Sept. 9, 2024
#450: Dark Matter Debate, Flawed Maths & Spinning Black Holes
This episode of Space Nuts is brought to you by Incogni...looking after your online privacy with no hassles. To check out our special Space Nuts deal, visit https://www.incogni.com/spacenuts
Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this...
Spotify 
Apple Podcasts 
Youtube Music 
iHeartRadio 
Spreaker 
PocketCasts 
YouTube 
Goodpods 
Amazon Music 
TuneIn 
Overcast 
JioSaavn 
Castro 
RSS Feed This episode of Space Nuts is brought to you by Incogni...looking after your online privacy with no hassles. To check out our special Space Nuts deal, visit www.incogni.com/spacenuts
Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this thought-provoking Q&A episode of Space Nuts, where they tackle intriguing questions from our listeners about dark matter, flawed mathematics, black holes, and more.Episode Highlights:- Dark Matter Debate: Kevin from Melbourne challenges the Timms on their previous discussion about dark matter, questioning whether SpaceTime itself could be the elusive substance.
- Flawed Mathematics: Simon wonders if the breakdown of models at the extremes of the universe is due to our mathematics being flawed. Could our system of mathematics be misaligned with the real world?
- Black Holes and Spin: Isaac from Brisbane, aged nine, asks how black holes spin if they take up no Space and why spin affects Space.
- Gravity and Space: Isaac's dad inquires about how gravity bends Space and thus bends light traveling past it.
- Energy in Space: Rusty from Donnybrook speculates about harnessing the energy of Space and the potential for one g drives to revolutionise Space travel.
- 00:00:00 - This is a q and a edition of Space Nuts
- 00:01:05 - Kevin from Melbourne asks whether spacetime itself might be dark matter
- 00:07:22 - Is it possible that breakdown of models is due to our mathematics being flawed
- 00:11:38 - Simon: I just finished watching a science fiction series called dark matter
- 00:13:01 - Why do black holes spin if they take up no space
- 00:15:11 - Isaac's dad wants to know how gravity bends space
- 00:16:56 - Fred and Andrew: Soon we'll harness the energy of space itself
- 00:18:39 - If we could achieve one g drive, it would make travel around the solar system pretty schmick
- 00:24:16 - Space Nuts podcast available at Apple Podcasts, Spotify, iHeartRadio
For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed, visit our website at spacenutspodcast.com. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube Music, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform. For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com. Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts/support.Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
WEBVTT
1
00:00:00.200 --> 00:00:02.120
Hi there, thanks for joining us. This is a Q
2
00:00:02.279 --> 00:00:06.320
and a edition of Space Nuts. My name is Andrew Dunty.
3
00:00:06.799 --> 00:00:09.759
Coming up, we're going to look at a lot of issues,
4
00:00:09.800 --> 00:00:15.720
one involving dark matter. This question, though, comes about as
5
00:00:15.720 --> 00:00:19.239
a consequence of someone who wasn't real happy with a
6
00:00:20.199 --> 00:00:25.679
discussion we had recently, so we'll we'll certainly reinvestigate that.
7
00:00:26.440 --> 00:00:29.640
We'll also look at flawed mathematics. That sounds like my
8
00:00:29.839 --> 00:00:33.679
entire school career. We'll also be discussing black holes and
9
00:00:33.719 --> 00:00:36.880
gravity and energy in space. That's all coming up on
10
00:00:36.920 --> 00:00:41.359
this edition of Space Nuts fifteen seconds. Guidance is in
11
00:00:41.479 --> 00:00:49.000
channel ten nine ignition sequence Space Nuts or three.
12
00:00:49.119 --> 00:00:51.679
Two more review on.
13
00:00:52.039 --> 00:00:56.359
Space Nurse as can I reported Bills good and joining
14
00:00:56.399 --> 00:00:59.280
us again to sort all of this out is Professor
15
00:00:59.280 --> 00:00:59.920
Fred Watson.
16
00:01:00.200 --> 00:01:05.560
Hello Fred, Hello, I do let's get into those questions? Eh, Yes,
17
00:01:06.840 --> 00:01:09.120
let's just hit the nail on the head and start.
18
00:01:09.359 --> 00:01:13.359
And this first question comes about as a consequence of
19
00:01:13.439 --> 00:01:18.359
us answering a previous question. And I think we've kind
20
00:01:18.359 --> 00:01:21.760
of put Kevin's nose out of joint just slightly, I
21
00:01:21.920 --> 00:01:25.840
might say, though he's used a word that I think
22
00:01:25.959 --> 00:01:30.040
is probably not in keeping with the way you deal
23
00:01:30.120 --> 00:01:33.200
with things spread, I would never ever accuse you of
24
00:01:33.239 --> 00:01:38.079
being glip. However, that said, Kevin does have issue with
25
00:01:38.519 --> 00:01:42.359
the dark matter question. Now, so that I don't mash
26
00:01:42.480 --> 00:01:47.560
Kevin's question up, I have prepared it with an AI
27
00:01:47.760 --> 00:01:50.079
voice so that it comes out clean and.
28
00:01:51.359 --> 00:01:55.400
Unadulterated, if you like. So, let's see what the issue
29
00:01:55.439 --> 00:01:58.719
is and see if we can pick at the pieces
30
00:01:58.719 --> 00:02:02.840
and put it back together again. This is from Kevin.
31
00:02:02.640 --> 00:02:04.840
In your four hundred and twenty eighth episode. I was
32
00:02:04.879 --> 00:02:07.359
saddened by your response to a listener question asking if
33
00:02:07.400 --> 00:02:10.400
space time itself might be dark matter. I found your
34
00:02:10.439 --> 00:02:13.240
emphatic and almost glib No. Just doesn't fit with your
35
00:02:13.240 --> 00:02:17.000
regular open mindedness. I have asked similar questions before in
36
00:02:17.080 --> 00:02:20.479
other forums and received the same dismissive no response without
37
00:02:20.479 --> 00:02:23.560
any depth of thinking about the question. For starters, we
38
00:02:23.599 --> 00:02:26.400
don't yet know what space time actually is, but if
39
00:02:26.439 --> 00:02:28.479
it can be distorted, it has some aspect of a
40
00:02:28.520 --> 00:02:31.400
substance to it, and if it is a form of substance,
41
00:02:31.479 --> 00:02:33.439
why should it not be considered as a candidate for
42
00:02:33.520 --> 00:02:37.199
dark matter. It is everywhere, it is transparent to em
43
00:02:37.240 --> 00:02:40.199
it is weakly interacting it can be distorted, which means
44
00:02:40.240 --> 00:02:43.080
what that it becomes more dense in some areas than others.
45
00:02:43.439 --> 00:02:45.560
So what if areas that are denser have a positive
46
00:02:45.599 --> 00:02:50.159
gravitational effect compared to average background space, you might see clumping.
47
00:02:50.360 --> 00:02:52.199
So what if areas that are less dense have a
48
00:02:52.240 --> 00:02:55.639
repulsive gravitational effect compared to average background.
49
00:02:55.159 --> 00:02:57.319
Space, you might see voids.
50
00:02:57.520 --> 00:03:00.000
I'm not saying space time is dark matter, but dark
51
00:03:00.080 --> 00:03:02.479
matter is not actually a thing that has been discovered yet.
52
00:03:03.159 --> 00:03:05.800
Variable density space time maybe all that is needed to
53
00:03:05.840 --> 00:03:08.639
explain the gravitation anomalies that we observed, and I think
54
00:03:08.639 --> 00:03:11.039
it deserves a more open minded level of exploring than
55
00:03:11.080 --> 00:03:13.639
a simple dismissal. What I'd like to know is how
56
00:03:13.639 --> 00:03:17.199
would you test it as hypothesis? Has anyone done said testing?
57
00:03:17.520 --> 00:03:20.560
Has it been exhaustively ruled out by whom? How did
58
00:03:20.560 --> 00:03:24.039
they do that? Otherwise? Brilliant show. Kevin from Melbourne.
59
00:03:24.680 --> 00:03:26.840
Okay, Kevin, thank you very much. I hope you don't
60
00:03:26.840 --> 00:03:31.039
mind me using AI to put that question out there.
61
00:03:31.080 --> 00:03:34.599
I just wanted to make sure it was intact, because
62
00:03:37.400 --> 00:03:41.240
you obviously are very serious about this issue, and you
63
00:03:42.560 --> 00:03:45.599
have had problems in the past getting a straight answer,
64
00:03:45.879 --> 00:03:48.639
and you put a lot of thought into it. I
65
00:03:48.719 --> 00:03:53.319
give you credit for that. So, Fred, how can we
66
00:03:54.080 --> 00:03:59.240
sort of discuss this question with a more robust approach.
67
00:04:00.199 --> 00:04:03.719
By getting somebody who's more of a specialist in dark
68
00:04:03.759 --> 00:04:11.639
matter physics and cosmology than me as as a commentator.
69
00:04:11.879 --> 00:04:14.680
I mean, what I report on is what I understand
70
00:04:14.719 --> 00:04:17.959
from the work of my colleagues who work in this
71
00:04:18.079 --> 00:04:23.959
sort of field. And there's certainly nothing I've heard and
72
00:04:24.040 --> 00:04:29.560
seen in the literature that would equate dark matter with
73
00:04:29.680 --> 00:04:35.560
space time. It is always regarded as something that exists
74
00:04:35.600 --> 00:04:39.680
within space time. Now there'll be there'll be very good
75
00:04:39.720 --> 00:04:46.519
reasons for that, and almost certainly if some of my
76
00:04:46.639 --> 00:04:50.079
friends and colleagues were sitting right here now, they would
77
00:04:50.120 --> 00:04:53.000
be able to point us in the right direction as
78
00:04:53.040 --> 00:04:55.600
to why that is the case. I haven't checked the
79
00:04:55.639 --> 00:05:01.560
details myself, but nobody is making that such. Yes, it is.
80
00:05:02.759 --> 00:05:08.600
It's almost universally accepted as being a sub atomic particle
81
00:05:08.600 --> 00:05:12.560
of some kind which exists within space time that we
82
00:05:12.600 --> 00:05:17.720
haven't yet detected. I'm sorry if I sounded glid, but
83
00:05:17.759 --> 00:05:21.560
it wasn't. Certainly wouldn't have been my intention, and dismissive.
84
00:05:21.680 --> 00:05:26.480
Isn't something I like to be described as either because
85
00:05:26.839 --> 00:05:30.920
you know, we normally, we normally exactly keep an open
86
00:05:30.920 --> 00:05:33.120
mind about many of these issues. And part of that
87
00:05:33.199 --> 00:05:36.759
open mindedness is because I'm not a specialist in the field.
88
00:05:36.839 --> 00:05:40.920
I'm reporting on what, you know, what my colleagues, not
89
00:05:41.079 --> 00:05:44.959
just one of them, but many of them are saying, so, yeah,
90
00:05:45.040 --> 00:05:49.160
let's keep it, keep it in mind. I will explore
91
00:05:49.199 --> 00:05:51.560
it a little bit further, the idea that Jody's going
92
00:05:51.600 --> 00:05:57.160
to get involved as well. I'll explore the reasons why
93
00:05:57.800 --> 00:06:01.879
we don't consider it to be part of space until
94
00:06:01.959 --> 00:06:02.480
later date.
95
00:06:03.160 --> 00:06:04.519
Okay, No, that's fair enough.
96
00:06:04.600 --> 00:06:06.560
I mean, thanks for your comments.
97
00:06:06.920 --> 00:06:11.399
Yeah, and look, I appreciate his frustration because he's obviously
98
00:06:11.439 --> 00:06:14.240
tried to get answers on this and may not have
99
00:06:14.439 --> 00:06:17.839
liked the way we approached it at that particular time.
100
00:06:17.959 --> 00:06:22.920
But it is an area that is under heavy investigation.
101
00:06:23.600 --> 00:06:26.920
Everyone is looking at. Even one or two episodes ago,
102
00:06:27.000 --> 00:06:31.519
we talked about a particular search for dark matter that
103
00:06:31.600 --> 00:06:35.800
came up with nothing, And that doesn't mean it doesn't exist.
104
00:06:35.920 --> 00:06:38.759
In fact, we know it exists. They just haven't found
105
00:06:38.800 --> 00:06:42.480
it within certain parameters, and so they'll be looking bigger.
106
00:06:42.519 --> 00:06:46.920
But that particular equipment hasn't actually been built yet, so
107
00:06:47.920 --> 00:06:54.360
the frustration continues. So we hopefully are not a long
108
00:06:54.399 --> 00:06:59.480
way off figuring out dark matter. But right now there's
109
00:06:59.680 --> 00:07:04.319
lots small questions than there are answers, and it's I
110
00:07:04.360 --> 00:07:08.680
supposed to watch this space scenario, but no. We appreciate
111
00:07:08.720 --> 00:07:12.439
you passing on your thoughts, Kevin, and hopefully we will
112
00:07:12.480 --> 00:07:16.160
be able to come up with some more information moving
113
00:07:16.199 --> 00:07:20.720
forward once we've looked into it through the respective experts.
114
00:07:22.639 --> 00:07:24.920
Let's move on to our next question. This comes from
115
00:07:25.319 --> 00:07:29.519
Simon and he says, hi, is it possible that the
116
00:07:29.560 --> 00:07:32.959
breakdown of models at extremes of the universe is due
117
00:07:33.000 --> 00:07:37.439
to our mathematics being flawed rather than the models? For example,
118
00:07:37.839 --> 00:07:44.000
fluid dynamic models of real world scenarios rely on imaginary numbers.
119
00:07:44.319 --> 00:07:48.360
Might our system of mathematics be slightly misaligned with the
120
00:07:48.399 --> 00:07:53.000
real world? Thank you, Simon. I think we've kind of
121
00:07:53.040 --> 00:07:57.240
talked about the mathematics being off in respect to some
122
00:07:57.360 --> 00:08:01.040
things in the past, and even Einstein consider is the
123
00:08:01.360 --> 00:08:05.600
model of relativity is probably not right, even though we
124
00:08:05.600 --> 00:08:08.759
can't prove it wrong. So it is a good question
125
00:08:08.839 --> 00:08:12.079
to ask, and the answer is yeah, probably somewhere along
126
00:08:12.079 --> 00:08:14.000
the line, then the numbers don't stack up.
127
00:08:15.079 --> 00:08:19.399
Yeah. I think it's an interesting you know Simon's postulate
128
00:08:19.439 --> 00:08:26.319
about particularly about imaginary numbers, which is we call them
129
00:08:26.360 --> 00:08:30.240
complex numbers. They have a real and an imaginary component.
130
00:08:30.879 --> 00:08:33.159
Why is it imaginary because it's the square root of
131
00:08:33.200 --> 00:08:40.799
minus one, which doesn't exist. But it's an incredibly useful
132
00:08:40.840 --> 00:08:45.559
tool in so many fields of science and engineering too.
133
00:08:46.320 --> 00:08:50.399
Your aerodynamics relies on the imaginary numbers, so it's imaginary
134
00:08:50.519 --> 00:08:54.919
numbers that keep you plane in the air. Could could
135
00:08:55.000 --> 00:08:58.840
that understanding be flawed? Yes? I think it could. And
136
00:08:58.919 --> 00:09:01.840
again I think, you know, we are pretty open minded
137
00:09:01.879 --> 00:09:10.639
about this idea. What breaks down our physics in the
138
00:09:10.720 --> 00:09:13.879
extreme situations that I think Simon's referring to things like,
139
00:09:14.480 --> 00:09:17.960
you know, how do you deal with the way the
140
00:09:18.080 --> 00:09:21.799
universe behaved immediately after the Big Bang, where you've got
141
00:09:21.879 --> 00:09:25.919
temperatures and pressures that we've got no physical experience of
142
00:09:26.759 --> 00:09:30.600
in terms of working out how they would behave, and
143
00:09:30.639 --> 00:09:33.879
they become what we call highly nonlinear. That means that
144
00:09:33.919 --> 00:09:37.000
they behave in a way that is actually really hard
145
00:09:37.000 --> 00:09:42.360
to predict. And so that's saying that our physical models
146
00:09:42.639 --> 00:09:47.759
are not are not robust enough, not necessarily that the
147
00:09:47.799 --> 00:09:52.320
mathematics is not robust enough, but it is an interesting conjecture.
148
00:09:54.039 --> 00:09:59.279
I yeah, I think Simon's point is well made. Might
149
00:09:59.320 --> 00:10:01.960
our system of mathematics be slightly misaligned with the right
150
00:10:02.039 --> 00:10:04.639
real world? Well, in extreme cases it probably is. When
151
00:10:04.679 --> 00:10:08.000
you think about, you know, the temperature immediately after the
152
00:10:08.039 --> 00:10:08.519
Big Bang.
153
00:10:09.480 --> 00:10:13.840
Well, yeah, that's a good point. I mean it's no
154
00:10:13.960 --> 00:10:18.320
easy remedy though, is this? No?
155
00:10:19.240 --> 00:10:24.480
I mean there are people who are modeling those scenarios
156
00:10:24.519 --> 00:10:27.039
where you do have these extremes, and they're probably relying
157
00:10:27.080 --> 00:10:31.759
on relatively conventional mathematics, although yes, the other they will
158
00:10:31.799 --> 00:10:34.840
involve complex numbers and all the rest of it. But
159
00:10:34.960 --> 00:10:39.399
I yeah, I think it gets weirdest. Actually, it gets
160
00:10:39.440 --> 00:10:46.000
weirder in the quantum world, where we've got all kinds
161
00:10:46.039 --> 00:10:52.480
of interesting notions that do rely heavily on mathematics, superposition, entanglement,
162
00:10:52.559 --> 00:10:56.519
all of these things, and they rely on particular types
163
00:10:56.559 --> 00:11:00.159
of mathematics Hilbert spaces and things of that sort, which
164
00:11:00.200 --> 00:11:05.840
are well understood. I have to say, but to you know,
165
00:11:05.960 --> 00:11:10.480
to the uneducated, and I include myself in that, because
166
00:11:10.519 --> 00:11:15.240
mathematics was my achilles heel at university nearly cost me
167
00:11:15.320 --> 00:11:21.399
my degree. The I think they look these things look
168
00:11:21.559 --> 00:11:24.039
like mathematics gone wrong, if I can put it that way,
169
00:11:24.080 --> 00:11:28.440
but they haven't. They we'll understood. So the misalignment with
170
00:11:28.519 --> 00:11:34.000
the real world, I think it's possible. But in many ways,
171
00:11:34.039 --> 00:11:36.320
the mathematics is all we've got to rely on, so
172
00:11:36.360 --> 00:11:38.360
we just keep plodding on with what we know.
173
00:11:38.840 --> 00:11:42.519
Yeah, you mentioned superposition. I've just finished watching a science
174
00:11:42.519 --> 00:11:49.000
fiction series called Dark Matter, right, and they the goal
175
00:11:49.279 --> 00:11:54.519
of the main character, the scientist, that was the whole
176
00:11:54.519 --> 00:11:59.440
story was built around. His aim was to achieve superposition
177
00:11:59.720 --> 00:12:06.080
so they could travel into dimensionally. It was brilliantly done.
178
00:12:06.240 --> 00:12:11.080
Brilliantly done. They obviously had to work out how to
179
00:12:11.159 --> 00:12:14.919
make it a convincing storyline for those who are so
180
00:12:15.399 --> 00:12:19.279
into science fiction and science for that matter, to make
181
00:12:19.320 --> 00:12:22.000
it plausible, and they did a great job. It's a
182
00:12:22.120 --> 00:12:27.840
brilliant story, brilliant series. Really enjoyed it. Won't spoil it
183
00:12:27.879 --> 00:12:30.480
by telling you how it ended, but I doubt there
184
00:12:30.480 --> 00:12:33.360
will be a sequel because it did end, and it
185
00:12:33.399 --> 00:12:37.399
did end well. I thought, Okay, was it cool to
186
00:12:38.000 --> 00:12:41.759
dark Matter? Dark Dark Matter? And I think it was
187
00:12:41.799 --> 00:12:46.399
on Netflix. I can't remember now, But yeah, terrific series.
188
00:12:46.559 --> 00:12:49.919
Really enjoyed it and just so you know they could
189
00:12:49.919 --> 00:12:55.519
have well they did. It got so very confusingly complicated
190
00:12:55.919 --> 00:12:59.720
towards the end, but yeah, that's what made it so interesting.
191
00:13:01.120 --> 00:13:04.120
Thank you, Simon, And our next question coming up in
192
00:13:04.159 --> 00:13:08.039
a moment. Let's take a break from the show to
193
00:13:08.080 --> 00:13:11.120
tell you about our sponsor in Cogny, and I'll be
194
00:13:11.360 --> 00:13:14.759
giving you a special space nuts Url, so you can
195
00:13:14.840 --> 00:13:18.879
get up to sixty percent off in Cogni. But first,
196
00:13:19.000 --> 00:13:22.840
what's incognit all about. It's a way of cleaning up
197
00:13:22.879 --> 00:13:26.120
your online presence and reducing the risk of your personal
198
00:13:26.159 --> 00:13:30.480
information being sold to unscrupulous people via the dark web,
199
00:13:30.639 --> 00:13:33.799
or just via a hacker who's trying to fleece you
200
00:13:34.000 --> 00:13:37.639
or other people. It's also a great way to reduce
201
00:13:37.679 --> 00:13:41.320
spam emails and spam phone calls, reduce the risk of
202
00:13:41.360 --> 00:13:45.519
identity theft, which is big business these days. I think
203
00:13:45.720 --> 00:13:50.200
most significantly, it greatly reduces your risk of being scammed
204
00:13:50.679 --> 00:13:54.440
and that is just such a viral thing that's happening
205
00:13:54.799 --> 00:13:57.720
around the world at the moment. So how does all
206
00:13:57.720 --> 00:14:01.519
this work? Well, it's simple. All you have to do
207
00:14:01.600 --> 00:14:04.120
is sign up to in Cogni. Give them permission to
208
00:14:04.200 --> 00:14:07.159
act on your behalf and they'll do the rest. They'll
209
00:14:07.240 --> 00:14:10.799
trawl the Internet and remove your personal information from the web.
210
00:14:11.279 --> 00:14:14.720
The stuff that can be found on search engines, public websites,
211
00:14:14.759 --> 00:14:19.759
even private databases. It's all easily accessible. And let's face it,
212
00:14:20.559 --> 00:14:22.440
are you really going to be able to clean up
213
00:14:22.480 --> 00:14:26.480
the entire world wide web of your personal information by yourself?
214
00:14:27.480 --> 00:14:31.320
Right now? In Cogni is offering a significant discount for
215
00:14:31.440 --> 00:14:34.720
space Nuts listeners, up to sixty percent off and that
216
00:14:34.840 --> 00:14:39.320
comes with a thirty day money back guarantee. Just go
217
00:14:39.399 --> 00:14:45.480
to Incogni dot com slash space nuts that's I Ncogni,
218
00:14:45.919 --> 00:14:50.480
incogni dot com slash space nuts to find out more.
219
00:14:50.919 --> 00:14:54.919
And they have special prices for students and graduates as well.
220
00:14:55.600 --> 00:14:59.679
Make your personal information much harder to find online with
221
00:15:00.200 --> 00:15:04.480
in Cogny. Check out all their plans today at incogny
222
00:15:04.600 --> 00:15:08.639
dot com slash space nuts. Now back to the show.
223
00:15:10.240 --> 00:15:15.120
We're old on space Nuts and that's a moment this right,
224
00:15:15.919 --> 00:15:22.039
This one's from Isaac on the Gold. It is from Brisbane,
225
00:15:22.039 --> 00:15:26.559
actually in Australia. Isaac is nine years old. He said,
226
00:15:26.600 --> 00:15:30.679
I have two questions, how do black holes spin if
227
00:15:30.679 --> 00:15:35.200
they take up no space? And why does spin affect space?
228
00:15:37.200 --> 00:15:40.399
And his dad's got a question as well. My dad
229
00:15:40.440 --> 00:15:43.799
asks how does gravity bend space and thus bend light
230
00:15:44.000 --> 00:15:49.000
traveling past it? Isaac in Brisbane, nine years old. Great
231
00:15:49.000 --> 00:15:51.320
to hear from your Isaac. Thanks for sending your questions
232
00:15:51.320 --> 00:15:54.080
in why do black holes spin? I think someone else
233
00:15:54.120 --> 00:15:55.840
asked a similar question percently.
234
00:15:56.039 --> 00:15:58.919
We covered this not very long ago. Yeah, and so
235
00:15:59.120 --> 00:16:01.720
what you've got to think about is how black black
236
00:16:01.720 --> 00:16:07.000
holes are formed. If you have a star which is
237
00:16:07.120 --> 00:16:10.519
more than you know, ten times the mass of the Sun,
238
00:16:10.679 --> 00:16:14.320
something like that, gets to the end of its life,
239
00:16:13.799 --> 00:16:20.679
the nuclear propulsion system of the star stops until gravity
240
00:16:20.759 --> 00:16:26.320
takes over and the star collapses or its core collapses
241
00:16:27.000 --> 00:16:30.240
to become a black hole. So what you've got is
242
00:16:30.279 --> 00:16:33.240
a star that is going to be spinning. It will
1
00:00:00.200 --> 00:00:02.120
2
00:00:02.279 --> 00:00:06.320
3
00:00:06.799 --> 00:00:09.759
4
00:00:09.800 --> 00:00:15.720
5
00:00:15.720 --> 00:00:19.239
6
00:00:20.199 --> 00:00:25.679
7
00:00:26.440 --> 00:00:29.640
8
00:00:29.839 --> 00:00:33.679
9
00:00:33.719 --> 00:00:36.880
10
00:00:36.920 --> 00:00:41.359
11
00:00:41.479 --> 00:00:49.000
12
00:00:49.119 --> 00:00:51.679
13
00:00:52.039 --> 00:00:56.359
14
00:00:56.399 --> 00:00:59.280
15
00:00:59.280 --> 00:00:59.920
16
00:01:00.200 --> 00:01:05.560
17
00:01:06.840 --> 00:01:09.120
18
00:01:09.359 --> 00:01:13.359
19
00:01:13.439 --> 00:01:18.359
20
00:01:18.359 --> 00:01:21.760
21
00:01:21.920 --> 00:01:25.840
22
00:01:25.959 --> 00:01:30.040
23
00:01:30.120 --> 00:01:33.200
24
00:01:33.239 --> 00:01:38.079
25
00:01:38.519 --> 00:01:42.359
26
00:01:42.480 --> 00:01:47.560
27
00:01:47.760 --> 00:01:50.079
28
00:01:51.359 --> 00:01:55.400
29
00:01:55.439 --> 00:01:58.719
30
00:01:58.719 --> 00:02:02.840
31
00:02:02.640 --> 00:02:04.840
32
00:02:04.879 --> 00:02:07.359
33
00:02:07.400 --> 00:02:10.400
34
00:02:10.439 --> 00:02:13.240
35
00:02:13.240 --> 00:02:17.000
36
00:02:17.080 --> 00:02:20.479
37
00:02:20.479 --> 00:02:23.560
38
00:02:23.599 --> 00:02:26.400
39
00:02:26.439 --> 00:02:28.479
40
00:02:28.520 --> 00:02:31.400
41
00:02:31.479 --> 00:02:33.439
42
00:02:33.520 --> 00:02:37.199
43
00:02:37.240 --> 00:02:40.199
44
00:02:40.240 --> 00:02:43.080
45
00:02:43.439 --> 00:02:45.560
46
00:02:45.599 --> 00:02:50.159
47
00:02:50.360 --> 00:02:52.199
48
00:02:52.240 --> 00:02:55.639
49
00:02:55.159 --> 00:02:57.319
50
00:02:57.520 --> 00:03:00.000
51
00:03:00.080 --> 00:03:02.479
52
00:03:03.159 --> 00:03:05.800
53
00:03:05.840 --> 00:03:08.639
54
00:03:08.639 --> 00:03:11.039
55
00:03:11.080 --> 00:03:13.639
56
00:03:13.639 --> 00:03:17.199
57
00:03:17.520 --> 00:03:20.560
58
00:03:20.560 --> 00:03:24.039
59
00:03:24.680 --> 00:03:26.840
60
00:03:26.840 --> 00:03:31.039
61
00:03:31.080 --> 00:03:34.599
62
00:03:37.400 --> 00:03:41.240
63
00:03:42.560 --> 00:03:45.599
64
00:03:45.879 --> 00:03:48.639
65
00:03:48.719 --> 00:03:53.319
66
00:03:54.080 --> 00:03:59.240
67
00:04:00.199 --> 00:04:03.719
68
00:04:03.759 --> 00:04:11.639
69
00:04:11.879 --> 00:04:14.680
70
00:04:14.719 --> 00:04:17.959
71
00:04:18.079 --> 00:04:23.959
72
00:04:24.040 --> 00:04:29.560
73
00:04:29.680 --> 00:04:35.560
74
00:04:35.600 --> 00:04:39.680
75
00:04:39.720 --> 00:04:46.519
76
00:04:46.639 --> 00:04:50.079
77
00:04:50.120 --> 00:04:53.000
78
00:04:53.040 --> 00:04:55.600
79
00:04:55.639 --> 00:05:01.560
80
00:05:02.759 --> 00:05:08.600
81
00:05:08.600 --> 00:05:12.560
82
00:05:12.600 --> 00:05:17.720
83
00:05:17.759 --> 00:05:21.560
84
00:05:21.680 --> 00:05:26.480
85
00:05:26.839 --> 00:05:30.920
86
00:05:30.920 --> 00:05:33.120
87
00:05:33.199 --> 00:05:36.759
88
00:05:36.839 --> 00:05:40.920
89
00:05:41.079 --> 00:05:44.959
90
00:05:45.040 --> 00:05:49.160
91
00:05:49.199 --> 00:05:51.560
92
00:05:51.600 --> 00:05:57.160
93
00:05:57.800 --> 00:06:01.879
94
00:06:01.959 --> 00:06:02.480
95
00:06:03.160 --> 00:06:04.519
96
00:06:04.600 --> 00:06:06.560
97
00:06:06.920 --> 00:06:11.399
98
00:06:11.439 --> 00:06:14.240
99
00:06:14.439 --> 00:06:17.839
100
00:06:17.959 --> 00:06:22.920
101
00:06:23.600 --> 00:06:26.920
102
00:06:27.000 --> 00:06:31.519
103
00:06:31.600 --> 00:06:35.800
104
00:06:35.920 --> 00:06:38.759
105
00:06:38.800 --> 00:06:42.480
106
00:06:42.519 --> 00:06:46.920
107
00:06:47.920 --> 00:06:54.360
108
00:06:54.399 --> 00:06:59.480
109
00:06:59.680 --> 00:07:04.319
110
00:07:04.360 --> 00:07:08.680
111
00:07:08.720 --> 00:07:12.439
112
00:07:12.480 --> 00:07:16.160
113
00:07:16.199 --> 00:07:20.720
114
00:07:22.639 --> 00:07:24.920
115
00:07:25.319 --> 00:07:29.519
116
00:07:29.560 --> 00:07:32.959
117
00:07:33.000 --> 00:07:37.439
118
00:07:37.839 --> 00:07:44.000
119
00:07:44.319 --> 00:07:48.360
120
00:07:48.399 --> 00:07:53.000
121
00:07:53.040 --> 00:07:57.240
122
00:07:57.360 --> 00:08:01.040
123
00:08:01.360 --> 00:08:05.600
124
00:08:05.600 --> 00:08:08.759
125
00:08:08.839 --> 00:08:12.079
126
00:08:12.079 --> 00:08:14.000
127
00:08:15.079 --> 00:08:19.399
128
00:08:19.439 --> 00:08:26.319
129
00:08:26.360 --> 00:08:30.240
130
00:08:30.879 --> 00:08:33.159
131
00:08:33.200 --> 00:08:40.799
132
00:08:40.840 --> 00:08:45.559
133
00:08:46.320 --> 00:08:50.399
134
00:08:50.519 --> 00:08:54.919
135
00:08:55.000 --> 00:08:58.840
136
00:08:58.919 --> 00:09:01.840
137
00:09:01.879 --> 00:09:10.639
138
00:09:10.720 --> 00:09:13.879
139
00:09:14.480 --> 00:09:17.960
140
00:09:18.080 --> 00:09:21.799
141
00:09:21.879 --> 00:09:25.919
142
00:09:26.759 --> 00:09:30.600
143
00:09:30.639 --> 00:09:33.879
144
00:09:33.919 --> 00:09:37.000
145
00:09:37.000 --> 00:09:42.360
146
00:09:42.639 --> 00:09:47.759
147
00:09:47.799 --> 00:09:52.320
148
00:09:54.039 --> 00:09:59.279
149
00:09:59.320 --> 00:10:01.960
150
00:10:02.039 --> 00:10:04.639
151
00:10:04.679 --> 00:10:08.000
152
00:10:08.039 --> 00:10:08.519
153
00:10:09.480 --> 00:10:13.840
154
00:10:13.960 --> 00:10:18.320
155
00:10:19.240 --> 00:10:24.480
156
00:10:24.519 --> 00:10:27.039
157
00:10:27.080 --> 00:10:31.759
158
00:10:31.799 --> 00:10:34.840
159
00:10:34.960 --> 00:10:39.399
160
00:10:39.440 --> 00:10:46.000
161
00:10:46.039 --> 00:10:52.480
162
00:10:52.559 --> 00:10:56.519
163
00:10:56.559 --> 00:11:00.159
164
00:11:00.200 --> 00:11:05.840
165
00:11:05.960 --> 00:11:10.480
166
00:11:10.519 --> 00:11:15.240
167
00:11:15.320 --> 00:11:21.399
168
00:11:21.559 --> 00:11:24.039
169
00:11:24.080 --> 00:11:28.440
170
00:11:28.519 --> 00:11:34.000
171
00:11:34.039 --> 00:11:36.320
172
00:11:36.360 --> 00:11:38.360
173
00:11:38.840 --> 00:11:42.519
174
00:11:42.519 --> 00:11:49.000
175
00:11:49.279 --> 00:11:54.519
176
00:11:54.519 --> 00:11:59.440
177
00:11:59.720 --> 00:12:06.080
178
00:12:06.240 --> 00:12:11.080
179
00:12:11.159 --> 00:12:14.919
180
00:12:15.399 --> 00:12:19.279
181
00:12:19.320 --> 00:12:22.000
182
00:12:22.120 --> 00:12:27.840
183
00:12:27.879 --> 00:12:30.480
184
00:12:30.480 --> 00:12:33.360
185
00:12:33.399 --> 00:12:37.399
186
00:12:38.000 --> 00:12:41.759
187
00:12:41.799 --> 00:12:46.399
188
00:12:46.559 --> 00:12:49.919
189
00:12:49.919 --> 00:12:55.519
190
00:12:55.919 --> 00:12:59.720
191
00:13:01.120 --> 00:13:04.120
192
00:13:04.159 --> 00:13:08.039
193
00:13:08.080 --> 00:13:11.120
194
00:13:11.360 --> 00:13:14.759
195
00:13:14.840 --> 00:13:18.879
196
00:13:19.000 --> 00:13:22.840
197
00:13:22.879 --> 00:13:26.120
198
00:13:26.159 --> 00:13:30.480
199
00:13:30.639 --> 00:13:33.799
200
00:13:34.000 --> 00:13:37.639
201
00:13:37.679 --> 00:13:41.320
202
00:13:41.360 --> 00:13:45.519
203
00:13:45.720 --> 00:13:50.200
204
00:13:50.679 --> 00:13:54.440
205
00:13:54.799 --> 00:13:57.720
206
00:13:57.720 --> 00:14:01.519
207
00:14:01.600 --> 00:14:04.120
208
00:14:04.200 --> 00:14:07.159
209
00:14:07.240 --> 00:14:10.799
210
00:14:11.279 --> 00:14:14.720
211
00:14:14.759 --> 00:14:19.759
212
00:14:20.559 --> 00:14:22.440
213
00:14:22.480 --> 00:14:26.480
214
00:14:27.480 --> 00:14:31.320
215
00:14:31.440 --> 00:14:34.720
216
00:14:34.840 --> 00:14:39.320
217
00:14:39.399 --> 00:14:45.480
218
00:14:45.919 --> 00:14:50.480
219
00:14:50.919 --> 00:14:54.919
220
00:14:55.600 --> 00:14:59.679
221
00:15:00.200 --> 00:15:04.480
222
00:15:04.600 --> 00:15:08.639
223
00:15:10.240 --> 00:15:15.120
224
00:15:15.919 --> 00:15:22.039
225
00:15:22.039 --> 00:15:26.559
226
00:15:26.600 --> 00:15:30.679
227
00:15:30.679 --> 00:15:35.200
228
00:15:37.200 --> 00:15:40.399
229
00:15:40.440 --> 00:15:43.799
230
00:15:44.000 --> 00:15:49.000
231
00:15:49.000 --> 00:15:51.320
232
00:15:51.320 --> 00:15:54.080
233
00:15:54.120 --> 00:15:55.840
234
00:15:56.039 --> 00:15:58.919
235
00:15:59.120 --> 00:16:01.720
236
00:16:01.720 --> 00:16:07.000
237
00:16:07.120 --> 00:16:10.519
238
00:16:10.679 --> 00:16:14.320
239
00:16:13.799 --> 00:16:20.679
240
00:16:20.759 --> 00:16:26.320
241
00:16:27.000 --> 00:16:30.240
242
00:16:30.279 --> 00:16:33.240