Sept. 19, 2024

#453: Starliner Suit Dilemma, Iron Rain on WASP 76b & Kuiper Belt Mysteries

#453: Starliner Suit Dilemma, Iron Rain on WASP 76b & Kuiper Belt Mysteries

Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this captivating episode of Space Nuts, where they delve into the latest updates on the Boeing Starliner, the peculiar weather on planet Wasp 76 b, the bustling Kuiper Belt, and the mystery of Mars'...

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Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this captivating episode of Space Nuts, where they delve into the latest updates on the Boeing Starliner, the peculiar weather on planet Wasp 76 b, the bustling Kuiper Belt, and the mystery of Mars' missing water.
Episode Highlights:
- Starliner Troubles: Discover the latest issue plaguing the Boeing Starliner and the unique challenges faced by astronauts Butch Wilmore and Sunita Williams.
- Wasp 76 b: Learn about the extreme weather on this distant exoplanet, where iron rain is a reality.
- Kuiper Belt Discoveries: New findings suggest the Kuiper Belt is more populated and extensive than previously thought.
- Mars' Water Mystery: Uncover the latest research on where Mars' water went and what it means for the planet's history.

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Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
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WEBVTT

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Hello again, thank you for joining us. This is Space Nuts.

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My name is Andrew Dunkley and glad you could join

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us yet again. Coming up on this episode star Liner. Yes,

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we have another update. This is a really strange problem,

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a really strange problem. Nothing to do with noises coming

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from the inside of the star Liner either. It's a

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completely different problem they probably never anticipated. We're also going

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to visit planet Wasp seven six B because it's got

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rain that you never want to get involved in unless

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you love heavy metal. The Kuiper Belt is busier than

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we thought, and they think they know where all the

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water went on Mars. It's not here, but it's somewhere.

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We'll tell you all about it on the current episode

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of Space Nuts fifteen.

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Channel ten nine Ignition.

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Space Nuts or three.

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Two one spaces Can I report it, Neils good and

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to tell us all about it is the man himself,

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Professor Fred. What's an Hello Fred?

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Hello, Andrew.

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It's good to be the mud himself. I appreciate that

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very much better than being the mud and somebody else.

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Yes, it probably happens sometimes. Yeah, No, good to see

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you too. We should get stuck straight into this because

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we've got a lot to get through, and some of

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these stories are extraordinary. We talked about Starliner last week

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and the issue of that noise coming from the inside,

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which turned out to be feedback on their audio system,

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which is not a big problem. You just turn off

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the speaker or the microphone or both. But the new

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problem is one involving the two astronauts who are basically

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stuck on the International Space Station because of the technical

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hitches that the Boeing star Liner is suffering. We're talking

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about Butch Wilmore and Sunny Williams. Now they're looking at

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how they're going to get them back. There's talk of

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getting them back sometime next year. But a new problem

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has arisen as a consequence of one of the potential solutions.

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That's correct, So the potential solution, which is what's going

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to happen, and some of this may have already happened

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by the time this episode goes to air, in particularly,

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the star Liner itself might have come back empty, which

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is the plan at the moment. But the problem is

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when these two Boeing Starliner astronauts, Butcher and Sunny, as

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you've mentioned, when they do finally come back, it will

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not be on a star Liner spacecraft there will be

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coming back in a SpaceX Crew Dragon, and the space

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suits that you use on a star Liner are not

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the same as the ones that you use on a crew.

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Dragon, and they're incompatible.

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So what it means is that when their trip, when

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their ferry home is launched up to the space station,

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this will be the crew Dragon that is going to

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bring them back home next February.

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It's going up there.

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Sometime we think this month September, with two empty seats

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in it. They will also have to send up two

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empty space suits for Butch and Sunny. The reason why

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it's tricky is because it's you know, once once that

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once that spacecraft arrives, that's the crew Dragon later later

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this month. Once that arrives, the problem solved because there's

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NASA will send up their correct space suits with it.

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But if there's an issue before then, an issue in

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which the International Space Station has to be evacuated, and

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that's always at the back of people's minds. You've got

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to be ready to get off just in case something

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goes catastrophically wrong, like you know, a big bit of

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space junk colliding with it or something like that.

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If they had to return.

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There is a Crew Dragon docked with the space station

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at the moment, which will carry the current crew of

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four astronauts in what's called the Crew eight mission back

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to Earth, and it will have room for Sunny Williams

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and Bruce Wilmore. It will have space on a cargo

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palette underneath the seat.

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Are you kidding?

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It's like riding in the back of the ute. So

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they're going to be huddled under there. But the problem

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is their spacesuit designed for the Starliner will work, so

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we're going to have to do it, so they have

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to leave them behind.

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They have to leave them behind and go and go

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home in their andes.

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Yeah, probably a little bit more than they're on this.

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But they will not be protected by a space suit,

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which has been standard practice for many decades in both

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NASA and ross Cosmos flights that you don't land or

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launch without your spacesuit on, just in case something goes

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wrong and the spacecraft to pressurize.

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Yes, yes, but they will be in that situation. It's

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likely that you know, I mean, it would have.

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To be a real emergency situation for them to do that,

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and you would hope that everything would work out all right,

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but it is.

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Yes, it's putting them in an interesting position.

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So well, at the very best, they get to come

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home fever next year for very next year with alternative spacesuits,

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but in an emergency could end up having to come

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back without space suit.

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It's wow.

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Yeah, only if that emergency occurs before the crew line

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spacecraft gets there.

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So yeah. So it's a short window.

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When there is this situation, but it is a situation

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that has real risks.

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Gosh, wouldn't you love to be in a room just

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watching the people trying to figure all this out? How

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are we going to do this?

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What are we going to do?

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Oh?

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Hang on, there's a new problem. You know. We set

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that palette of bricks up. Can we use the palette?

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That's it? Yes, I never throw away a good parlort.

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No, that's right.

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They're very useful.

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People make Christmas trees out of them, you know.

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Well, I'm sure they do.

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My son's got a Christmas tree made out of an

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old palette.

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Yeah, looks nice.

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Wow. So that's the state of play as we speak.

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But like we're recording ahead of time to cover a

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trip of mine, so may well be a different story

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by the time this comes out. But that's that's that's

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a unique problem. I don't think I've ever heard of

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that one before. Fascinating. All right, well, we'll try to

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keep you informed, but time might work against us over

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the coming weeks. But yes, it's been a fascinating it's

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been the soap opera, really, hasn't it a little bit?

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Yeah, so sure of a story bullying.

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Wouldn't like it to be called but I think you're right.

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Yeah, it was better than a horror movie, Yes, exactly.

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Okay, let's move on to our next story, and this

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one takes us a long way away to a planet

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called Wasp seventy six B. It was only discovered what

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eleven years ago, but it's been the subject of a

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lot of study and they are learning more and more

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about it. And what's really good is they've been able

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to actually optically observe this one. I think, Fred it's

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a stink and hot place. Though Australians would like it.

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We like the heat.

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I'm sure you like this much.

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So, yes, it is a star that is very very

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close sorry, a planet that is very close to its

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parents style.

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The parents star is Wasp seventy six.

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And in the normal convention, you put a bee after

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it for the first planet that's discovered around it, and

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it's seventy six B, which is the planet that we're

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talking about. It's about something like getting on for twice

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the size of Jupiter.

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So it's what we call a hot Jupiter.

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But it is very very close to its parents star.

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Distance is measured almost its centimeters, not quite, but it's

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actually about forty million killer meters from its parent star.

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And now that sounds like a lot, but.

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It's such a you know, such a close place to

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its parent star that it goes around something like once

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every two.

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Days of their wealth. Is it ridiculously short length of time.

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I can't find the exact figure, but it's that sort

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of length of time. It absolutely whizzes around. It's actually

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one point.

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Eight earth days.

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And so that means a number of things. First of all,

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because the star and its planet is so close together,

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the star is more massive. It's actually I think more

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massive than the Sun, about one and a half times

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the mass of the Sun. What that means is that

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the planet itself is locked tidally, so it always faces

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its parent star.

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Wasn't seventy six and so you know, it's always got

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a hot side, and.

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Not exactly a cold side, but a cooler side. Now

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on the hot side, you've got temperature high enough to

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not just melt iron, but vaporize iron. So there is

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iron vapor in the atmosphere of this planet. It's about twenty.

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Four hundred degrees cell.

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You're about four three hundred and fifty degrees fahrenheit on

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the hot side.

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Now that that vapor.

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Is whizzed around by really strong winds that exist on

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WASP seventy six B, and those winds are generated by

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the sheer heat of the atmosphere being so close to

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its parents star, so that this vaporized iron whizzes around

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to the backside of the planet, the night side, the

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permanent night side, and there is it gets cooler, cool

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enough to be not vapor but liquid, and so it condenses.

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It condenses into droplets of iron rain. So iron rain

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to me does not sound that good. Yes, it's cooler,

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but not that much cooler.

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So you've got you'd have to come up with a

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really good umbrella.

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I think you would too. But that's that's only part

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of the story. And I should say that this planet

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has become almost the personal property of scientists at the

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University of Geneva in Switzerland. They've done a lot of

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serious research on this planet and it's a release from

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them that's really discovered these very hot winds of vaporized iron.

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It's such an extreme planet that it's well worth studying

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because it gives you an idea of, you know, how

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extreme things can be, and sheds light on other planets

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which are also in our part of the universe.

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So that there's just an aside.

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The work that's been done in Geneva is using a

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telescope that we Australian astronomers also have access to, the

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ESO European Southern Observatory, very large telescope down in Chile.

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There's an instrument on that.

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That is.

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Excuse me, I just have to press a button of

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my watch here worry about that. There's an instrument on

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that that was actually built by the University of Geneva.

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So that's what they're using to make these measurements of

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the vaporized iron whizzing around the planet. But wait, there's more,

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because some research done I think by the same group

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and published a little while ago. Actually we missed this

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story back in April. It's work that concerns what might

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happen to those iron droplets in the atmosphere. Yes, you've

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got iron rain. Now, when we have rain on our planet,

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you get phenomena like rainbows and things of that sort.

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And there's evidence that phenomena like that are occurring on

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WASP seventy six B, not specifically rainbows, but rainbow like phenomena.

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And in particular, it's something called a glory, which most

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of us have actually seen, believe it or not, and

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I'm sure you have, Andrew.

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Does it happen in the morning, that's a different thing altogether,

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And I should explain to non Australian listeners that there is.

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A plant called the morning glory which blossoms in the morning.

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I'm sure that's what you were talking about. And no,

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a glory is is something I was just going to say.

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You've almost certainly seen it, because if you've looked out

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of the window of an aircraft that's flying over cloud,

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you will often see a little shadow of the aircraft

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from if you're on the right side of the plane,

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with circular colored rings around it, and that's called the glory.

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It occurs because light is being diffracted by the rain

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droplets in the clouds, and diffraction process splits it up

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into its rainbow colors, and you see this succession of

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rainbow rings similar to something you might have seen today

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00:14:09.919 --> 00:14:12.399
if you'd be looking in the right direction, which is

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called a pollen corona.

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Yes, I should go out there and try and take

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another photo.

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00:14:17.200 --> 00:14:19.559
Yeah, you've got a lovely photo of all last year.

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00:14:19.759 --> 00:14:21.759
Well the yeah, and a few years back when you

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first told me about them, and I took up the

246
00:14:23.919 --> 00:14:26.679
challenge and I went outside and I couldn't see it

247
00:14:26.759 --> 00:14:29.399
because it was so bright, but the camera picked it

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up and got a beautiful photo of a pollen corona. Yeah,

249
00:14:34.399 --> 00:14:36.559
they're quite strong, which they are.

250
00:14:37.000 --> 00:14:39.799
And the corona is a little bit different because it's

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around the sun when you're looking towards the sun, but

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it's still caused by this same diffraction effect and a glory.

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We've got this very windy day today, and it's sunny

254
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and the sun is just in the perfect position, so

255
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I might go out and take a snapshot.

256
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Are you going to do it now?

257
00:14:57.440 --> 00:14:58.519
Not right this minute?

258
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That's good.

259
00:14:59.480 --> 00:15:01.759
I'm glad to to hear that, because otherwise I had

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00:15:01.759 --> 00:15:04.039
to waffle on for a little while and might rather

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be talking to you. So, yeah, so, but you're familiar,

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00:15:09.120 --> 00:15:12.720
I'm sure with that phenomenon. Looking down from an aircraft,

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you see the clouds, you see often see the shadow

264
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of the plane, and around it is this glory, this

265
00:15:19.080 --> 00:15:23.240
succession of colored rings. We think that might be occurring

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00:15:23.480 --> 00:15:28.240
on WASP seventy six B. And the reason why scientists,

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00:15:28.919 --> 00:15:32.840
as you said, at the University of Geneva and actually

268
00:15:33.679 --> 00:15:38.080
the Institute of Mastrophysics and Space Science in Portugal, there's

269
00:15:38.080 --> 00:15:40.679
a group involved with it there too.

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They have.

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Worked out from asymmetries in what we call an asymmetric

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00:15:52.039 --> 00:15:54.279
like curve. The light curve is the way the light

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of this planet varies as it goes around its parents star,

274
00:15:58.480 --> 00:16:01.080
and you expect that to be more less symmetrical, because

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when it is on one side of the star, it's

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shining with a particular.

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Brightness, and it should be the same when it's on the.

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Other side of the start. But they've discovered it's not.

279
00:16:10.159 --> 00:16:13.480
There are asymmetries in it, so it's not symmetrical, and

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these scientists are putting that down to the existence of

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a glory on the in the clouds of WASPS andy

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six b, which is quite an extraordinary claim, really in

283
00:16:23.200 --> 00:16:24.320
an extraordinary discovering.

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00:16:24.480 --> 00:16:28.440
What would what would an iron iron rain rainbow look like?

285
00:16:30.080 --> 00:16:33.480
Pretty hot? I think no, it's a good, good question.

286
00:16:34.440 --> 00:16:39.279
So it depends on the transparency of the droplets, which

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I find it hard to, you know, to get my

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head around transparent iron droplets, because you think of iron

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00:16:49.240 --> 00:16:52.559
as being a metal. But if it's heated enough and

290
00:16:52.679 --> 00:16:56.720
it's on the point of becoming vapor, the droplets might

291
00:16:56.759 --> 00:16:57.639
be quite transparent.

292
00:16:57.919 --> 00:17:01.360
Yeah, and would give you these various.

293
00:17:01.080 --> 00:17:05.000
Phenomena refraction and diffraction. But it's something, yes, we need

294
00:17:05.039 --> 00:17:07.079
to look into. And I can hear you typing on

295
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your keyboards. You're probably doing it as we speak.

296
00:17:09.079 --> 00:17:12.680
I'm trying to see whether or not there is a

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00:17:12.759 --> 00:17:16.359
color for iron vapor. But it's not something that's been

298
00:17:16.400 --> 00:17:21.400
searched for very much, so there's not many references to it. Yeah,

299
00:17:21.400 --> 00:17:26.440
it might be something for another day, indeed. Yeah, great story, though,

300
00:17:26.680 --> 00:17:29.000
so much to learn from what's seventy six b. And

301
00:17:29.079 --> 00:17:32.640
was I right that it's one that has been observed optically?

302
00:17:35.599 --> 00:17:39.400
I think it's still yes, but not directly. I think

303
00:17:39.440 --> 00:17:43.799
what has been measured is the way the combined brightness

304
00:17:43.799 --> 00:17:45.920
of the star and the planet change as it goes

305
00:17:45.960 --> 00:17:49.799
around in it's all bit. I think that's the optical observations.

306
00:17:50.039 --> 00:17:52.200
Okay, very good. If you'd like to read up on

307
00:17:52.240 --> 00:17:55.160
that story, you can find out more about it the

308
00:17:55.200 --> 00:18:00.559
Iron Rains of WASP seventy six B in the Journal

309
00:18:00.599 --> 00:18:05.359
Astronomy and Astrophysics. There's a space nuts Andrew Dunkley here

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with Professor Fred Watson.

311
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Okay, we take a.

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Space nuts.

313
00:18:14.720 --> 00:18:15.799
Oh that was a short break.

314
00:18:16.160 --> 00:18:19.720
Okay, I'm going to take a breath.

315
00:18:21.039 --> 00:18:22.880
Yeah. You don't get time for breaths in this No.

316
00:18:24.480 --> 00:18:28.039
Our next story takes us to the Kuiper Belt. Now

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00:18:28.519 --> 00:18:30.960
what's interesting about the Kuiper Belt is well, just about

318
00:18:30.960 --> 00:18:34.319
everything about it. But now they think it might actually

319
00:18:34.359 --> 00:18:38.599
be bigger, deeper, and more occupied than we first thought. Fascinating.

320
00:18:39.279 --> 00:18:40.079
Yeah, that's right.

321
00:18:40.839 --> 00:18:50.000
So a very nice combination of astronomical infrastructure here, because

322
00:18:50.000 --> 00:18:55.359
this is work that combines the Japanese Subaru telescope on

323
00:18:55.599 --> 00:18:59.519
Monica in Hawaii, which is an eight meter class telescope

324
00:19:00.200 --> 00:19:03.359
named Subaru after the Japanese name for the Pliades the

325
00:19:03.400 --> 00:19:09.759
Seven Sisters, and the work has been done in collaboration

326
00:19:10.480 --> 00:19:14.000
with the mission scientists of New Horizons. The spacecraft that

327
00:19:14.480 --> 00:19:17.319
is leaving the Solar System, one of five that's leaving

328
00:19:17.359 --> 00:19:20.519
the Solar System. Now, you and I spoke about New

329
00:19:20.559 --> 00:19:24.559
Horizons not very long ago, because it's used its cameras

330
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to measure the night sky brightness, so it's just the

331
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brightness of the sky because it's.

332
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Night all the time out there.

333
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This is sixty astronomical units from the Earth, which is

334
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where the spacecraft is at the moment. Remember, one astronomical

335
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unit is one hundred and fifty million kilometers.

336
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It's the distance between the Earth.

337
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And the silm so a long long way, sixty times

338
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further away from the Sun than the Earth is. And

339
00:19:52.240 --> 00:19:57.079
it's the New Horizons flew by Jup between twenty fifteen, sorry,

340
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flew by Pluto twenty fifteen, flew by Arakoth a couple

341
00:20:01.279 --> 00:20:04.920
of years later, a distant Kuiper Belt object, and used

342
00:20:04.920 --> 00:20:07.559
his cameras to very good effect. He's got fantastic cameras

343
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on board.

344
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Now.

345
00:20:09.319 --> 00:20:13.480
The mission team of New Horizons, which is still scanning

346
00:20:13.680 --> 00:20:17.799
for new Kuiper Belt objects to try and divert New

347
00:20:17.799 --> 00:20:21.920
Horizons too to have a close look at. Given the

348
00:20:22.119 --> 00:20:24.720
limited fuel that they've got on board New Horizons. In

349
00:20:24.799 --> 00:20:28.279
order to do that diversion, they've got to be fairly

350
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careful about what they choose, and at the moment there

351
00:20:30.559 --> 00:20:31.440
are no candidates.

352
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And part of the.

353
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Problem for that is that whilst New Horizons has got,

354
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as I said, superb cameras on board, they're not wide

355
00:20:38.519 --> 00:20:40.720
angle cameras. They're not the kind of camera that you

356
00:20:40.759 --> 00:20:44.559
want to use for searching for potential candidates. And for

357
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that you need a wider field of view. And it

358
00:20:47.240 --> 00:20:51.000
turns out that back here on Earth, back home on

359
00:20:51.039 --> 00:20:53.960
our sunny planet, as it is for me now, the

360
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Subaru telescope has a wide field camera which is capable

361
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of detecting these faint objects at these great distances from

362
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the Earth. And so the combination of the two of

363
00:21:08.039 --> 00:21:12.559
them has been to identify some Couiper Belt objects that

364
00:21:12.720 --> 00:21:14.960
New Horizons can sort of foam in on at least

365
00:21:14.960 --> 00:21:18.160
with its camera not necessarily being diverted there, but they

366
00:21:18.200 --> 00:21:19.920
can have a look at it with the New Horizons

367
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camera because it's much closer than Subaru is. Subaru can

368
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find these objects and say there's a target that you

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need to look at, and New Horizons.

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Can then have a close look at it.

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And the upshot of all this is that it looks

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as though the Kuiper Belt has more these icy asteroids

373
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in it than we thought. Basically, we thought that the

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00:21:41.640 --> 00:21:44.759
Kuiper Belt ran out of steam roughly at the distance

375
00:21:44.799 --> 00:21:48.960
where new Horizons is sixty astronomical units from the Sun.

376
00:21:50.200 --> 00:21:53.599
But it turns out that there's more. They've found a

377
00:21:53.640 --> 00:21:58.480
population of these things beyond and in the region of

378
00:21:58.519 --> 00:22:00.400
a dozen I think or so that have been found

379
00:22:00.440 --> 00:22:03.000
so far, perhaps a few more than that, but these

380
00:22:03.160 --> 00:22:07.680
kind of cluster around eighty astronomical units from the Sun,

381
00:22:08.039 --> 00:22:11.880
so another you know, another quarter, sorry third of the

382
00:22:11.920 --> 00:22:16.599
distance away, you've got another group of these objects, which

383
00:22:16.640 --> 00:22:18.039
is something that.

384
00:22:18.039 --> 00:22:21.759
Was not known. We do know that the icy.

385
00:22:21.759 --> 00:22:25.680
Asteroids beyond Neptune, which we call trans Neptunian objects, we

386
00:22:25.759 --> 00:22:28.519
know that they do group into different groups, and the

387
00:22:28.599 --> 00:22:32.519
Kuiper Belt is the innermost of those groups. There are

388
00:22:32.599 --> 00:22:35.839
some things called scattered disc objects, which are much further away,

389
00:22:36.839 --> 00:22:38.960
and I don't think that's what we're looking at though.

390
00:22:39.000 --> 00:22:39.799
We're not looking at.

391
00:22:39.680 --> 00:22:42.359
The scattered disc. We're looking seriously at the Kuiper Belt

392
00:22:42.400 --> 00:22:44.599
and finding that there's more in it. Than we thought

393
00:22:44.599 --> 00:22:45.000
there were.

394
00:22:46.160 --> 00:22:50.039
And the conclusion to be drawn from that is that

395
00:22:50.160 --> 00:22:54.039
perhaps the protoplanetary disc around the Sun when the planets

396
00:22:54.039 --> 00:22:56.799
were being formed was bigger than what we thought it was,

397
00:22:57.519 --> 00:23:00.720
because we're finding debris out there that is almost certainly

398
00:23:00.759 --> 00:23:03.680
left over from that process. But it's further away from

399
00:23:03.720 --> 00:23:04.839
the some than we expected.

400
00:23:05.440 --> 00:23:08.480
Okay, now someone's going to think of it, So I'll

401
00:23:08.519 --> 00:23:11.599
just ask if this is the case, and we've got

402
00:23:11.640 --> 00:23:14.000
a bigger Kuiper Belt than we thought, and there's much

403
00:23:14.039 --> 00:23:20.319
more junk out there from you know, our Solar System origins.

404
00:23:21.680 --> 00:23:24.200
Could planet nine be a part of that? Or is

405
00:23:24.200 --> 00:23:27.799
it not? You is it further out than even that?

406
00:23:28.400 --> 00:23:32.480
No, that's a great question. And the thinking with planet

407
00:23:32.559 --> 00:23:35.880
nine is that it is much further away, perhaps twice

408
00:23:35.920 --> 00:23:41.519
that distance, right, But we don't, you know. The thinking

409
00:23:41.559 --> 00:23:46.759
about the hypothetical planet nine is that it affects these objects,

410
00:23:46.880 --> 00:23:52.559
these really most distant objects in the trans Neptunian region

411
00:23:52.640 --> 00:23:56.519
beyond Neptune, and it changes their orbits. That's that's the

412
00:23:56.559 --> 00:24:00.319
thinking why some astronomers believe that planet nine exists. Some

413
00:24:00.559 --> 00:24:03.519
believe it doesn't exist as well. Talk to one earlier

414
00:24:03.559 --> 00:24:06.799
in the year who was a planetary scientist who said, no,

415
00:24:07.079 --> 00:24:11.480
it's probably in the sky. So you've got very different opinions.

416
00:24:11.720 --> 00:24:17.359
But anyway that you know that that idea of planet

417
00:24:17.440 --> 00:24:21.079
nine being part of this part of this new population

418
00:24:21.119 --> 00:24:23.480
of Copper Belt objects, I think it's too far away

419
00:24:23.799 --> 00:24:27.000
to be included with in what is being considered here.

420
00:24:27.519 --> 00:24:30.640
Yeah, but it's certainly a great discovery that the Kype

421
00:24:30.680 --> 00:24:34.599
Belt might be bigger and contain a lot more objects

422
00:24:34.599 --> 00:24:35.440
than we ever thought.

423
00:24:35.559 --> 00:24:37.680
So probably a lot.

424
00:24:37.559 --> 00:24:39.359
More to learn and a lot more to talk about

425
00:24:39.400 --> 00:24:42.079
going forward, and you can find out more about it

426
00:24:42.559 --> 00:24:45.359
when they publish. I think there's a couple of papers

427
00:24:45.359 --> 00:24:49.359
on this which will be published in the planetary science journal.

428
00:24:55.160 --> 00:24:56.160
Space Nuts.

429
00:24:56.920 --> 00:25:00.440
Okay, moving on from the Kuiper Belt to a little

430
00:25:00.519 --> 00:25:04.160
rock closer to its parent star, and that is a

431
00:25:04.200 --> 00:25:08.759
planet called Mars. And one of the things that gets

432
00:25:08.839 --> 00:25:11.519
people scratching their heads about Mars is what happened to

433
00:25:11.599 --> 00:25:14.880
the water, what happened to the atmosphere? You know, what

434
00:25:14.920 --> 00:25:19.960
happened all the dogs and cats that lived there. But

435
00:25:20.519 --> 00:25:22.440
we may have an answer on the water issue.

436
00:25:23.599 --> 00:25:26.400
Yes, that's right, And again this is a really nice

437
00:25:26.440 --> 00:25:32.119
collaboration between very well known facilities, and that both NASA facilities.

438
00:25:32.119 --> 00:25:36.240
In this case, NASA has a spacecrafting orbit around Mars.

439
00:25:36.359 --> 00:25:39.039
It's got a number of space crafting orbits around Mars,

440
00:25:39.599 --> 00:25:43.319
but one of them is Marvin or MAVEN, which is

441
00:25:43.359 --> 00:25:48.359
an acronym for Mars atmosphere and volatile evolution. So as

442
00:25:48.480 --> 00:25:52.039
the name implies, Maven is looking at the atmosphere of Mars.

443
00:25:52.759 --> 00:25:55.440
And one of the reasons why Maven was set to Mars,

444
00:25:55.440 --> 00:25:57.160
and in fact it's probably the best part of the

445
00:25:57.279 --> 00:26:00.279
decade ago, it's quite a long time ago. The reason

446
00:26:00.319 --> 00:26:03.599
for that was to look at exactly what we're talking about,

447
00:26:03.640 --> 00:26:11.599
the prospect of atoms leaving Mars's atmosphere, and the I

448
00:26:11.640 --> 00:26:15.799
guess the main culprit, especially if you're thinking about water,

449
00:26:16.599 --> 00:26:21.160
is hydrogen, because water is hydrogen and oxygen. We think

450
00:26:21.200 --> 00:26:24.200
one of the reasons why Mars has lost its water

451
00:26:24.960 --> 00:26:32.400
is is because of the dissociation of water into hydrogen

452
00:26:32.440 --> 00:26:36.839
and oxygen, and the hydrogen basically escapes from Mars's atmosphere,

453
00:26:36.920 --> 00:26:41.480
and that has been kind of demonstrated already by Maven.

454
00:26:42.720 --> 00:26:47.960
But there is an issue with the observations, and it

455
00:26:48.079 --> 00:26:54.039
is because during the Martian I think it's the northern

456
00:26:54.039 --> 00:27:00.599
hemisphere winter, it's Mars. Just to step back, I mean Mars.

457
00:27:01.400 --> 00:27:04.480
Mars has and orbits which is much less circular than

458
00:27:04.519 --> 00:27:09.319
the US orbits. It's highly elliptical, quite quite elongated. So

459
00:27:09.519 --> 00:27:13.799
for part of the year, Mars is significantly further away

460
00:27:13.799 --> 00:27:17.680
from the Sun and it is at other times of

461
00:27:17.720 --> 00:27:23.839
the year. And what happens is this spreading of hydrogen

462
00:27:23.880 --> 00:27:28.440
into space from Mars's a par atmosphere. Actually, in that period,

463
00:27:28.440 --> 00:27:30.640
when Mars is a long way away, it becomes too

464
00:27:30.720 --> 00:27:37.279
faint for Maven to see, and that is why the

465
00:27:37.680 --> 00:27:41.279
mission scientists have turned to the Hubble Space Telescope, another

466
00:27:41.359 --> 00:27:46.200
NASA facility which can see Mars pretty clearly and is

467
00:27:46.279 --> 00:27:50.759
able to actually provide data on the hydrogen escaping from

468
00:27:50.799 --> 00:27:52.839
Mars back to nineteen ninety one.

469
00:27:53.000 --> 00:27:55.119
Actually, and in fact, I've just.

470
00:27:55.200 --> 00:27:58.079
Seen that Maven arrived at Mars in twenty fourteen, so

471
00:27:58.119 --> 00:28:00.359
I guess of it being the best part of ten

472
00:28:00.440 --> 00:28:04.200
years was right about spot on. Now there's a subtlety

473
00:28:04.240 --> 00:28:07.079
to this though, that I just must mention, because it's

474
00:28:07.079 --> 00:28:10.240
not just the ordinary hydrogen that the.

475
00:28:10.200 --> 00:28:11.480
Hubble is helping out with.

476
00:28:12.039 --> 00:28:15.599
It is deuterium, the heavy hydrogen. And you and I

477
00:28:15.599 --> 00:28:21.359
have spoken about this before, that heavy hydrogen has an

478
00:28:21.400 --> 00:28:25.640
additional neutron, which means its mass is about twice A

479
00:28:25.720 --> 00:28:30.559
massive hydrogenism is about twice what it is normal hydrogen.

480
00:28:30.599 --> 00:28:33.359
We call it deuterium, sometimes called it heavy hydrogen, but

481
00:28:33.400 --> 00:28:37.960
we call it deuterium. If that combines with water, sorry

482
00:28:38.000 --> 00:28:41.200
with oxygen, then you get heavy water. And it's the

483
00:28:41.319 --> 00:28:45.519
ratio between these two that is the clue to what

484
00:28:45.720 --> 00:28:49.880
might have happened to Mars's oceans in the distant past.

485
00:28:50.079 --> 00:28:52.880
And so these scientists what they're doing is they're looking

486
00:28:52.920 --> 00:28:57.039
at the ratio of hydrogen to deuterium in the gas

487
00:28:57.039 --> 00:29:00.960
that is leaving Mars at present that it's a bit

488
00:29:01.079 --> 00:29:04.400
like carbon fourteen. Dating from that, it can work out,

489
00:29:04.519 --> 00:29:08.039
you know, how early in Mars is history that water left,

490
00:29:08.079 --> 00:29:13.240
how long, how long it's been.

491
00:29:11.839 --> 00:29:12.960
Being lost from Mars.

492
00:29:13.240 --> 00:29:16.359
So they can they can do the calculations backwards and

493
00:29:16.480 --> 00:29:21.319
see how long that's right, and the calculation that's it incredible.

494
00:29:21.400 --> 00:29:27.640
And so they've they've basically confirmed that it's this deuterium

495
00:29:28.119 --> 00:29:32.519
that's zipping out into the No, it's it's it's heavier,

496
00:29:32.559 --> 00:29:32.880
isn't it.

497
00:29:32.960 --> 00:29:36.200
So it's yes, so so he probably does.

498
00:29:36.839 --> 00:29:40.160
Yeah, it's the heavy stuff probably stays stays closer to

499
00:29:40.240 --> 00:29:43.319
Mars than the light stuff. Right, but you've got to

500
00:29:43.519 --> 00:29:45.359
it's the ratio of the two of them that you're.

501
00:29:45.240 --> 00:29:48.400
Really interested in, and that's what's telling the tail.

502
00:29:49.839 --> 00:29:52.759
That is what's telling the tale. That's right, as is

503
00:29:52.759 --> 00:29:54.440
it phiz puts it.

504
00:29:54.720 --> 00:29:57.480
Ye, Measuring the ratio today gives scientists a clue as

505
00:29:57.519 --> 00:29:59.839
to how much water was present during the warm wet.

506
00:29:59.720 --> 00:30:00.720
Period on Mars.

507
00:30:01.119 --> 00:30:06.039
Fascinating. Yeah wow, all right, so we yeah, it's been

508
00:30:06.079 --> 00:30:11.440
sort of zipping off into the ether basically. Yeah, yes,

509
00:30:12.759 --> 00:30:15.559
and it's still happening by the description you gave.

510
00:30:16.160 --> 00:30:16.680
That's correact.

511
00:30:16.799 --> 00:30:19.640
Yes, yeah, look, I'll read the next sentence to that,

512
00:30:19.720 --> 00:30:22.480
because it's beautifully put by a phizz dot org. By

513
00:30:22.480 --> 00:30:25.400
studying how these atoms currently escape, they can understand the

514
00:30:25.440 --> 00:30:28.319
processes that determine the escape rate over the last four

515
00:30:28.319 --> 00:30:32.119
billion years, and thereby extrapol aid back in time the

516
00:30:32.440 --> 00:30:35.599
nastly done. Indeed, I think I think actually that might

517
00:30:35.640 --> 00:30:38.519
be enough suppress release rather than a phystal org article.

518
00:30:39.240 --> 00:30:41.720
Okay, but you can read it on fizz dot org.

519
00:30:41.759 --> 00:30:47.319
You can also read the study in science advances that

520
00:30:47.319 --> 00:30:50.519
brings us to the end of this episode. Thank you

521
00:30:50.559 --> 00:30:51.160
so much. Fred.

522
00:30:52.079 --> 00:30:54.799
Oh it's a pleasure, Andrew. We should do it again sometime.

523
00:30:54.920 --> 00:30:55.880
We probably will in.

524
00:30:55.880 --> 00:30:59.559
A few minutes, will soon in a few days. Yes,

525
00:31:00.480 --> 00:31:03.400
thank you Fred, Professor Fred Watson, Astronomer at Large. And

526
00:31:03.440 --> 00:31:06.400
thanks to Hugh in the studio for being Hugh in

527
00:31:06.440 --> 00:31:08.920
the studio and no one else can be Hugh in

528
00:31:08.960 --> 00:31:12.359
the studio. I can tell you that for free and

529
00:31:12.400 --> 00:31:16.559
from me Andrew Ugley. Thanks for listening in to another episode.

530
00:31:16.839 --> 00:31:19.880
Don't forget to leave some reviews and check our social

531
00:31:19.920 --> 00:31:22.119
media and our website while you're at it, and we

532
00:31:22.200 --> 00:31:25.480
will catch you again soon on another episode of Space Nuts.

533
00:31:26.000 --> 00:31:29.880
Bye bye, Scenuts. You'll be listening to the Space Nuts

534
00:31:29.920 --> 00:31:37.279
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535
00:31:37.279 --> 00:31:38.200
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536
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537
00:31:41.680 --> 00:31:47.039
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