Sept. 16, 2024
#452: Early Universe Mysteries, Galactic Demise & Dark Matter Interactions
This episode of Space Nuts is brought to you by Incogni...looking after your online privacy with no hassles. To check out our special Space Nuts deal, visit https://www.incogni.com/spacenuts
Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this...
Spotify 
Apple Podcasts 
Youtube Music 
iHeartRadio 
Spreaker 
PocketCasts 
YouTube 
Goodpods 
Amazon Music 
TuneIn 
Overcast 
JioSaavn 
Castro 
RSS Feed This episode of Space Nuts is brought to you by Incogni...looking after your online privacy with no hassles. To check out our special Space Nuts deal, visit www.incogni.com/spacenuts
Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this engaging Q&A episode of Space Nuts, where they tackle intriguing questions from our listeners about the universe, galaxies, the origin of life, and dark matter.
Episode Highlights:
- The Older Universe: Bob from Florida asks about the appearance of galaxies in the older parts of the universe and their spatial relationships over time.
- Galaxies and Black Holes: Shaun from British Columbia inquires if all galaxies will eventually be consumed by their central supermassive black holes.
- Origin of Life on Earth: James from Maine discusses the potential for life on Earth to have begun as far back as 4.1 billion years ago and the implications for finding microbial life elsewhere in our solar system.
- Dark Matter Interactions: Michael from Illinois questions whether dark matter interacts with itself gravitationally.
Chapters:
- 00:00:00 - Space nuts asks you to send us questions and we try to answer them
- 00:02:03 - Bob says galaxies that far away should be closer together with expanding universe
- 00:05:57 - Are all galaxies eventually going to get sucked into their central supermassive black holes
- 00:08:32 - There is tantalising evidence that life may have begun on earth 4.1 billion years ago
- 00:15:25 - Michael: Does dark matter gravitationally interact with itself
For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed, visit our website at spacenutspodcast.com. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube Music, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform. For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com. Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts/support. Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
WEBVTT
1
00:00:00.360 --> 00:00:03.040
Hello once again. This is Space Nuts. It's a Q
2
00:00:03.200 --> 00:00:06.799
and A edition. You know what that means. We ask
3
00:00:07.200 --> 00:00:11.080
nothing and you do the rest. All we ask of
4
00:00:11.160 --> 00:00:13.839
you is to send us questions, and you do do that,
5
00:00:13.960 --> 00:00:16.600
and we try to answer them, including a question from
6
00:00:16.640 --> 00:00:22.839
Bob about the older universe, which Fred remembers. Sean has
7
00:00:22.879 --> 00:00:26.920
a question about galaxies and their demise, James is talking
8
00:00:26.920 --> 00:00:30.640
about the origin of life on Earth, and Michael does
9
00:00:30.839 --> 00:00:35.200
dark matter interact with itself? Those are the questions that
10
00:00:35.280 --> 00:00:37.880
we'll be tackling today on a Q and A edition
11
00:00:38.439 --> 00:00:45.479
of Space Nuts fifteen in Channel ten nine ignition sequence
12
00:00:46.119 --> 00:00:47.399
Space Nuts NI.
13
00:00:47.799 --> 00:00:53.439
Or three two more review once Space Nuts as the
14
00:00:53.560 --> 00:00:54.079
Night Report.
15
00:00:54.119 --> 00:00:57.159
It Bill's good, he's back again for more. His name
16
00:00:57.320 --> 00:01:00.560
is Professor Fred. What's an hello? Fred? Hello?
17
00:01:00.960 --> 00:01:03.840
And his name is Professor Andrew Dunkley.
18
00:01:04.519 --> 00:01:06.760
I don't think I'll ever get that kind of title.
19
00:01:07.359 --> 00:01:08.640
Sir Andrew Dunkley. How's that?
20
00:01:09.519 --> 00:01:09.719
Yeah?
21
00:01:10.439 --> 00:01:11.319
What Jordy like that?
22
00:01:12.120 --> 00:01:14.519
Now he's barking mad about the idea. That's what's.
23
00:01:17.319 --> 00:01:19.840
Barking. Mutual stuff They can tell you, yeah.
24
00:01:19.480 --> 00:01:22.079
Oh yes, well you know it's a terrier, isn't he.
25
00:01:22.239 --> 00:01:23.959
All terrors are barking mad.
26
00:01:24.879 --> 00:01:28.280
Well, yes, no, no, he's barking, but he's a poodle.
27
00:01:29.040 --> 00:01:33.200
A poodle. Oh yeah, well there they are a similar ilk. Yes,
28
00:01:33.719 --> 00:01:36.799
I think all those kinds of dogs suffer from small
29
00:01:36.879 --> 00:01:43.599
dog syndrome. That's what. It's just angry because they're tiny. Yes,
30
00:01:43.640 --> 00:01:46.120
that's just a theory, not a dog person. So I
31
00:01:46.159 --> 00:01:50.120
don't know. So we try to answer some questions.
32
00:01:50.159 --> 00:01:52.560
Right, I thought we're just gonna have a chat.
33
00:01:52.640 --> 00:01:55.640
But well we can do that. We can about dogs,
34
00:01:56.280 --> 00:02:00.920
about dogs and dogs and cats living together, or we
35
00:02:00.959 --> 00:02:03.079
can answer this question from Bob.
36
00:02:03.239 --> 00:02:07.560
Gentlemen, I'm Bob from Central Florida and the United States.
37
00:02:07.799 --> 00:02:10.840
It occurs to me that as we look back at
38
00:02:10.840 --> 00:02:14.520
the older and older parts of the universe, it seems
39
00:02:14.560 --> 00:02:19.039
that the galaxies that far away should be farther back
40
00:02:19.080 --> 00:02:20.680
in time but closer together.
41
00:02:21.080 --> 00:02:22.599
Does that make sense from our.
42
00:02:22.520 --> 00:02:26.199
Perspective, This is the surface of a sphere far away,
43
00:02:26.319 --> 00:02:28.680
and we're at the center of it. And yet back
44
00:02:28.719 --> 00:02:32.639
then the universe hadn't been expanding as long. Thank you
45
00:02:32.759 --> 00:02:36.199
very much, Thank you, Bob. Sounds like it was at
46
00:02:36.199 --> 00:02:38.120
the mall. I could hear music in the background.
47
00:02:40.520 --> 00:02:43.439
I'm not I've listened to the question a few times.
48
00:02:43.439 --> 00:02:45.840
I'm just I'm not quite sure where he's coming from,
49
00:02:45.879 --> 00:02:51.879
and maybe it's just me, But what's the question about Fred? Well, no,
50
00:02:51.879 --> 00:02:53.599
no offense, Bob. I'm not having a crack at you
51
00:02:53.599 --> 00:02:53.800
of it.
52
00:02:54.400 --> 00:02:58.319
No, Bob, Bob's right. So what Bub's saying is, Okay,
53
00:02:58.439 --> 00:03:01.919
we live in a universe thirty point eight billion years old.
54
00:03:02.000 --> 00:03:05.479
It's been expanding for the whole of that time, and
55
00:03:05.599 --> 00:03:08.599
now we have the capability with the James Web telescope
56
00:03:08.639 --> 00:03:12.360
and other things coming on stream before too long to
57
00:03:12.439 --> 00:03:17.680
see back probably thirteen billion of those years. You know,
58
00:03:17.759 --> 00:03:24.159
we can see very early galaxies. And so Bob's comment is, Okay,
59
00:03:23.960 --> 00:03:29.360
the universe is expanded by a large fraction by over
60
00:03:29.400 --> 00:03:33.599
that time, you know, factors like twenty something like that,
61
00:03:33.759 --> 00:03:38.120
twelve to twenty thereabouts. Shouldn't the galaxies look closer together?
62
00:03:39.240 --> 00:03:44.439
And they do. They do, but it's a little bit
63
00:03:44.479 --> 00:03:50.199
more subtle because the way we know there they look
64
00:03:50.240 --> 00:03:53.800
closer together. Wait till you get this one. Oh boy,
65
00:03:54.000 --> 00:03:57.759
if you thought Bob's comment was strange, gets even stranger.
66
00:03:58.560 --> 00:04:03.919
The galaxies actually look bigger with the expanding universe. You
67
00:04:04.000 --> 00:04:08.800
look further back in time and eventually, I mean, galaxies
68
00:04:08.840 --> 00:04:11.360
start to look smaller, as smaller as you look out
69
00:04:11.400 --> 00:04:13.919
in the distance. Do you expect that that's the way
70
00:04:13.960 --> 00:04:19.240
everything works in normal space? But the universe isn't normal space.
71
00:04:19.279 --> 00:04:22.600
It's been expanding and it's got curious properties, and you
72
00:04:22.680 --> 00:04:24.800
get to a certain point, which I don't think we've
73
00:04:24.879 --> 00:04:28.120
actually reached yet. I'm not sure that this is something
74
00:04:28.160 --> 00:04:32.399
that's been proven. But the theory says that the galaxies
75
00:04:32.399 --> 00:04:37.879
should look bigger, and that's because they're closer together. So
76
00:04:38.279 --> 00:04:41.319
what it is is the space between them is smaller,
77
00:04:41.879 --> 00:04:46.160
and that means the galaxies look and it sounds completely cockeyed,
78
00:04:46.639 --> 00:04:50.199
but that is what the relativistic model of the universe telligence.
79
00:04:51.120 --> 00:04:57.000
So what's the enter? The answer is Bob's right, all right, Okay, Well,
80
00:04:57.079 --> 00:05:00.079
Dan bollm I.
81
00:05:00.160 --> 00:05:02.319
Was in Florida not that long ago, and it was great.
82
00:05:03.360 --> 00:05:03.720
Yeah.
83
00:05:03.759 --> 00:05:04.399
I love Florida.
84
00:05:04.480 --> 00:05:05.519
We'll be there next year.
85
00:05:06.079 --> 00:05:07.800
As a matter of fact, lucky you.
86
00:05:08.240 --> 00:05:13.360
I think we go in March. Yes, although I'm a
87
00:05:13.360 --> 00:05:16.439
little bit confused because we've got we're going to Miami
88
00:05:17.680 --> 00:05:18.680
via Vancouver.
89
00:05:19.279 --> 00:05:22.680
Oh yeah, figure Funnily enough, that's what we did.
90
00:05:23.800 --> 00:05:25.360
That's that's the long haul.
91
00:05:25.959 --> 00:05:29.319
Yes, but we had a fortnight in between them. A.
92
00:05:29.600 --> 00:05:33.800
Right, We've done Vancouver, so we're just going to jump
93
00:05:33.839 --> 00:05:35.399
off one plane and jump onto the other.
94
00:05:37.519 --> 00:05:38.199
Lovely city.
95
00:05:38.439 --> 00:05:41.800
It is beautiful. The Vancouver Marathon was on while we
96
00:05:41.800 --> 00:05:42.120
were there.
97
00:05:42.279 --> 00:05:45.439
Okay, yeah, so I got to how to go. I
98
00:05:45.519 --> 00:05:45.879
got to.
99
00:05:45.839 --> 00:05:49.879
Watch because it was just behind our hotel. It was
100
00:05:49.920 --> 00:05:52.720
lovely and went through the park and had to look around.
101
00:05:52.839 --> 00:05:53.879
It's beautiful city.
102
00:05:54.000 --> 00:05:59.000
Beautiful. Thank you Bob for your question. Our next question
103
00:05:59.240 --> 00:06:04.360
comes from Sean speaking of Canadia. He's from British Columbia.
104
00:06:05.480 --> 00:06:10.959
All question, All, are all galaxies eventually going to get
105
00:06:11.000 --> 00:06:15.199
sacked into their central super massive black holes? If so,
106
00:06:16.000 --> 00:06:21.639
then what or then what could the inflection?
107
00:06:21.800 --> 00:06:23.439
Right? I think then what is correct?
108
00:06:23.439 --> 00:06:23.639
Then?
109
00:06:23.680 --> 00:06:30.959
What as in now? What? Yeah? No, probably not because
110
00:06:31.040 --> 00:06:34.920
black holes they do suck stuff in, but only if
111
00:06:34.959 --> 00:06:38.399
it happens to be kind of lying around. Yeah, and
112
00:06:38.480 --> 00:06:40.399
so a black hole compared with the size of a
113
00:06:40.480 --> 00:06:43.959
galaxy is very very small. So I think what will
114
00:06:44.000 --> 00:06:48.879
happen in the longer term is galaxies will lose all
115
00:06:48.879 --> 00:06:51.879
the hydrogen fuel because that will go into making stars.
116
00:06:52.240 --> 00:06:55.800
Stars will live their lives, they'll create heavy elements. They'll
117
00:06:55.800 --> 00:06:58.439
blow up and either create black holes or white dwarfs
118
00:06:58.480 --> 00:07:00.480
or neutron stars or one of the ends products of
119
00:07:00.519 --> 00:07:04.319
stellar evolution, and eventually they'll just become dark. They'll run
120
00:07:04.360 --> 00:07:07.759
out of energy, they'll become cold and dark, but not
121
00:07:07.839 --> 00:07:11.839
necessarily getting sucked into the super massive black hole. They
122
00:07:11.879 --> 00:07:14.279
may well just orbit around it and continue doing that
123
00:07:14.800 --> 00:07:17.120
until the big rip occurs or whatever is going to
124
00:07:17.160 --> 00:07:19.560
happen to space time with the expanding universe.
125
00:07:20.319 --> 00:07:21.279
Or they can GiB.
126
00:07:21.879 --> 00:07:26.600
They can have GiB. That's right, Okay, well that's it,
127
00:07:26.680 --> 00:07:26.800
is it?
128
00:07:27.800 --> 00:07:28.560
Yeah? Yeah?
129
00:07:28.639 --> 00:07:33.360
I mean, we see galaxies which have been which are
130
00:07:33.360 --> 00:07:36.319
devoid of their hydrogen fuel. We call them elliptical galaxies
131
00:07:36.360 --> 00:07:39.279
because they're quite different from the spiral galaxies. They're blobs
132
00:07:39.319 --> 00:07:43.759
of stars shaped like a football, elongated quite often, and
133
00:07:44.720 --> 00:07:48.399
they they don't have any star formation going on in them,
134
00:07:48.439 --> 00:07:51.000
not much gas to speak of, probably a super massive
135
00:07:51.040 --> 00:07:53.560
black hole at the middle, but not doing much in
136
00:07:53.680 --> 00:07:56.639
terms of eating stuff up because it's all it's eating
137
00:07:56.680 --> 00:08:00.040
it all up what's available, and its surrounded by a
138
00:08:00.120 --> 00:08:02.600
retinue of stars that it can't touch because they're too
139
00:08:02.639 --> 00:08:03.160
far away.
140
00:08:04.279 --> 00:08:09.360
Okay, very good, thank you, Sean. This is Space Nuts
141
00:08:09.480 --> 00:08:14.680
Andrew Dunkley here with Professor Fred Watson. Let's take a
142
00:08:14.720 --> 00:08:16.680
break from the show to tell you about our sponsor,
143
00:08:16.839 --> 00:08:20.360
in Cogny, and I'll be giving you a special space
144
00:08:20.480 --> 00:08:23.759
nuts url so you can get up to sixty percent
145
00:08:23.920 --> 00:08:27.920
off in Cogny. But first, what's in Cogniti all about.
146
00:08:28.879 --> 00:08:31.759
It's a way of cleaning up your online presence and
147
00:08:31.879 --> 00:08:35.000
reducing the risk of your personal information being sold to
148
00:08:35.320 --> 00:08:39.120
unscrupulous people via the dark Web, or just via a
149
00:08:39.200 --> 00:08:43.480
hacker who's trying to fleece you or other people. It's
150
00:08:43.559 --> 00:08:46.679
also a great way to reduce spam emails and spam
151
00:08:46.759 --> 00:08:50.360
phone calls, reduce the risk of identity theft, which is
152
00:08:50.440 --> 00:08:55.159
big business these days. I think most significantly, it greatly
153
00:08:55.320 --> 00:08:59.080
reduces your risk of being scammed, and that is just
154
00:08:59.399 --> 00:09:03.080
such a viral thing that's happening around the world at
155
00:09:03.080 --> 00:09:07.120
the moment. So how does all this work? Well, it's simple.
156
00:09:08.080 --> 00:09:10.240
All you have to do is sign up to in COGNI,
157
00:09:10.360 --> 00:09:13.440
give them permission to act on your behalf and they'll
158
00:09:13.480 --> 00:09:16.440
do the rest. They'll trawl the Internet and remove your
159
00:09:16.480 --> 00:09:19.559
personal information from the web. The stuff that can be
160
00:09:19.600 --> 00:09:25.080
found on search engines, public websites, even private databases. It's
161
00:09:25.120 --> 00:09:28.759
all easily accessible. And let's face it, are you really
162
00:09:28.799 --> 00:09:30.799
going to be able to clean up the entire world
163
00:09:30.840 --> 00:09:35.720
wide web of your personal information by yourself? Right now?
164
00:09:36.000 --> 00:09:40.200
In Cogni is offering a significant discount for space Nuts listeners,
165
00:09:40.279 --> 00:09:42.919
up to sixty percent off and that comes with a
166
00:09:42.960 --> 00:09:47.759
thirty day money back guarantee. Just go to in cogni
167
00:09:48.000 --> 00:09:54.440
dot com slash space nuts. That's I Ncogni, incogni dot
168
00:09:54.480 --> 00:09:59.279
com slash space nuts to find out more. And they
169
00:09:59.320 --> 00:10:03.440
have special for students and graduates as well. Make your
170
00:10:03.440 --> 00:10:08.320
personal information much harder to find online with in Cogny.
171
00:10:08.840 --> 00:10:12.879
Check out all their plans today at incogny dot com
172
00:10:12.919 --> 00:10:20.279
slash space nuts. Now back to the show three Space
173
00:10:20.440 --> 00:10:23.679
Nuts and you're listening to a Q and A edition.
174
00:10:23.919 --> 00:10:27.960
And yes, we love it when you send us your questions,
175
00:10:28.000 --> 00:10:30.679
so you can do that via our website to give
176
00:10:30.720 --> 00:10:32.919
you all the details at the end of the program.
177
00:10:34.000 --> 00:10:38.720
Our next question Fred comes from James. Gooday, gentlemen, this
178
00:10:38.759 --> 00:10:42.200
is James from the Mountains of Me. I have enjoyed
179
00:10:42.240 --> 00:10:46.039
your podcast since your first episode. Please keep doing what
180
00:10:46.120 --> 00:10:46.360
you do.
181
00:10:47.200 --> 00:10:48.080
Here is my question.
182
00:10:48.879 --> 00:10:51.759
I have been reading recently that there is now tantalizing
183
00:10:51.799 --> 00:10:55.159
evidence that life may have begun on Earth as far
184
00:10:55.320 --> 00:10:59.279
back as four point one billion years ago. I believe
185
00:10:59.320 --> 00:11:03.279
this overlad with the heavy bombardment period of our Earth's history.
186
00:11:04.279 --> 00:11:07.919
If this is truly the key, and we find my
187
00:11:08.039 --> 00:11:11.320
croby or life elsewhere in our solar system, is it
188
00:11:11.399 --> 00:11:16.000
possible or perhaps even likely, that it originally came from Earth?
189
00:11:17.120 --> 00:11:19.480
Thanks again for keeping them nerd and me alive.
190
00:11:20.399 --> 00:11:25.759
Our great pleasure, James, and thanks for the question the
191
00:11:25.799 --> 00:11:29.320
origin of life on Earth. There are those that say
192
00:11:29.440 --> 00:11:34.679
it probably came in from all sorts of different sources
193
00:11:34.679 --> 00:11:39.600
and got mixed up in Moila. There we are. Yeah,
194
00:11:40.159 --> 00:11:44.200
it's a tough one to answer, because, yeah, we've got
195
00:11:44.240 --> 00:11:46.799
evidence of life on Earth, but how on Earth did
196
00:11:46.799 --> 00:11:51.759
it actually originate? It needed the right formula, it needed
197
00:11:51.840 --> 00:11:59.360
the right environment, it needed the right substances to mix with. Yeah.
198
00:11:59.519 --> 00:12:02.919
Could it have already been here getting ready to flourish
199
00:12:03.639 --> 00:12:08.240
during the early bombardment? Good question. Yeah.
200
00:12:08.360 --> 00:12:15.360
So, I mean, you know James's postulate that maybe life
201
00:12:16.039 --> 00:12:18.159
was in existence on the Earth as early as four
202
00:12:18.200 --> 00:12:20.960
point one billion years I think that the evidence is
203
00:12:21.000 --> 00:12:24.279
still fairly tenuous on that, but certainly three point eight
204
00:12:24.279 --> 00:12:28.000
billion years there are rocks that show evidence that there
205
00:12:28.080 --> 00:12:31.360
was life there, so it is very old.
206
00:12:32.000 --> 00:12:32.360
Now.
207
00:12:33.440 --> 00:12:38.360
The idea of life coming to Earth from elsewhere is
208
00:12:38.399 --> 00:12:46.240
called the panspermia theory, and that is one that is
209
00:12:46.519 --> 00:12:52.080
not generally favored by astrobiologists. I think most astrologists think
210
00:12:52.440 --> 00:12:55.440
a little bit as James has suggested, that life formed
211
00:12:55.679 --> 00:12:58.759
on the Earth itself because we had the right conditions
212
00:12:58.799 --> 00:13:03.240
and the right prebiotic chemicals, all those organics that we've
213
00:13:03.279 --> 00:13:06.639
already found out in space, the fats and lipids that
214
00:13:06.679 --> 00:13:08.639
you need to hold cell walls together, and all of
215
00:13:08.639 --> 00:13:12.200
that sort of thing. So maybe life did kick off
216
00:13:12.200 --> 00:13:18.000
on Earth if we find it elsewhere, like for example,
217
00:13:19.000 --> 00:13:23.120
Perseverance on some of those little capsules that it's got
218
00:13:23.240 --> 00:13:26.399
left on the planet's surface on Mars. If bringing some
219
00:13:26.440 --> 00:13:30.480
of those back found that yes, there is life, living
220
00:13:30.559 --> 00:13:34.440
organisms in there, or even fossilized ones. If we could
221
00:13:34.519 --> 00:13:37.000
somehow sequence the DNA of those and found that it
222
00:13:37.039 --> 00:13:41.879
had factors in common with life on Earth, then you
223
00:13:41.919 --> 00:13:44.559
could be pretty sure that that's what's happened. That the
224
00:13:44.639 --> 00:13:47.960
late heavy bombardment has stirred things up enough that you've
225
00:13:47.960 --> 00:13:52.440
got life spreading throughout the Solar system. And we're not
226
00:13:52.480 --> 00:13:55.360
at a stage in the history of our exploration of
227
00:13:55.360 --> 00:13:59.120
the Solar system that we can yet say that we've
228
00:13:59.120 --> 00:14:03.279
still got a long waist. But it is possible that
229
00:14:03.279 --> 00:14:05.519
that might turn out to be the case. So it's
230
00:14:05.600 --> 00:14:08.039
not impossible, James, it's a good suggestion.
231
00:14:08.559 --> 00:14:11.759
Yeah, I just want to follow up on his suggestion
232
00:14:11.919 --> 00:14:14.960
that life could have been in existence four point one
233
00:14:15.039 --> 00:14:17.679
billion years ago, and you're saying, well, no, probably not
234
00:14:17.799 --> 00:14:20.080
that far back, but three point eight three point seven
235
00:14:20.799 --> 00:14:23.159
It doesn't sound like that's a big gap, but I
236
00:14:23.200 --> 00:14:27.039
suppose it realistically is in terms of the development.
237
00:14:26.600 --> 00:14:29.600
Of life three hundred million years Yeah, well it's not. No,
238
00:14:29.679 --> 00:14:35.360
you're right, because life didn't do much until only it
239
00:14:35.399 --> 00:14:39.279
still doesn't well, you know, in terms of evolution.
240
00:14:39.759 --> 00:14:41.799
Oh right, it.
241
00:14:41.759 --> 00:14:44.279
Didn't do much until about seven hundred million years ago
242
00:14:44.279 --> 00:14:47.039
when we started getting all these multi celled organisms. So
1
00:00:00.360 --> 00:00:03.040
2
00:00:03.200 --> 00:00:06.799
3
00:00:07.200 --> 00:00:11.080
4
00:00:11.160 --> 00:00:13.839
5
00:00:13.960 --> 00:00:16.600
6
00:00:16.640 --> 00:00:22.839
7
00:00:22.879 --> 00:00:26.920
8
00:00:26.920 --> 00:00:30.640
9
00:00:30.839 --> 00:00:35.200
10
00:00:35.280 --> 00:00:37.880
11
00:00:38.439 --> 00:00:45.479
12
00:00:46.119 --> 00:00:47.399
13
00:00:47.799 --> 00:00:53.439
14
00:00:53.560 --> 00:00:54.079
15
00:00:54.119 --> 00:00:57.159
16
00:00:57.320 --> 00:01:00.560
17
00:01:00.960 --> 00:01:03.840
18
00:01:04.519 --> 00:01:06.760
19
00:01:07.359 --> 00:01:08.640
20
00:01:09.519 --> 00:01:09.719
21
00:01:10.439 --> 00:01:11.319
22
00:01:12.120 --> 00:01:14.519
23
00:01:17.319 --> 00:01:19.840
24
00:01:19.480 --> 00:01:22.079
25
00:01:22.239 --> 00:01:23.959
26
00:01:24.879 --> 00:01:28.280
27
00:01:29.040 --> 00:01:33.200
28
00:01:33.719 --> 00:01:36.799
29
00:01:36.879 --> 00:01:43.599
30
00:01:43.640 --> 00:01:46.120
31
00:01:46.159 --> 00:01:50.120
32
00:01:50.159 --> 00:01:52.560
33
00:01:52.640 --> 00:01:55.640
34
00:01:56.280 --> 00:02:00.920
35
00:02:00.959 --> 00:02:03.079
36
00:02:03.239 --> 00:02:07.560
37
00:02:07.799 --> 00:02:10.840
38
00:02:10.840 --> 00:02:14.520
39
00:02:14.560 --> 00:02:19.039
40
00:02:19.080 --> 00:02:20.680
41
00:02:21.080 --> 00:02:22.599
42
00:02:22.520 --> 00:02:26.199
43
00:02:26.319 --> 00:02:28.680
44
00:02:28.719 --> 00:02:32.639
45
00:02:32.759 --> 00:02:36.199
46
00:02:36.199 --> 00:02:38.120
47
00:02:40.520 --> 00:02:43.439
48
00:02:43.439 --> 00:02:45.840
49
00:02:45.879 --> 00:02:51.879
50
00:02:51.879 --> 00:02:53.599
51
00:02:53.599 --> 00:02:53.800
52
00:02:54.400 --> 00:02:58.319
53
00:02:58.439 --> 00:03:01.919
54
00:03:02.000 --> 00:03:05.479
55
00:03:05.599 --> 00:03:08.599
56
00:03:08.639 --> 00:03:12.360
57
00:03:12.439 --> 00:03:17.680
58
00:03:17.759 --> 00:03:24.159
59
00:03:23.960 --> 00:03:29.360
60
00:03:29.400 --> 00:03:33.599
61
00:03:33.759 --> 00:03:38.120
62
00:03:39.240 --> 00:03:44.439
63
00:03:44.479 --> 00:03:50.199
64
00:03:50.240 --> 00:03:53.800
65
00:03:54.000 --> 00:03:57.759
66
00:03:58.560 --> 00:04:03.919
67
00:04:04.000 --> 00:04:08.800
68
00:04:08.840 --> 00:04:11.360
69
00:04:11.400 --> 00:04:13.919
70
00:04:13.960 --> 00:04:19.240
71
00:04:19.279 --> 00:04:22.600
72
00:04:22.680 --> 00:04:24.800
73
00:04:24.879 --> 00:04:28.120
74
00:04:28.160 --> 00:04:32.399
75
00:04:32.399 --> 00:04:37.879
76
00:04:38.279 --> 00:04:41.319
77
00:04:41.879 --> 00:04:46.160
78
00:04:46.639 --> 00:04:50.199
79
00:04:51.120 --> 00:04:57.000
80
00:04:57.079 --> 00:05:00.079
81
00:05:00.160 --> 00:05:02.319
82
00:05:03.360 --> 00:05:03.720
83
00:05:03.759 --> 00:05:04.399
84
00:05:04.480 --> 00:05:05.519
85
00:05:06.079 --> 00:05:07.800
86
00:05:08.240 --> 00:05:13.360
87
00:05:13.360 --> 00:05:16.439
88
00:05:17.680 --> 00:05:18.680
89
00:05:19.279 --> 00:05:22.680
90
00:05:23.800 --> 00:05:25.360
91
00:05:25.959 --> 00:05:29.319
92
00:05:29.600 --> 00:05:33.800
93
00:05:33.839 --> 00:05:35.399
94
00:05:37.519 --> 00:05:38.199
95
00:05:38.439 --> 00:05:41.800
96
00:05:41.800 --> 00:05:42.120
97
00:05:42.279 --> 00:05:45.439
98
00:05:45.519 --> 00:05:45.879
99
00:05:45.839 --> 00:05:49.879
100
00:05:49.920 --> 00:05:52.720
101
00:05:52.839 --> 00:05:53.879
102
00:05:54.000 --> 00:05:59.000
103
00:05:59.240 --> 00:06:04.360
104
00:06:05.480 --> 00:06:10.959
105
00:06:11.000 --> 00:06:15.199
106
00:06:16.000 --> 00:06:21.639
107
00:06:21.800 --> 00:06:23.439
108
00:06:23.439 --> 00:06:23.639
109
00:06:23.680 --> 00:06:30.959
110
00:06:31.040 --> 00:06:34.920
111
00:06:34.959 --> 00:06:38.399
112
00:06:38.480 --> 00:06:40.399
113
00:06:40.480 --> 00:06:43.959
114
00:06:44.000 --> 00:06:48.879
115
00:06:48.879 --> 00:06:51.879
116
00:06:52.240 --> 00:06:55.800
117
00:06:55.800 --> 00:06:58.439
118
00:06:58.480 --> 00:07:00.480
119
00:07:00.519 --> 00:07:04.319
120
00:07:04.360 --> 00:07:07.759
121
00:07:07.839 --> 00:07:11.839
122
00:07:11.879 --> 00:07:14.279
123
00:07:14.800 --> 00:07:17.120
124
00:07:17.160 --> 00:07:19.560
125
00:07:20.319 --> 00:07:21.279
126
00:07:21.879 --> 00:07:26.600
127
00:07:26.680 --> 00:07:26.800
128
00:07:27.800 --> 00:07:28.560
129
00:07:28.639 --> 00:07:33.360
130
00:07:33.360 --> 00:07:36.319
131
00:07:36.360 --> 00:07:39.279
132
00:07:39.319 --> 00:07:43.759
133
00:07:44.720 --> 00:07:48.399
134
00:07:48.439 --> 00:07:51.000
135
00:07:51.040 --> 00:07:53.560
136
00:07:53.680 --> 00:07:56.639
137
00:07:56.680 --> 00:08:00.040
138
00:08:00.120 --> 00:08:02.600
139
00:08:02.639 --> 00:08:03.160
140
00:08:04.279 --> 00:08:09.360
141
00:08:09.480 --> 00:08:14.680
142
00:08:14.720 --> 00:08:16.680
143
00:08:16.839 --> 00:08:20.360
144
00:08:20.480 --> 00:08:23.759
145
00:08:23.920 --> 00:08:27.920
146
00:08:28.879 --> 00:08:31.759
147
00:08:31.879 --> 00:08:35.000
148
00:08:35.320 --> 00:08:39.120
149
00:08:39.200 --> 00:08:43.480
150
00:08:43.559 --> 00:08:46.679
151
00:08:46.759 --> 00:08:50.360
152
00:08:50.440 --> 00:08:55.159
153
00:08:55.320 --> 00:08:59.080
154
00:08:59.399 --> 00:09:03.080
155
00:09:03.080 --> 00:09:07.120
156
00:09:08.080 --> 00:09:10.240
157
00:09:10.360 --> 00:09:13.440
158
00:09:13.480 --> 00:09:16.440
159
00:09:16.480 --> 00:09:19.559
160
00:09:19.600 --> 00:09:25.080
161
00:09:25.120 --> 00:09:28.759
162
00:09:28.799 --> 00:09:30.799
163
00:09:30.840 --> 00:09:35.720
164
00:09:36.000 --> 00:09:40.200
165
00:09:40.279 --> 00:09:42.919
166
00:09:42.960 --> 00:09:47.759
167
00:09:48.000 --> 00:09:54.440
168
00:09:54.480 --> 00:09:59.279
169
00:09:59.320 --> 00:10:03.440
170
00:10:03.440 --> 00:10:08.320
171
00:10:08.840 --> 00:10:12.879
172
00:10:12.919 --> 00:10:20.279
173
00:10:20.440 --> 00:10:23.679
174
00:10:23.919 --> 00:10:27.960
175
00:10:28.000 --> 00:10:30.679
176
00:10:30.720 --> 00:10:32.919
177
00:10:34.000 --> 00:10:38.720
178
00:10:38.759 --> 00:10:42.200
179
00:10:42.240 --> 00:10:46.039
180
00:10:46.120 --> 00:10:46.360
181
00:10:47.200 --> 00:10:48.080
182
00:10:48.879 --> 00:10:51.759
183
00:10:51.799 --> 00:10:55.159
184
00:10:55.320 --> 00:10:59.279
185
00:10:59.320 --> 00:11:03.279
186
00:11:04.279 --> 00:11:07.919
187
00:11:08.039 --> 00:11:11.320
188
00:11:11.399 --> 00:11:16.000
189
00:11:17.120 --> 00:11:19.480
190
00:11:20.399 --> 00:11:25.759
191
00:11:25.799 --> 00:11:29.320
192
00:11:29.440 --> 00:11:34.679
193
00:11:34.679 --> 00:11:39.600
194
00:11:40.159 --> 00:11:44.200
195
00:11:44.240 --> 00:11:46.799
196
00:11:46.799 --> 00:11:51.759
197
00:11:51.840 --> 00:11:59.360
198
00:11:59.519 --> 00:12:02.919
199
00:12:03.639 --> 00:12:08.240
200
00:12:08.360 --> 00:12:15.360
201
00:12:16.039 --> 00:12:18.159
202
00:12:18.200 --> 00:12:20.960
203
00:12:21.000 --> 00:12:24.279
204
00:12:24.279 --> 00:12:28.000
205
00:12:28.080 --> 00:12:31.360
206
00:12:32.000 --> 00:12:32.360
207
00:12:33.440 --> 00:12:38.360
208
00:12:38.399 --> 00:12:46.240
209
00:12:46.519 --> 00:12:52.080
210
00:12:52.440 --> 00:12:55.440
211
00:12:55.679 --> 00:12:58.759
212
00:12:58.799 --> 00:13:03.240
213
00:13:03.279 --> 00:13:06.639
214
00:13:06.679 --> 00:13:08.639
215
00:13:08.639 --> 00:13:12.200
216
00:13:12.200 --> 00:13:18.000
217
00:13:19.000 --> 00:13:23.120
218
00:13:23.240 --> 00:13:26.399
219
00:13:26.440 --> 00:13:30.480
220
00:13:30.559 --> 00:13:34.440
221
00:13:34.519 --> 00:13:37.000
222
00:13:37.039 --> 00:13:41.879
223
00:13:41.919 --> 00:13:44.559
224
00:13:44.639 --> 00:13:47.960
225
00:13:47.960 --> 00:13:52.440
226
00:13:52.480 --> 00:13:55.360
227
00:13:55.360 --> 00:13:59.120
228
00:13:59.120 --> 00:14:03.279
229
00:14:03.279 --> 00:14:05.519
230
00:14:05.600 --> 00:14:08.039
231
00:14:08.559 --> 00:14:11.759
232
00:14:11.919 --> 00:14:14.960
233
00:14:15.039 --> 00:14:17.679
234
00:14:17.799 --> 00:14:20.080
235
00:14:20.799 --> 00:14:23.159
236
00:14:23.200 --> 00:14:27.039
237
00:14:26.600 --> 00:14:29.600
238
00:14:29.679 --> 00:14:35.360
239
00:14:35.399 --> 00:14:39.279
240
00:14:39.759 --> 00:14:41.799
241
00:14:41.759 --> 00:14:44.279
242
00:14:44.279 --> 00:14:47.039