Nov. 18, 2024
#470: Cosmic Questions: Dark Matter, Titan's Secrets & Universe's Energy
Space Nuts Q&A Edition #470 - Universe Enigmas and Titan's Mysteries
Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this captivating Q&A episode of Space Nuts, where they explore the cosmic questions posed by our curious audience. From the...
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RSS Feed Space Nuts Q&A Edition #470 - Universe Enigmas and Titan's Mysteries
Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this captivating Q&A episode of Space Nuts, where they explore the cosmic questions posed by our curious audience. From the mysteries of a universe without black holes to the peculiar atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan, this episode is brimming with fascinating insights and astronomical discussions.
Episode Highlights:
- Universe Without Dark Matter and Energy: Delve into the possibilities of a universe devoid of dark matter, dark energy, and black holes. Explore the implications for galaxy formation and the cosmic web, and ponder the nature of dark energy's role in the universe's expansion.
- Energy Loss and the Universe's Age: Investigate the concept of energy loss in the universe and the methods used to calculate its age. Discover why uranium's half-life isn't the key to unlocking the universe's timeline and how the Hubble constant plays a role.
- Early Universe Surprises: Question the surprises of finding ancient cosmic structures in the early universe. Examine how galaxy formation models are continually refined and the potential revelations from the Square Kilometre Array.
- Titan's Unique Atmosphere: Unravel the mystery of Titan's dense atmosphere and compare it to Mars' inability to retain one. Consider the possible factors contributing to Titan's atmospheric retention and the role of cryovolcanism.
For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.
For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts/support.
Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
00:00 - This is a Q and A edition of Space Nuts
01:53 - Dark matter and dark energy are at the forefront of modern day cosmology
09:10 - How much of the universe's energy is kind of like gone
12:30 - Uranium was created in supernova explosions after the universe was formed
13:33 - Using half life of uranium or lithium to calculate age of the universe is sinful
15:33 - Ben Harding asks: Should we be surprised that galaxies formed so quickly
21:39 - How did Saturn's moon Titan accumulate its thick nitrogen atmosphere
26:45 - Andrew Dunkley: Thanks to everyone who's sending questions for Space Nuts
Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this captivating Q&A episode of Space Nuts, where they explore the cosmic questions posed by our curious audience. From the mysteries of a universe without black holes to the peculiar atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan, this episode is brimming with fascinating insights and astronomical discussions.
Episode Highlights:
- Universe Without Dark Matter and Energy: Delve into the possibilities of a universe devoid of dark matter, dark energy, and black holes. Explore the implications for galaxy formation and the cosmic web, and ponder the nature of dark energy's role in the universe's expansion.
- Energy Loss and the Universe's Age: Investigate the concept of energy loss in the universe and the methods used to calculate its age. Discover why uranium's half-life isn't the key to unlocking the universe's timeline and how the Hubble constant plays a role.
- Early Universe Surprises: Question the surprises of finding ancient cosmic structures in the early universe. Examine how galaxy formation models are continually refined and the potential revelations from the Square Kilometre Array.
- Titan's Unique Atmosphere: Unravel the mystery of Titan's dense atmosphere and compare it to Mars' inability to retain one. Consider the possible factors contributing to Titan's atmospheric retention and the role of cryovolcanism.
For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.
For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts/support.
Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
00:00 - This is a Q and A edition of Space Nuts
01:53 - Dark matter and dark energy are at the forefront of modern day cosmology
09:10 - How much of the universe's energy is kind of like gone
12:30 - Uranium was created in supernova explosions after the universe was formed
13:33 - Using half life of uranium or lithium to calculate age of the universe is sinful
15:33 - Ben Harding asks: Should we be surprised that galaxies formed so quickly
21:39 - How did Saturn's moon Titan accumulate its thick nitrogen atmosphere
26:45 - Andrew Dunkley: Thanks to everyone who's sending questions for Space Nuts
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Hi there, Thanks for joining us on a Q and
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A edition of Space Nuts. Andrew Duntley here, your Host's
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great to have your company. In this episode, we are
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going to talk about the universe without black holes, dark
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matter or dark energy. What would it be like? Yeah,
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probably completely different, mightn't exist at all, don't know. We've
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also got a question about loss of energy and the
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age of the universe. Another universe question, the early universe
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and all the matter and the stars and things, and
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why we get so surprised when we discover something that's
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old because it's all been there from the very beginning.
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It's a good question. And Titan's atmosphere has come up
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from one of our audience members. So we'll answer all
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of those questions today on Space Nuts.
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Fifteen said in channel ten.
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Nine ignition Space Nuts NI or three.
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Two more red one Space Nets and I report it
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Neils good.
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And he's back again for more. Can't believe it. It's
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Professor Fred Wat's an astronomer.
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La. I can't believe it either.
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How you doing, Andrew, Well, well, yeah, thank you, you're
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looking well to you. In fact, I would go as
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far as saying that since you left the public service
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you seem a lot, you seem a lot less tense.
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A lot.
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How it's really interesting because I don't have to scan
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my you know, my government laptop every morning to see
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what meetings I've got during the day, and that makes
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the day a lot more relaxed. I do still on
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the meetings, but they're under a lot better control.
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Yeah, well that's good, that's good. Shall we tackle some questions? Well,
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let's attempt it. All right, Let's go to our first
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one that comes from Reynold or he may pronounce it Renault.
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How would our universe behave without black holes, dark matter,
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and dark energy? At what phase did dark matter and
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dark energy appear? That's a double banger. What do you
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think for it?
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Yeah, I think it's a profound question, and you know
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it's at the forefront of modern day cosmology. So we
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think that it was the dark matter that really caused
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the ability of the universe to form galaxies, well, stars
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and galaxies, because what we think happened was that the
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dark matter came first and sort of coalesced into what
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we call the cosmic web, this kind of honeycomb structure
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of sheets of dark matter, which attracted the hydrogen that
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that stage pervaded the universe to form a similar structure
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because the hydrogen collapse gravitationally to sort of mimic the
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underlying dark matter structure. And then, excuse me, during that collapse,
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many stars were formed. Star formation took place, Galaxies formed
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because the stars that you know, they all formed in
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these large blobs of matter. And we see that today.
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We still see when you look at a structure of
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where galaxies lie in today's universe, you find that they
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make up this honeycomb, which basically mimics what we see
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in the cosmic microwave background radiation, which we think is
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the precursor of those galaxies. That's the sound ways going
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through the early universe. So we think that without dark matter,
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the universe will be very different and wouldn't have this
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underlying web, and maybe galaxies and stars wouldn't have formed.
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That's really interesting. So now dark energy go ahead.
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No, I was going to say, so if dark energy
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was the driving force and it didn't exist, would our
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universe have formed at all?
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Anyway?
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Well?
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Yeah, dark energy is that different things? It's the.
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Yeah.
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So with that, yes, dark matter would think would is
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what allowed galaxies to form out the universe itself might
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have formed. We don't really understand the Big Bang well
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enough to know just where it all came from, but
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we might have had a universe devoid of dark matter,
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just full of cold hydrogen and not really doing anything.
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So that's pretty boring for the universe. And dark energy,
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it really is a property of the expansion of the universe,
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so it's set telling us that space itself has energy.
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So I think the second part of our renal question
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is at what phase did dark matter and dark energy appear?
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So we think dark matter appeared right at the beginning. Now,
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dark energy was probably always there. This is a hot
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topic in cosmology, but we think it's only manifested itself
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in the last five or six hundred sorry, the last
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five or six billion years, in other words, about half
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the age of the universe. And we think that's probably
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because dark matter. Dark energy might have been there all
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the time, but it didn't have enough energy to cause
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the universe's expansion to accelerate, which is how we see
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dark energy. It didn't have enough energy early on because
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the galaxies and stars, the galaxies themselves were too close
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together and their neutral gravitational pull was enough to sort
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of slow down the dark energy and hide its effect.
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So we think dark energy might always have been there.
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The big question is as if evolved, because for about
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the last twenty years, the thinking has been that it's
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a constant that it's a property of you know, the
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same amount of dark energy per unit volume of space
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per cubic centimeter if your like of space. That so
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it's said that, in other words, the dark energy is
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proportional to the volume of space. So as the space
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expands with the expansion of the universe, that you get
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more dark energy. But the thinking now is that maybe
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that's not quite true. There might be a slight evolution
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effect over time, which is still being explored.
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So another piece of his question was, you know, a
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universe devoid of black holes, what would that be like?
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Yeah, we think black holes are a natural consequence of
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the formation of stars and galaxies. Without a universe without
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black holes might not be that different because until forty
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or fifty years ago, we thought the universe didn't have
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black holes. That's true, and it's only by a lot
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of fairly detailed and careful research that we've discovered that
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the black holes everywhere. Yeah, So yes, that's an interesting question.
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I don't know that the consequences there would there will
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be a lot less high energy events going on in
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the universe. We wouldn't see quasars for a start. Quaisars
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are powered by black holes, the delinquent galaxies with a
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black hole at their center.
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HM.
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Okay.
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But if you didn't have any of that, in any
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of the black or dark stuff, you might just have
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a universe that's full of hydrogen, looking pretty boring. I
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suppose it might be the odd reactionary event that would
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create something, but it wouldn't be wouldn't be much to
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look at.
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It to be Boarsville. Yes, well, it would be Boarsville
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because without the formation of stars and galaxies, in particular stars.
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Without the formation of stars, you don't get the heavy elements.
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All you get is a universe with hydrogen, helium, a
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little bit of lithium, and a couple of other things,
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and that's it. So it would be a very boring place.
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And talking of that, that is one of the main
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targets of the square kilometer array, because cold hydrogen actually
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radiates in relatively low frequency radio waves, and the square
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kilometer array is going to be able to look so
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far into space in other words, so far back in
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time that it can see the dark ages when the
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first stars have not yet come into being, and all
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there was was cold hydrogen. So the built and map
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that cold hydrogen and see whether it does actually fall
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on the cosmic web as we believe it did.
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Fascinating, fascinating. Reynald the Answery A question was it'd be
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a very different universe without any of that stuff. Probably
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pretty boring, and it was probably always there at the
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beginning dark matter and dark energy perhaps as well. So yeah,
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it's a great question, Thanks for sending it in. Our
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next question, Fred comes from one of our regular although
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we haven't heard from him in a while, Sendor Interes buddy.
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Most case, that's his buddy from order again. How much
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is they energy of the universe is kind of like
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gone Basically.
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He's never going to touch anything or is going to
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just continue forever like light or gravitational waves, plus maybe
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the potential of the energy.
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Of moving object. How much of the viewers's energy is
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tied up that way? Gay, I got one? Not one
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more question?
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Is it possible to calculate the age of the universe
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from the half life of uranium or liquum. All right, guys,
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keep up the good work, love the vodcas.
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Thank you, buddy.
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That's two very very good questions, so we'll tackle them
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one at a time. He was asking about energy that's
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been lost.
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In the universe.
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I assume he means over the time the universe has existed,
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there was a big bang, everything expanded very quickly, and
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then it slowed down out speeding up. There's a lot
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been happening over billions and billions of years. But is
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there energy loss in that process?
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A great question that I'm thinking aloud here, Andrew, So, so, yeah,
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the energy budget of the universe is really interesting because
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it sort of ties in with the mass of the
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universe as well. You know, mass, as we know, has
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an intrinsic energy. Buddy is talking about the kinetic energy
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of moving objects, and that's certainly an energy component, but
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I think it is vanishingly small compared with the equivalent
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of the mass of the universe when you convert it
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to energy with the equals mc squared. So most of
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the energy of the universe is tied up, sorry, most
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of the Yeah, so most of the energy of the universe.
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Getting myself into knot here. If you regard mass as
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part of the mass energy budget of the universe, and
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you can draw a pie chart, the stuff we can
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see is about five percent of that energy budget. So
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that's all the mass equivalent the energy equivalent of all
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the mass in the universe, and it's very very small
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compared with dark matter, which is about five times bigger.
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And then the rest, which is seventy five or eighty
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about seventy five percent is dark energy. So dark energy
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is by far the biggest energy content of the universe,
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and the rest almost doesn't matter.
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You know.
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It is an incredible situation that we have that the
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biggest energy component of the universe is something we actually
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don't understand, making the universe expand ever more rapidly. So yeah,
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really very very interesting. Just moving on to uranium. Uraniums
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are not something that you can use to determine the
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age of the universe because it was created in super
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and over explosions which occurred after the universe was formed.
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With heavy elements like uranium are created within massive star
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either collisions, neutron star collisions, or massive super and ova eruptions.
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You can use uranium obviously, it has a half life,
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and you can. I think that might be one of
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the ways that you determine the age of the Earth. Actually,
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when I think about it, four point six billion years,
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I think the age of the Earth is partly due
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to our understanding of the radioactive decay of isotopes like uranium.
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So yes, it's got a place in cosmology, but not
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in regard to the Big Bang itself.
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Okay, you also mentioned lithium same day, did.
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Yeah, Now, lithium is not That's what I was just
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looking up. It's I think I'm not aware of the
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radioactive properties of lithium. Let me put it that way.
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Okay.
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Yeah, Well, we know about its properties when it comes
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to energy use on Earth, and it's a dwindling resource.
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So they've got to find something else eventually. And I
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think they're are working on sodium batteries and there's plenty
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of that stuff around. But yeah, So if you can't
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use the half life of uranium olthium to calculate the
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age of the universe, what do you use.
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The first way it was worked out was simply by
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the measure measuring the Hubble constant, which is the rate
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at which the universe is expanding. If you invert the
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Hubble constant, you get the time how long it's been
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expanding for You can basically use that simple number to
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work out when everything was altogether in one place. But
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that assumes that the expansion has been uniform throughout, and
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we don't believe that's the case now, so you've got
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to modify it. So these days it's a combination of
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looking at the distribution of galaxies in the universe, plus
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are observations of the flash of the Big Bang, which
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we could still see, of course, is a cosmic microwave
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background radiation, and you can deduce from that how the universes,
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because you know, it was visible light when it left
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and it's now microwaves, and that's the central calculation as well.
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Yeah, I suppose in terms of dwindling energy or lost
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energy in the universe, you can you can look at
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I think we've spoken about it before. You can look
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at photons, which do die, especially if they hit something,
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