April 14, 2025
Cosmic Colors, Stellar Mysteries & the Intricacies of Light: A Q&A Episode
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Space Nuts Episode 512...
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Space Nuts Episode 512 Q&A: Cosmic Colors, Gamma Ray Bursts, and Terraforming Venus
In this enlightening episode of Space Nuts, host Heidi Campo takes the helm alongside astronomer Professor Fred Watson to tackle a range of fascinating cosmic queries from our listeners. From the vibrant colors of celestial bodies to the dangers of gamma ray bursts, and the challenges of terraforming Venus, this episode is a treasure trove of astronomical insights that will spark your curiosity about the universe.
Episode Highlights:
- Cosmic Colors: Heidi and Fred discuss Rusty from Donnybrook's inquiry about the colors of stars, particularly red giants like Pollux and the blue hues of certain stars. They explore how large telescopes enhance our perception of these colors and the subtlety of what we actually see through the eyepiece.
- Gamma Ray Bursts Explained: The duo dives into the nature of gamma ray bursts and why their intensity diminishes with distance. Fred explains the inverse square law and clarifies the effects of dust and gas on signal strength, providing a comprehensive understanding of these powerful cosmic events.
- Terraforming Venus: A thought-provoking discussion on the feasibility of terraforming Venus reveals the planet's extreme conditions and the challenges posed by its thick atmosphere. Fred shares insights on whether blocking sunlight could reverse the runaway greenhouse effect and the implications of Venus's proximity to the sun.
- The Double Slit Experiment: The episode wraps up with a listener's question about the double slit experiment and the puzzling behavior of photons. Fred elaborates on the concept of quantum superposition and entanglement, shedding light on this fundamental experiment that underpins our understanding of light as both a particle and a wave.
For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music Music, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.
If you’d like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/about
Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
(00:00) Heidi Campo welcomes Professor Fred Watson to Space Nuts
(00:30) Andrew and Fred have some questions for you about telescopes and color
(06:36) Radio waves and gamma rays get weaker the further away they get
(09:41) Mike Cupid from the UK has a question about terraforming Venus
(11:41) How could you terraform Venus without losing runaway greenhouse effect
(16:45) Our very, uh, last question is from Todd. He's from Utah. His question is about spring skiing
(17:13) Todd from Utah has a question about the double slit experiment
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-astronomy-insights-cosmic-discoveries--2631155/support.
WEBVTT
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All right, let's rock and roll. Welcome to another episode
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of Space Nuts. I am your host, Heidi Compo today
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filling in for Andrew Dunkley, and I'm here with Professor Watson,
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Astronomer at Large, Professor Fred Watson. Actually it's just say
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If I just say Watson, it makes it sound like
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this is a mystery podcast and not a space podcast.
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That's right, elementary, my dear Watson.
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All right, well, speaking of mysteries, we have a lot
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of really good questions with mysteries for you to solve today.
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And our first question comes from Rusty from Donnie Brook.
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Okay, Andrew and Fritt, it's Rusty and Donnie Brook. I'm
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sitting out in a.
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Beautiful clean knot and looking June north to see lastly,
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and it's quite close to the Twins castor and products
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the Gemini Twins.
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It's closest to Pollucks, which is it's an orange giant
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star and it looks redder. Pollux looks redder than Mars.
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And if we look to the southwest from there we
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can see beetle juiced part of oryon that one looks
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radder again.
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So my question is when you.
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Take a picture through a very large telescope and you
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can really see these colors close up?
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How colorful are they?
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Is a red.
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Giant as red as a as.
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A tomato or a pillar box? And what about the
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blue stars? How blue do they get? Is it like
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when we call them red and blue? Is that faired?
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Income?
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Anyway?
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Have a good one, and so I can imagine so
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rusty is one of our regular questions Donnybrook Donnybrook in
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Western Australia and always asking intriguing questions. And I think
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what he's thinking of here is if you set yourself
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at the eyepiece, for example, of the biggest telescope in Australia,
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the one that I used to be astronomer in charge
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of up in Kunabarabon, with its three point nine meter
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diameter mirror, and you looked through an eyepiece at some
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of these objects, what would you see? Would you see
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the colors more richly than we do with a small
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instrument And the answer is a bit a little bit
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disappointing really, because the colors are still subtle looking through
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a very big telescope. And I've actually done it with
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the Angle Australian telescope. It's quite hard to get an
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eyepiece on the telescope like that, because it's festooned with
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spectrographs and auto guiders and instruments of all different kinds
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that don't have an eyepiece on them. But when you
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look through, yes, you do see the colors Mars looking red,
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serious looking, dazzlingly white, some blue stars, the dual Box,
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which is a cluster of stars in the constellation of
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the Southern Cross, so name because it's got stars of
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different colors, including a particularly red one, which is a
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sort of ruby colored stars. Those colors are exaggerated, but
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perhaps not as much as you think.
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They would be.
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Rusty they you know, they don't go deep red or
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anything like that. The colors are still as supple as
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you see them. But if I can put it this way,
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it's just like sliding up the saturation button on your
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color editor in whatever whatever photo editing system you use.
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Slide up saturation a bit, and you get a bit
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more color. Likewise, with the size of a telescope. What
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you might be surprised at, though, is that the detail
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that you see with a big telescope is not as
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fine as you'd expect. And that's all about the way
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the atmosphere behaves the atmosphere in terms of the way
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turbulence in the atmosphere spoils the view through a telescope.
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It's actually far less forgiving of a big telescope than
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is in a smaller one. A smaller one you might
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just see the object moving around, but you can see
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it quite sharply, whereas with a big telescope it just
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tends to blur it out.
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It still moves it.
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Whatever totally thought it was the other way around. I
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would have thought those big telescopes were like hide four
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K perfect picture they are.
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With modern technology. These not really new, they've been around
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for thirty years, but it's only within the last decade
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that they've been perfected what we call adaptive optic systems,
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which actually it's all about the turbulence the mirror and
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the telescopes themselves. If they were in space, they would
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reveal perfect images exactly like the web telescope or the
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humble telescope do. But because they're at the bottom of
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an atmosphere with a lot of turbulence in the air,
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even on top of mountains, it's turbulence that's what spoils
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the view. But modern technology lets you sense that turbulence.
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It lets you see what is the distortion that the
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atmosphere is providing, and then just like a pair of
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noise canceling headphones, it cancels it out. It provides the
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opposite signal, so it cancels out the turbulence. It's very
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hard technology because you have to measure the star use
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what's called a reference star, which is sometimes artificial. You've
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got to measure that star a thousand times a second
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for this process to work. So it needs very fast
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readout sensors, much faster than what you find in for example,
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a mobile phone, but the same sort of thing, but
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they're reading out a thousand times a second at least,
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in fact, sometimes twice that.
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That is so incredible. I just every day. I'm so
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proud of humanity for what we've come up with. It's
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just fantastic to think. And if you know, if we
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all just work together as a team, this would be
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you know, we'd already have you know, gone past our
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own solar system by now if we all worked as
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a big team. That is so incredible just to think
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of all the details of these technologies.
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Let's take a little break from the show to tell
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Now back to the show. Okay, we take a.
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Space nuts Well, our next question is from Dan from California,
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Dan the Man. He says, I was reading about gamma
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ray bursts and how devastating they can be should they
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hit Earth. Can you explain why gamma ray bursts become
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less lethal the further away they are because the majority
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of space is avoid rather than dust. I assume the
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same goes for radio waves, where over distance they get
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weaker and weaker. Is this really due to dust and
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gas that are weakening the signals?
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Thanks?
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Yes, it's actually nothing to do with dust and gas. Dan, Sorry,
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wrong name, reading the wrong bit of the question. Dan.
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The reason why things get weaker the further away you
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get is because of a fundamental law of physics which
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is called the inverse square law. And that is that
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if you double the distance that you are from a
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source of gamma rays or radio waves or whatever, you
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double the distance, the signal drops by a factor of four.
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It's the square of the distance. That's why it's called
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the inverse square or so double the distance you get
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you know, a quarter of the signal, and if you
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then double the distance again, it goes down by an
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equally large you know, it goes down by the square
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of the new distance. A new distance is four, so
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it goes down by sixteen, a factor of sixteen. And
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that's why all these signals get weaker. Dust and gas
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do impact on them. And for example, perhaps the best
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example of that is the center of our Milky Way
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galaxy at a distance of about twenty five thousand light years.
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We can't see the center of that with visible light
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telescopes because of the dust that blocks our view. It's
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dusty in the Milky Way, and the center of our
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galaxy is hidden. Infrared radiation penetrates the dust, and that's
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why we can actually see it, see the center of
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our galaxy in infrared, but not with visible light. So
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dust certainly has an effect, but it's the distance that
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is the real effect. This inverse square or means, you know,
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it's the square of the distance by which it drops
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every time you move away.
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I wonder if that's everyone has that crazy friend that
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always is just on speaker phone. They're like, oh, I
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don't want to hold the phone up to my head.
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I don't want the base to get me. You're going
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to hold my phone you know, two feet away from
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my face and I'm going to shout into it so
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everybody can hear my conversation. The mouse maybe they may
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be under something.
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Well, you're right that sound waves also are affected by
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the inverse squail or. So if you double the distance
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from the person who's yelling into their phone, then it's
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going to go down by a factor of four. So
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that you you know, try try and try, you know,
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doubling the distance twice and it'll drop by a fighter
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of sixteen.
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Yeah, I can't hear you, all right. Our next question
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is from Mike from the UK.
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It might keep it from the UK. Here a very
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quick question, if I may. I have heard many, many
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questions over the years into you guys about terrorforming Mars,
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which is obviously something that is beyond our capability, but
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a lot of people dream about what about terrorforming Venus.
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It's not something I've heard a lot about. Now obviously
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it's probably still beyond our capability. So let's just talk
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sort of theoretical. But would it just be a case
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of blocking out some of the Sun's rays to cool
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the planet down and potentially reverse that runaway greenhouse effect
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that's happened on Venus, So potentially, just thinking outside the box,
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possibly collide to asteroids together and let the debris catch
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in the orbit of Venus, blocking out some of the
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Sun and then cooling it down, or potentially even sort
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of build a structure to block some of the Sun's rays.
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And the other question as well. And like I say,
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I know this is probably beyond our capability. But if
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we did manage to do that and cool the planet down,
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if we could get the conditions on Venus to be
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similar to what they are on Earth, which would probably
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never happen anyway, but would it stabilize or would the
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greenhouse run away effect happen? Again? Is it too close
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to the Sun to hold a stable atmosphere and a
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similar temperature to Earth? Well, the show is my favorite
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podcasting in the world. I'll listen to it all the time.
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I think I've listened to just about every episode. So
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regardless of whether you answer my question or not, please
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keep up the good work and thank you very much
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for you Tim.
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Yeah, that's a great question, Mike, terraforming Venus. Venus is
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so different from the Earth in its natural environment that
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it's hard to think of a more Well, you can
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think of more different planets, because exoplanets are even wider
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