deep

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space. Uh, and so that's all

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well and good, you can sense the

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polarisation, but you can also

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detect if that polarisation's

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been twisted. And that's what happens

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when the light passes through a magnetic

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field. Um, it actually rotates,

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called Faraday rotation. It's the plane of

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the radio waves twists. And

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you can detect that with an array like

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ascap. And that is what has allowed

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people to measure the magnetic field of the

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universe. Because what you do

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is you look at, uh, the light from

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a distant galaxy and you look at the way

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its polarisation changes, uh, as that

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light comes towards us by using this

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technique. And so what you're saying is

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that you've got a kind of, um,

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a beacon lamp in the distance and

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what you can sense is what's happening to the

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light coming from that as it passes through

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magnetic fields on its way. And so

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that's the basis of the map, as

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far as I can tell from, because I'm not a

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radio astronomer, which is pain, the obvious,

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probably from the way I'm talking about it.

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Um, I think you probably

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don't know how far away that magnetic field

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is. And so, um, what you can

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infer is, uh,

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for example, how rapidly it changes, uh,

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depending on the position

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in the sky. Um,

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when you look at this map, and I urge our

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listeners to have a look at it, it's pretty

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easy to find and largest magnetic map of the

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universe yet. Um, you'll see lots of colours.

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Um, the colours, I think, are colour coded in

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that. I, um, think if I remember rightly,

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red is with the North Pole

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pointing towards us of the magnetism, and

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blue is it pointing the other way. Um,

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and so that, uh, lets you sense the

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magnetism along that line of sight. And so

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the biggest detail is actually in the

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galactic centre, which is full of churning

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magnetic fields. I guess you are having a

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look at it now.

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Andrew Dunkley: I'm looking at it right this minute. And

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yeah, you're right that they're explaining

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that just like, um, you've got blue shift and

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redshift with light waves, the magnetic

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fields have the same kind of qualities in

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terms of north, south, um, on the

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magnetic plane. And yes, the centre of the

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Milky Way galaxy is probably the most

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volatile part of this entire picture. Um,

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which is not surprising. We live there.

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Professor Fred Watson: That's right.

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Andrew Dunkley: We know all about volatility.

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Professor Fred Watson: Yeah. It's home from home.

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Uh, and just going back to, um, what

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you said a few minutes ago, um, there is a

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hole in the, uh, map. And

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that's because ascap, there's certainly

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regions of the northern sky that ASCAP can't

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see because they're permanently below the

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horizon. They're relatively small, actually,

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because ASCAP can look a long way down

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towards the horizon, much further than we

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can. In optical astronomy. In optical

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astronomy, the atmosphere just gets too thick

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when you're looking very low down until you

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get all the distortions and everything from

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the atmosphere. That doesn't happen, uh, with

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low frequency radio waves. Um,

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the gap that's missing because of the

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Northern Hemisphere, uh, because it's not

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visible to the telescope, that's actually

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relatively small compared with if it was an

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optical astronomy picture that you were

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looking at. But yes, this map has

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the line of the Milky Way across its equator,

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across the middle. Um, lots of magnetic

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turbulence in there, some really intriguing

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features, things that look like magnetic

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fingers just sort of pointing around. It's

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a remarkable map which, um, yeah, I encourage

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people to have a look at.

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Andrew Dunkley: Now, just by way of, um, taking this a step

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further. Uh, what can they now,

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or what can anybody now do with a map like

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this? Because it's been made publicly

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available, hasn't it?

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Professor Fred Watson: Yes, so that's exactly right. Those data, uh,

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are now publicly available. By the way, I

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do like the name of it, which is

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Spice.

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Andrew Dunkley: Spice Racks.

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Professor Fred Watson: Yeah. Uh, so Racks is

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the Rapid ASCAP Continuum Survey.

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And I've forgotten what Spice is, but it's

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something equally, equally delightful.

316
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Uh, but the Spice Racks Survey, I think is,

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uh, is. It's got its own, uh,

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own. Own charm about it.

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Andrew Dunkley: I was going to say something tongue in

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cheek about a girl group named Something to

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do with spice.

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Professor Fred Watson: Oh, yes, I know that.

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Andrew Dunkley: Then I thought, no, you can't really

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associate that with racks. You could get

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yourself smashed.

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Professor Fred Watson: I would leave that well alone. I will.

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Andrew Dunkley: I won't mention it.

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Professor Fred Watson: Yeah, so, um,

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it's. Yes, so it's so. And, and yes,

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as data are already publicly

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available, uh, research groups are already

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actually digging through this to see

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what it tells us about the, you know, the

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magnetism of galaxies, for a start.

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Professor Fred Watson: Uh,

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Professor Fred Watson: and just the way the environment of a galaxy

337
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is dominated by a particular magnetic field.

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It's only recently that we've understood

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that cosmic magnetic fields. That,

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uh, is magnetic fields in space play a huge

341
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role in so many areas of astrophysics,

342
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but certainly in the way galaxies evolve

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over the millennia. Millennia.

344
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I suppose they are uh, the way they evolve,

345
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uh, is, um, very much

346
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dominated by the local magnetic fields. And

347
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one of the big puzzles in cosmology, the

348
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science of the universe as a whole, is where

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did these magnetic fields come from in the

350
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first place? And it's actually

351
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one of the things on the list of target

352
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science. The Square Kilometre Array

353
00:14:32.890 --> 00:14:35.810
itself was designed to address what's the

354
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origin of the cosmic magnetic field, uh,

355
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because we really don't know how they came to

356
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exist. And more than that, we don't

357
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know how magnetic fields have changed as, you

358
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know, as the universe itself has evolved. All

359
00:14:49.370 --> 00:14:51.010
this lets you do that because, of course, as

360
00:14:51.010 --> 00:14:52.810
you look further out into space, you're

361
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looking further back in time. So there's a

362
00:14:55.410 --> 00:14:56.890
time dimension of this as well.

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Andrew Dunkley: Yeah, there's a lot of magnetism out there.

364
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And as you say, they don't know where it came

365
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from. Uh, we probably would have solved it

366
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except dark matter and dark energy came along

367
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and we went, oh, well, this is more exciting.

368
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But, um, yeah, it's just another one of those

369
00:15:10.820 --> 00:15:11.380
mysteries.

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Professor Fred Watson: It is. And I'm sure,

371
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um, all the scientists who've been involved

372
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with this have got magnetic personalities.

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Oh, sorry. I do my best.

374
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We aim to please.

375
00:15:24.420 --> 00:15:26.740
Andrew Dunkley: Pretty good, that one. All right. If you'd

376
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like to read up on it, you can do that

377
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through the scene. CSIRO website. It's an

378
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Australian website and you can download the

379
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map. It's only 6 million megabytes. It's

380
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a 6 megabytes. It's not a big file in the

381
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modern age. Uh, you can also read the

382
00:15:41.520 --> 00:15:44.440
paper in publications of the Astronomical

383
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Society of Australia. This is

384
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Space Nuts with Professor Fred Watson Watson

385
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and Andrew Dunkley.

386
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Space Nuts.

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Professor Fred Watson: All right. Um, now, you

388
00:15:59.800 --> 00:16:01.340
did press, didn't you?

389
00:16:01.340 --> 00:16:04.260
Andrew Dunkley: I did press record. Yes. Um, yes,

390
00:16:04.260 --> 00:16:06.140
the giant gap was a misfire.

391
00:16:06.140 --> 00:16:07.180
Professor Fred Watson: Oh, good. That's good.

392
00:16:07.340 --> 00:16:08.620
Andrew Dunkley: Okay, we get those.

393
00:16:09.240 --> 00:16:12.060
Uh, now our next storey, it's a, uh, new

394
00:16:12.060 --> 00:16:14.540
report about the relationship between

395
00:16:14.780 --> 00:16:16.659
black holes and dark matter. Now this is,

396
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this is something that our audience has quite

397
00:16:19.020 --> 00:16:21.300
often thrown up. You know, there's got to be

398
00:16:21.300 --> 00:16:24.300
a connection, uh, between black holes and

399
00:16:24.300 --> 00:16:26.840
dark matter, et cetera, et cetera. Uh,

400
00:16:27.020 --> 00:16:29.920
and now they've released a paper that's

401
00:16:29.920 --> 00:16:31.200
suggesting just that.

402
00:16:31.920 --> 00:16:34.320
Professor Fred Watson: Yes, this is really interesting stuff. And of

403
00:16:34.320 --> 00:16:37.160
course, um, it covers

404
00:16:37.160 --> 00:16:39.920
two of the most popular topics that we

405
00:16:40.400 --> 00:16:43.280
discuss on, uh, Spacenuts. This is

406
00:16:43.280 --> 00:16:45.600
research, uh, from Virginia Tech,

407
00:16:46.090 --> 00:16:48.160
uh, in the United States. And

408
00:16:49.200 --> 00:16:51.960
it's very neat because it uses a technique

409
00:16:51.960 --> 00:16:53.880
that I've always found absolutely

410
00:16:53.880 --> 00:16:56.640
fascinating, um, which

411
00:16:56.800 --> 00:16:59.670
is it's got A fancy name, uh,

412
00:16:59.840 --> 00:17:02.630
called reverberation mapping. Uh,

413
00:17:02.640 --> 00:17:05.440
but we usually talk about light echoes.

414
00:17:06.050 --> 00:17:08.520
Uh, and the easiest way to

415
00:17:08.520 --> 00:17:10.720
envisage it is, uh, the one that

416
00:17:11.280 --> 00:17:13.360
I think drew

417
00:17:13.760 --> 00:17:16.480
everybody's attention to this phenomenon back

418
00:17:16.480 --> 00:17:19.440
in the 1980s, uh, when

419
00:17:19.680 --> 00:17:21.840
supernova 1987A,

420
00:17:22.400 --> 00:17:24.800
the nearest supernova to us since

421
00:17:24.800 --> 00:17:27.510
Kepler's supernova in 1604, I think it was,

422
00:17:28.140 --> 00:17:30.940
um, that uh, became very much the object

423
00:17:30.940 --> 00:17:32.940
of attention. Uh, it was in the Large

424
00:17:32.940 --> 00:17:35.780
magellanic Cloud, to 165,000 light

425
00:17:35.780 --> 00:17:37.820
years away from us as the crow flies.

426
00:17:38.620 --> 00:17:41.460
And what was discovered as time

427
00:17:41.460 --> 00:17:43.980
went on was the. So that the

428
00:17:43.980 --> 00:17:46.300
supernova explodes. You've got this brilliant

429
00:17:46.300 --> 00:17:48.220
flash of light. It was easily visible to the

430
00:17:48.220 --> 00:17:50.980
naked eye. I remember looking at it. Uh,

431
00:17:51.420 --> 00:17:54.020
and uh, then as time goes by, the light

432
00:17:54.020 --> 00:17:56.420
fades. But what you get,

433
00:17:57.940 --> 00:18:00.660
uh, uh, as time goes on is a series of

434
00:18:00.660 --> 00:18:03.620
rings around the, apparently around

435
00:18:04.340 --> 00:18:07.300
the site of the explosion. And those

436
00:18:07.460 --> 00:18:10.340
rings are caused by light being

437
00:18:11.060 --> 00:18:13.900
reflected off clouds of dust which

438
00:18:13.900 --> 00:18:16.860
are between us and the supernova. And you

439
00:18:16.860 --> 00:18:19.860
can do all kinds of really neat calculations,

440
00:18:20.310 --> 00:18:23.210
uh, to discover how thick those clouds of

441
00:18:23.210 --> 00:18:25.010
dust are, where they are in relation to the

442
00:18:25.010 --> 00:18:27.650
supernova. Um, um, one of my

443
00:18:27.650 --> 00:18:30.330
colleagues, now sadly no longer with us,

444
00:18:30.330 --> 00:18:32.850
David Allen, was a past master,

445
00:18:32.850 --> 00:18:35.130
uh, about working on this and writing about

446
00:18:35.130 --> 00:18:37.969
it. And uh, those rings are called

447
00:18:37.969 --> 00:18:39.930
light echoes because it's the echo of the

448
00:18:39.930 --> 00:18:42.250
light of the supernova which has now faded

449
00:18:42.250 --> 00:18:44.810
away. But you can still see it because it's

450
00:18:44.810 --> 00:18:47.730
bouncing off clouds of dust in space.

451
00:18:48.530 --> 00:18:51.350
So, so what this article is

452
00:18:51.350 --> 00:18:53.630
about, the Virginia Tech work that we've just

453
00:18:53.630 --> 00:18:56.430
mentioned is we know that black

454
00:18:56.430 --> 00:18:58.870
holes, supermassive black holes, are

455
00:18:58.870 --> 00:19:01.710
surrounded by swirling discs of

456
00:19:01.710 --> 00:19:04.470
matter. Uh, they're called the accretion

457
00:19:04.470 --> 00:19:06.510
disc. It's the stuff that's basically

458
00:19:06.590 --> 00:19:09.550
swirling around the plug hole, um, before it

459
00:19:09.550 --> 00:19:11.390
either gets sucked into the black hole or

460
00:19:11.390 --> 00:19:14.070
shot out vertically from the poles of the

461
00:19:14.070 --> 00:19:16.910
black hole. The rotation poles it in the form

462
00:19:16.910 --> 00:19:18.990
of these jets, which we hear a lot about. But

463
00:19:18.990 --> 00:19:20.910
the accretion disc itself is bright,

464
00:19:21.960 --> 00:19:24.350
um, in X rays and radio radiation.

465
00:19:25.060 --> 00:19:27.710
Uh, once in a while, um, a

466
00:19:27.790 --> 00:19:30.230
larger dollop of matter enters the

467
00:19:30.230 --> 00:19:32.750
accretion disc. And you get this

468
00:19:32.750 --> 00:19:35.390
outburst, you get a brilliant outburst

469
00:19:36.270 --> 00:19:39.190
of radiation. Um, and

470
00:19:39.190 --> 00:19:42.070
that outburst is relatively short lived.

471
00:19:42.070 --> 00:19:44.870
It might last for a few weeks or even months,

472
00:19:44.870 --> 00:19:47.630
but it's short lived. And so what you can

473
00:19:47.630 --> 00:19:50.030
look for is a light echo

474
00:19:50.510 --> 00:19:52.790
around it. Because that light radiates

475
00:19:52.790 --> 00:19:55.670
outwards from the accretion disc. And if it

476
00:19:55.670 --> 00:19:58.190
hits anything outside it,

477
00:19:58.430 --> 00:20:01.030
it will reflect back to us. And we'll see it

478
00:20:01.030 --> 00:20:03.870
at a later date from when

479
00:20:04.030 --> 00:20:06.670
the bright event itself

480
00:20:06.670 --> 00:20:09.150
happened. So you see the bright event in the

481
00:20:09.150 --> 00:20:11.310
accretion disc and then at, uh, some time

482
00:20:11.310 --> 00:20:14.270
later you see an echo of that

483
00:20:14.270 --> 00:20:16.910
light which is being reflected off,

484
00:20:17.070 --> 00:20:19.610
usually gas and D which is surrounding,

485
00:20:20.540 --> 00:20:23.210
uh, the accretion disc. What this storey is

486
00:20:23.210 --> 00:20:25.850
all about though, is that, uh, when you do

487
00:20:25.850 --> 00:20:28.650
calculations about how

488
00:20:28.650 --> 00:20:31.410
much material there

489
00:20:31.410 --> 00:20:34.329
is in the accretion disc where the echo

490
00:20:34.329 --> 00:20:37.050
is taking place, you get a much

491
00:20:37.050 --> 00:20:39.730
higher mass than what you can see. And

492
00:20:39.730 --> 00:20:42.010
that's always the, um,

493
00:20:42.410 --> 00:20:44.970
that's always the um, uh, kind of

494
00:20:44.970 --> 00:20:47.370
telltale signature of dark matter

495
00:20:48.330 --> 00:20:50.550
when you can only see a limited, limited

496
00:20:50.550 --> 00:20:53.470
amount of stuff. But gravity tells you

497
00:20:53.470 --> 00:20:55.230
there's much more, there's more there. And

498
00:20:55.230 --> 00:20:57.710
that's exactly the basis of this storey. So

499
00:20:57.710 --> 00:21:00.310
it's just a new way of detecting

500
00:21:00.870 --> 00:21:03.350
the dark matter, uh, around

501
00:21:03.910 --> 00:21:06.670
black holes. But it looks as though black

502
00:21:06.670 --> 00:21:09.590
holes, as you'd expect, not only

503
00:21:09.590 --> 00:21:12.510
are a magnet for regular matter. I, uh,

504
00:21:12.590 --> 00:21:15.070
mean a gravitational magnet. I guess it's not

505
00:21:15.070 --> 00:21:16.670
magnetic in the sense that we've just been

506
00:21:16.670 --> 00:21:19.030
talking about, uh, but a gravitational,

507
00:21:19.570 --> 00:21:21.700
uh, pull from, for normal matter. It's also a

508
00:21:21.700 --> 00:21:24.660
gravitational pull for dark matter as

509
00:21:24.660 --> 00:21:26.540
well. And it looks as though the dark matter

510
00:21:26.620 --> 00:21:29.300
actually congregates around black holes that

511
00:21:29.300 --> 00:21:32.260
we've got, um, these buildups of dark

512
00:21:32.260 --> 00:21:34.980
matter, ah, in the vicinity of a black

513
00:21:34.980 --> 00:21:36.700
hole. Quite remarkable.

514
00:21:37.260 --> 00:21:39.500
Andrew Dunkley: Now, the situation is that they

515
00:21:39.740 --> 00:21:42.700
haven't absolutely proven it. They've

516
00:21:42.700 --> 00:21:45.140
just come up with a way of suggesting that

517
00:21:45.140 --> 00:21:47.550
this might be the case. But, um.

518
00:21:47.900 --> 00:21:49.970
Yeah, it's not absolute. It's not.

519
00:21:52.760 --> 00:21:55.240
Professor Fred Watson: It is in the sense that, um, they've looked

520
00:21:55.240 --> 00:21:57.880
at this for 14 different

521
00:21:57.960 --> 00:22:00.200
galaxies and all found

522
00:22:00.680 --> 00:22:02.830
cases where, uh,

523
00:22:03.560 --> 00:22:05.880
what you're looking for is the way the mass

524
00:22:06.440 --> 00:22:08.600
changes with distance from the black hole.

525
00:22:08.920 --> 00:22:11.400
And that mass is increasing because you're

526
00:22:11.480 --> 00:22:14.040
looking at stuff swirling around. But the

527
00:22:14.040 --> 00:22:16.760
increase in mass is faster

528
00:22:17.160 --> 00:22:19.720
than the visible matter on its own can

529
00:22:19.720 --> 00:22:22.670
explain. And that's the a. It's

530
00:22:22.670 --> 00:22:24.430
a kind of smoking gun for dark matter,

531
00:22:24.430 --> 00:22:24.830
really.

532
00:22:24.830 --> 00:22:27.110
Andrew Dunkley: Yeah, I, I've, I've found the paragraph. It

533
00:22:27.110 --> 00:22:30.110
says data limitations mean the results are a

534
00:22:30.110 --> 00:22:32.270
proof of concept, not a definitive,

535
00:22:32.350 --> 00:22:34.550
Definitive detection. Detection. But the

536
00:22:34.550 --> 00:22:36.590
study outlines a clear path to confirmation.

537
00:22:36.590 --> 00:22:37.669
Professor Fred Watson: That's right, yeah. So that.

538
00:22:37.669 --> 00:22:38.470
Andrew Dunkley: We're almost there.

539
00:22:38.470 --> 00:22:40.310
Professor Fred Watson: We're almost there. That's. That's exactly

540
00:22:40.310 --> 00:22:41.390
right. We're almost there.

541
00:22:41.870 --> 00:22:44.150
Andrew Dunkley: That is very exciting news. And, um, that

542
00:22:44.150 --> 00:22:47.150
will stop probably 75% of the questions we

543
00:22:47.150 --> 00:22:49.510
get on our Q A editions.

544
00:22:50.550 --> 00:22:53.550
Professor Fred Watson: Well, it, it might, but I Bet it produces

545
00:22:53.550 --> 00:22:56.430
another 150 about what it is that we're

546
00:22:56.430 --> 00:22:58.910
finding and how do we know why? Isn't it mond

547
00:22:58.910 --> 00:23:00.390
and things like that? Yeah.

548
00:23:00.630 --> 00:23:03.470
Andrew Dunkley: Yes. Oh gosh, it will just. It'll never end.

549
00:23:03.470 --> 00:23:05.670
It will never end. I hope it never ends.

550
00:23:05.670 --> 00:23:06.390
Professor Fred Watson: I think it's great.

551
00:23:07.030 --> 00:23:08.550
Andrew Dunkley: But if you want to read about it,

552
00:23:08.550 --> 00:23:11.510
it's@fizz.org uh, they publish the paper

553
00:23:11.510 --> 00:23:14.190
in the Physical Review D. Does that mean

554
00:23:14.190 --> 00:23:15.950
there's an A, B and C that comes with.

555
00:23:16.110 --> 00:23:16.910
Professor Fred Watson: Yes it does.

556
00:23:17.070 --> 00:23:18.110
Andrew Dunkley: I assume so.

557
00:23:18.510 --> 00:23:20.910
Professor Fred Watson: But um, that's a high profile journal though.

558
00:23:20.910 --> 00:23:23.500
Physical Review. It's uh, definitely uh,

559
00:23:24.130 --> 00:23:26.790
uh, you know it's, it's uh, ranks with Nature

560
00:23:26.790 --> 00:23:28.830
and Science and these very high profile

561
00:23:28.830 --> 00:23:31.070
journals. So it's not work that is

562
00:23:31.870 --> 00:23:34.430
in any way secondary. It's not like Space

563
00:23:34.430 --> 00:23:37.150
Nuts where it's adequate. This is top

564
00:23:38.190 --> 00:23:39.070
ranked stuff.

565
00:23:39.470 --> 00:23:42.390
Andrew Dunkley: Indeed it is. Uh, yes. So read about it

566
00:23:42.390 --> 00:23:45.300
at Physical review or@phys.org this is

567
00:23:45.450 --> 00:23:46.850
space Nuts. Andrew Dunkley here with

568
00:23:46.850 --> 00:23:48.250
Professor Fred Watson Watson.

569
00:23:51.290 --> 00:23:53.210
Professor Fred Watson: Okay, we checked all four systems.

570
00:23:54.250 --> 00:23:55.290
Professor Fred Watson: Space Nets.

571
00:23:56.010 --> 00:23:58.890
Andrew Dunkley: Our final storey. Fred Watson takes us

572
00:23:58.890 --> 00:24:01.070
into the realm of um,

573
00:24:01.610 --> 00:24:04.130
publicly offering your company up on the

574
00:24:04.130 --> 00:24:04.970
stock exchange.

575
00:24:05.850 --> 00:24:07.690
Professor Fred Watson: I wonder why we're going to talk about that.

576
00:24:07.690 --> 00:24:09.650
Andrew Dunkley: I wonder why uh, the world's first

577
00:24:09.650 --> 00:24:12.650
trillionaire has just done that in um, a

578
00:24:12.650 --> 00:24:14.610
very interesting way. And to coincide with

579
00:24:14.610 --> 00:24:17.550
the launch, um, he's selling stuff

580
00:24:17.550 --> 00:24:20.430
like we do on the Space Nuts shop. All

581
00:24:20.430 --> 00:24:23.310
sorts of little bits and bobs if you want a

582
00:24:23.310 --> 00:24:24.070
piece of the action.

583
00:24:24.390 --> 00:24:25.910
Professor Fred Watson: Yes, the IPO merch.

584
00:24:26.870 --> 00:24:29.190
Andrew Dunkley: It really is a remarkable storey though. Uh,

585
00:24:29.270 --> 00:24:31.760
elon Musk and SpaceX. Because uh,

586
00:24:32.150 --> 00:24:35.030
as this article briefly um, mentions,

587
00:24:35.510 --> 00:24:37.790
he didn't think the company would survive. He

588
00:24:37.790 --> 00:24:40.550
didn't expect it to actually be a success.

589
00:24:40.630 --> 00:24:43.110
He gave it a very low chance of lasting

590
00:24:43.750 --> 00:24:44.790
and look at him now.

591
00:24:46.070 --> 00:24:48.150
Professor Fred Watson: Quite so. The world's world first

592
00:24:48.310 --> 00:24:51.150
trillionaire. Ah yeah, it's um,

593
00:24:52.310 --> 00:24:54.670
I mean I don't honestly I know virtually

594
00:24:54.670 --> 00:24:56.710
nothing about the world of high finance.

595
00:24:57.170 --> 00:24:59.510
Andrew Dunkley: Um, well you know more than me then.

596
00:25:00.869 --> 00:25:02.830
Professor Fred Watson: When I see numbers like millions and

597
00:25:02.830 --> 00:25:04.550
billions, I always expect there to be light

598
00:25:04.550 --> 00:25:06.150
years after them rather than dollars.

599
00:25:07.350 --> 00:25:10.150
But yeah, it's uh, the, the public,

600
00:25:10.940 --> 00:25:13.820
the IPO initial public offering, um, has

601
00:25:13.820 --> 00:25:15.580
valued this company at uh, something

602
00:25:15.900 --> 00:25:18.140
absolutely huge. Compared with all the other

603
00:25:18.220 --> 00:25:20.820
tech companies that are being floated or are

604
00:25:20.820 --> 00:25:23.420
likely to be floated into public ownership.

605
00:25:23.420 --> 00:25:26.300
It's enormous. Um, is it

606
00:25:26.300 --> 00:25:28.460
170 billion? Am I thinking of the right

607
00:25:28.460 --> 00:25:30.260
number there or is that light years? That

608
00:25:30.260 --> 00:25:31.980
could be light years, I don't know.

609
00:25:33.500 --> 00:25:35.860
Anyway, um, the bottom line so, yes, that

610
00:25:35.860 --> 00:25:38.800
was, um, uh, over the weekend that

611
00:25:39.190 --> 00:25:41.520
m offering IPO

612
00:25:42.560 --> 00:25:45.360
happened, uh, and it was very successful.

613
00:25:45.530 --> 00:25:48.240
Um, I heard people on Friday saying, oh, no,

614
00:25:48.560 --> 00:25:50.640
it'll probably just fail because nobody will

615
00:25:50.640 --> 00:25:52.800
actually believe what Elon Musk's saying.

616
00:25:53.360 --> 00:25:55.000
Well, they might not have believed what he

617
00:25:55.000 --> 00:25:56.800
was saying, but they put their money where

618
00:25:56.800 --> 00:25:59.440
their mouths were. And um, yeah, so it's done

619
00:25:59.440 --> 00:26:02.400
very, very well. Um, I think the number

620
00:26:02.400 --> 00:26:05.160
I'm thinking of is $160.95,

621
00:26:05.160 --> 00:26:06.800
which is the share price.

622
00:26:07.040 --> 00:26:09.260
Andrew Dunkley: Well, I've just looked now and I know this is

623
00:26:09.260 --> 00:26:11.740
being recorded. So by the time people hear

624
00:26:11.740 --> 00:26:13.500
this, the number will change. But at the

625
00:26:13.500 --> 00:26:15.180
moment, at this very moment,

626
00:26:15.740 --> 00:26:18.380
$192.50 in US

627
00:26:18.380 --> 00:26:18.900
dollars.

628
00:26:18.900 --> 00:26:21.300
Professor Fred Watson: All right, so they've already gone up then.

629
00:26:21.300 --> 00:26:23.420
Andrew Dunkley: They've gone up 19.6%.

630
00:26:23.820 --> 00:26:24.300
Professor Fred Watson: Yeah.

631
00:26:24.620 --> 00:26:27.420
Andrew Dunkley: In fact, they're up 31.55% today.

632
00:26:27.420 --> 00:26:29.540
Professor Fred Watson: So not a bad investment really, if you're

633
00:26:29.540 --> 00:26:31.820
into that kind of thing. Yeah, well, we're

634
00:26:31.820 --> 00:26:33.180
not into that kind of thing, but we're

635
00:26:33.180 --> 00:26:35.960
definitely into merge. Uh, and that's what

636
00:26:35.960 --> 00:26:38.560
this storey's about because,

637
00:26:38.750 --> 00:26:41.560
um. Uh, I guess the one

638
00:26:41.560 --> 00:26:44.440
thing you can not accuse Elon

639
00:26:44.440 --> 00:26:47.300
Musk of is lacking flair, um,

640
00:26:47.520 --> 00:26:49.720
because he's done this very nicely. You can

641
00:26:49.720 --> 00:26:50.800
buy a mission patch,

642
00:26:52.550 --> 00:26:52.870
Professor Fred Watson: uh,

643
00:26:52.870 --> 00:26:55.520
Professor Fred Watson: for the ipo, uh, which says

644
00:26:55.680 --> 00:26:58.000
the future is public. There's a lovely

645
00:26:58.320 --> 00:27:01.000
embroidered starship in the

646
00:27:01.000 --> 00:27:03.120
background. Uh, in the middle it says

647
00:27:03.120 --> 00:27:05.910
SPCX, which is SpaceX liftoff

648
00:27:06.300 --> 00:27:08.860
underneath it. And, uh, SpaceX

649
00:27:08.940 --> 00:27:11.700
2026. Uh, and it's also got a four

650
00:27:11.700 --> 00:27:13.820
leaf clover on it, which I think is present

651
00:27:13.900 --> 00:27:16.300
on all Elon Musk. SpaceX.

652
00:27:16.380 --> 00:27:18.700
Andrew Dunkley: I think that's been his logo since day one.

653
00:27:18.860 --> 00:27:21.420
Professor Fred Watson: Yes. Yeah. M a sign of good luck.

654
00:27:21.740 --> 00:27:24.420
Maybe that's what's done it. But the thing I

655
00:27:24.420 --> 00:27:27.260
liked was, um, uh,

656
00:27:27.820 --> 00:27:29.740
you can have a souvenir bell.

657
00:27:30.700 --> 00:27:33.390
And I guess I don't know whether

658
00:27:33.390 --> 00:27:35.630
bells are normally associated. I know they're

659
00:27:35.790 --> 00:27:37.710
certainly associated with the stock exchange,

660
00:27:37.710 --> 00:27:40.510
but whether with, uh, public offerings,

661
00:27:40.510 --> 00:27:42.630
they're associated. But they certainly are in

662
00:27:42.630 --> 00:27:44.710
this case. And what he's chosen for the shape

663
00:27:44.710 --> 00:27:46.630
of his bell is something absolutely perfect.

664
00:27:46.630 --> 00:27:49.390
It's the bell, um, of,

665
00:27:49.560 --> 00:27:52.430
uh, a Raptor engine. These rocket

666
00:27:52.430 --> 00:27:55.070
motors have a very strongly bell shaped,

667
00:27:55.420 --> 00:27:58.340
uh, thrust chamber. I guess it's the, um,

668
00:27:58.670 --> 00:28:01.560
opening, uh, that lets all the gas out, uh,

669
00:28:01.560 --> 00:28:03.940
after it's been ignited in the combustion

670
00:28:04.010 --> 00:28:05.970
combustion chamber above it. And so it's a

671
00:28:05.970 --> 00:28:08.050
scale replica of the Raptor engines that

672
00:28:08.050 --> 00:28:11.010
actually power the Falcon

673
00:28:11.010 --> 00:28:13.450
Heavy, um. I beg your pardon, the super heavy

674
00:28:13.930 --> 00:28:16.570
Booster, which is the basis of starship.

675
00:28:16.650 --> 00:28:19.610
It's got 33 of these. And

676
00:28:19.640 --> 00:28:22.570
um, uh, this one's

677
00:28:22.570 --> 00:28:24.450
got a little clapper in the middle that lets

678
00:28:24.450 --> 00:28:27.250
you ring it as well as all the artwork. And

679
00:28:27.250 --> 00:28:28.810
apparently it rings. Yes, because there's a

680
00:28:28.810 --> 00:28:31.540
video on the website that shows you that, uh,

681
00:28:31.770 --> 00:28:32.050
they

682
00:28:32.050 --> 00:28:34.810
Andrew Dunkley: haven't released those yet to the

683
00:28:34.810 --> 00:28:35.090
public.

684
00:28:35.170 --> 00:28:35.690
Professor Fred Watson: That's right.

685
00:28:35.690 --> 00:28:37.490
Andrew Dunkley: They will be out probably. I think they're

686
00:28:37.490 --> 00:28:40.210
talking December. Yeah, um,

687
00:28:40.450 --> 00:28:43.330
yeah, they're sort of an 18 centimetre or

688
00:28:43.330 --> 00:28:45.930
7 inch scale model of the, the

689
00:28:45.930 --> 00:28:48.810
SpaceX Raptor Bell. This

690
00:28:48.810 --> 00:28:51.770
one has a, you know, clunker in it that makes

691
00:28:51.770 --> 00:28:53.370
it ring. I don't know what that thing's

692
00:28:53.370 --> 00:28:56.130
called inside the bell, the dinghy thing.

693
00:28:56.770 --> 00:28:59.450
Professor Fred Watson: It's a clapper, is it? That's the technical

694
00:28:59.450 --> 00:29:00.210
name. Yeah, for.

695
00:29:00.210 --> 00:29:02.170
Andrew Dunkley: Anyway, so they're selling those, they're

696
00:29:02.170 --> 00:29:04.750
selling, uh, tote bag and

697
00:29:05.100 --> 00:29:07.950
um, as you said, mission patches, T shirts,

698
00:29:08.510 --> 00:29:11.390
caps, you

699
00:29:11.390 --> 00:29:13.390
Professor Fred Watson: know, he's um, he's the sort of

700
00:29:13.390 --> 00:29:15.910
Andrew Dunkley: bloke that never lets opportunity get away.

701
00:29:15.910 --> 00:29:18.750
Professor Fred Watson: None whatsoever. I, I did hear

702
00:29:19.550 --> 00:29:22.470
some of the things that he said publicly at

703
00:29:22.470 --> 00:29:24.590
the launch which made me cringe,

704
00:29:25.300 --> 00:29:26.190
uh, because,

705
00:29:28.430 --> 00:29:31.230
you know, I can, I can, can just about,

706
00:29:32.180 --> 00:29:34.990
um, believe that we

707
00:29:34.990 --> 00:29:37.790
might get humans to Mars in his lifetime.

708
00:29:38.670 --> 00:29:41.390
It won't be millions. And that's because

709
00:29:41.390 --> 00:29:43.950
that's immoral, apart from anything else.

710
00:29:44.660 --> 00:29:47.150
Um, but he was talking about,

711
00:29:47.800 --> 00:29:50.750
uh, you know, flying through,

712
00:29:50.750 --> 00:29:53.630
around the solar system and beyond.

713
00:29:54.110 --> 00:29:57.000
And at the moment that is off

714
00:29:57.000 --> 00:30:00.000
the agenda. Physics doesn't let you do

715
00:30:00.000 --> 00:30:00.280
that.

716
00:30:01.380 --> 00:30:03.960
Uh, just actually as a little footnote to

717
00:30:03.960 --> 00:30:06.720
that, I read a paper yesterday, uh, which

718
00:30:06.720 --> 00:30:09.400
is about, you know, the idea of

719
00:30:09.400 --> 00:30:12.080
using, um, photonic

720
00:30:12.080 --> 00:30:14.560
propulsion, or basically light, Ah,

721
00:30:14.840 --> 00:30:17.760
energy blasted at a light sail. You've got a

722
00:30:17.760 --> 00:30:20.560
laser, uh, you fire it at this light sail and

723
00:30:20.560 --> 00:30:22.440
the spacecraft accelerates because of that.

724
00:30:22.440 --> 00:30:24.600
That's all fine and dandy and will work,

725
00:30:25.200 --> 00:30:27.100
um, if you can make your spacecraft light

726
00:30:27.100 --> 00:30:29.580
enough. But it turns out that you're not ever

727
00:30:29.580 --> 00:30:31.580
going to get near the speed of light

728
00:30:32.220 --> 00:30:34.700
beyond about 75% of the speed of light.

729
00:30:35.420 --> 00:30:37.980
You, uh, get something called relativistic

730
00:30:37.980 --> 00:30:40.900
drag, uh, where space itself drags on the

731
00:30:40.900 --> 00:30:42.820
light sail as well as any kind of

732
00:30:42.820 --> 00:30:45.020
interstellar matter that you've got to plough

733
00:30:45.020 --> 00:30:47.900
through at 75% of the speed of light.

734
00:30:47.980 --> 00:30:50.180
So that's not going to get us touring around

735
00:30:50.180 --> 00:30:50.940
the galaxy.

736
00:30:51.100 --> 00:30:52.700
Andrew Dunkley: No, we'll have to find another way.

737
00:30:52.940 --> 00:30:54.140
Professor Fred Watson: Need another way? Yes.

738
00:30:54.140 --> 00:30:56.510
Andrew Dunkley: They need to go to science fiction, um,

739
00:30:56.760 --> 00:30:58.600
writers and see what they've come up with.

740
00:30:59.560 --> 00:31:01.920
Professor Fred Watson: Maybe that's what Elon's thinking of. Maybe

741
00:31:01.920 --> 00:31:03.840
he was suddenly in the realm of science

742
00:31:03.840 --> 00:31:05.480
fiction, but he didn't bother to tell us.

743
00:31:05.640 --> 00:31:08.200
Andrew Dunkley: No, maybe not, no. But there's no, Nothing

744
00:31:08.280 --> 00:31:10.520
fictional about his, um, ip.

745
00:31:11.080 --> 00:31:12.040
Professor Fred Watson: No, not at all.

746
00:31:12.750 --> 00:31:14.720
Andrew Dunkley: Uh, initial public offering that is out there

747
00:31:14.720 --> 00:31:17.280
and it is going gangbusters. It's burning

748
00:31:17.280 --> 00:31:19.880
like a raptor at the moment.

749
00:31:20.120 --> 00:31:23.080
Professor Fred Watson: Yeah, probably will. I mean, you know,

750
00:31:23.160 --> 00:31:25.830
you've got to give the guy credit. Uh,

751
00:31:26.120 --> 00:31:28.640
two of the biggest breakthroughs of our, of

752
00:31:28.640 --> 00:31:31.600
our generation, huh? Electric vehicles

753
00:31:31.600 --> 00:31:34.280
and, um, reusable booster rockets. And

754
00:31:34.360 --> 00:31:35.800
basically they've come from him.

755
00:31:35.880 --> 00:31:38.280
Andrew Dunkley: Yes, they have. It's quite

756
00:31:38.280 --> 00:31:40.920
extraordinary. Yeah, you can read about it at

757
00:31:41.320 --> 00:31:44.010
collectspace. Uh, dot com. We, um,

758
00:31:44.160 --> 00:31:46.000
won't tell you all the prices of everything

759
00:31:46.000 --> 00:31:48.820
he's selling because that's, you know, you go

760
00:31:48.820 --> 00:31:50.390
and have a look. Um,

761
00:31:51.420 --> 00:31:54.340
totally your call. Um, but I do like the

762
00:31:54.340 --> 00:31:56.780
idea of mission patches and I'm pretty sure I

763
00:31:56.860 --> 00:31:59.780
suggested that to Huw many years ago that we

764
00:31:59.780 --> 00:32:01.060
should have mission patches.

765
00:32:01.060 --> 00:32:02.540
Professor Fred Watson: Yes, yes, we do.

766
00:32:02.780 --> 00:32:05.180
Andrew Dunkley: Yes. I've got something we should. A new one

767
00:32:05.180 --> 00:32:06.140
for every episode.

768
00:32:07.180 --> 00:32:08.460
Professor Fred Watson: Oh, all right. Okay.

769
00:32:09.020 --> 00:32:10.220
Andrew Dunkley: No, that's a bit much.

770
00:32:10.540 --> 00:32:12.620
Professor Fred Watson: Look, the trouble is the mission patches,

771
00:32:12.620 --> 00:32:14.700
they would just be adequate and if you.

772
00:32:15.660 --> 00:32:17.820
Andrew Dunkley: Although, I think, ah, our logo would make a

773
00:32:17.820 --> 00:32:18.460
great patch.

774
00:32:19.180 --> 00:32:20.330
Professor Fred Watson: It would. Yeah.

775
00:32:20.330 --> 00:32:20.730
Professor Fred Watson: Yeah.

776
00:32:21.210 --> 00:32:24.130
Andrew Dunkley: Anyway, um, we'll, we'll do that one day

777
00:32:24.130 --> 00:32:25.610
maybe. I don't know. There's plenty of other

778
00:32:25.610 --> 00:32:27.330
stuff in the shop. Just go and have a look in

779
00:32:27.330 --> 00:32:28.650
our shop. It's on our website.

780
00:32:28.730 --> 00:32:31.090
Spacenutspodcast.com or

781
00:32:31.090 --> 00:32:33.620
spacenuts IO uh,

782
00:32:33.850 --> 00:32:35.770
click on the shop link and buy yourself a

783
00:32:35.770 --> 00:32:38.570
pair of socks or a notebook or a,

784
00:32:38.660 --> 00:32:41.650
um, or a coffee cup or a hat or a

785
00:32:41.650 --> 00:32:43.920
hoodie, stickers. Um,

786
00:32:44.450 --> 00:32:46.810
there's just all this great stuff there. I've

787
00:32:46.810 --> 00:32:48.560
got some of it. Look, I've got my car cup

788
00:32:48.720 --> 00:32:50.560
here. See, here's my cup.

789
00:32:50.960 --> 00:32:53.960
Professor Fred Watson: Oh, that's nice. Yeah, I might

790
00:32:53.960 --> 00:32:54.960
have one of those somewhere.

791
00:32:54.960 --> 00:32:57.880
Andrew Dunkley: I probably do, yes. And I've got the tote

792
00:32:57.880 --> 00:33:00.160
bag as well. So we thought of that before

793
00:33:00.160 --> 00:33:03.080
Elon. Probably using the same company that

794
00:33:03.080 --> 00:33:04.240
we do. But

795
00:33:06.000 --> 00:33:08.880
yes. Um, I think that brings us to the end.

796
00:33:08.880 --> 00:33:10.080
Fred Watson, thank you so much.

797
00:33:10.080 --> 00:33:12.600
Professor Fred Watson: A pleasure, Andrew, good to talk. And we'll

798
00:33:12.600 --> 00:33:13.200
speak again.

799
00:33:14.410 --> 00:33:15.370
Andrew Dunkley: We will indeed.

800
00:33:15.610 --> 00:33:17.250
Professor Fred Watson Watson, astronomer at

801
00:33:17.250 --> 00:33:18.610
large, and thanks to Huw in the studio,

802
00:33:18.610 --> 00:33:20.850
couldn't be with us today because he wants to

803
00:33:20.850 --> 00:33:23.490
be the world's second trillionaire and he's

804
00:33:23.490 --> 00:33:25.090
just put down five bucks and he's just

805
00:33:25.090 --> 00:33:27.290
watching to see what happens. And from me,

806
00:33:27.290 --> 00:33:28.810
Andrew Dunkley, thanks for your company.

807
00:33:28.810 --> 00:33:30.490
We'll see you on the next episode of Space

808
00:33:30.490 --> 00:33:31.090
Nuts.

809
00:33:31.090 --> 00:33:31.770
Professor Fred Watson: Bye. Bye.

810
00:33:33.050 --> 00:33:35.250
Andrew Dunkley: You've been listening to the Space Nuts

811
00:33:35.250 --> 00:33:38.250
podcast, available at

812
00:33:38.250 --> 00:33:40.180
Apple Podcasts, Spotify,

813
00:33:40.340 --> 00:33:43.180
iHeartRadio or your favourite podcast

814
00:33:43.180 --> 00:33:44.900
player. You can also stream on

815
00:33:44.900 --> 00:33:47.860
demand@bytes.com this has been another

816
00:33:47.860 --> 00:33:49.900
quality podcast production from

817
00:33:49.900 --> 00:33:51.060
bytes.com.