Aug. 4, 2024
#440: Earth Swap Hypotheticals & Europa Clipper Countdown
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Space Nuts Q&A:
Earth's Hypothetical Swap, Europa Clipper Mission, and Protoplanets
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Space Nuts Q&A:
Earth's Hypothetical Swap, Europa Clipper Mission, and Protoplanets
Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this engaging Q&A episode of Space Nuts, where they delve into listener questions about some of the most fascinating topics in SpaceTime science.Episode Highlights:
- Earth Changing Places: Carrick from New Zealand poses a hypothetical question about what would happen if Earth swapped places with Mercury or been listening. Fred Watson discusses the catastrophic consequences, including tidal locking, atmosphere loss, and a runaway greenhouse effect.
- Europa Clipper Mission: Brady from Florida is eager to learn about the upcoming Europa Clipper mission. Fred Watson provides an overview of the mission's goals, which include searching for signs of life and studying Europa's ice shell and ocean. The mission is slated for launch in October 2024, with exciting data expected from 2030 onwards.
- Protoplanets and Stars: Matthew, a powerline worker, asks why protoplanets don't become stars. Fred Watson explains the lack of mass and energy required for nuclear fusion and discusses the formation of gas giants and brown dwarfs.
- Mars' Atmosphere: Martin sends in a creatively produced question about Mars' primordial atmosphere. Fred Watson elaborates on how Mars lost its atmosphere over millions of years due to a lack of magnetic field and gravitational pull, stripping it away slowly.
Support Space Nuts and join us on this interstellar journey by visiting our website support page. Your contributions help us continue our mission to explore the wonders of the universe. Clear skies and boundless exploration await on Space Nuts, where we make the cosmos your backyard.
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WEBVTT
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Hi there, Thanks for joining us on this a Q
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and A edition of Space Nuts. Andrew Dunkley here and
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coming up we'll be answering questions about Earth changing places
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with another planet in our Solar system, just a hypothetical.
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We love hypotheticals. We're also going to talk about the
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Europa Clipper mission and what it's all about, because it's
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getting close to launch time and well Brady and his
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son want to know all about it. We're also going
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to talk about proto planets and why they don't turn
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into stars. And Martin has sent us a very unusual
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question indeed, and it involves Mars, but it's the production
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that went into the question that we're so well, we.
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Just want to share it with you.
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That's coming up on this edition of Space Nuts.
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Fifteen in Channel ten nine Ignition.
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Space Nutsie or.
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Three two Space Nurse than I report it.
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Neil Wood here is again to solve all of these puzzles,
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as sent in by Space and Arts listeners. Professor Fred
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what's an astronomer at large?
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Hi?
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Fred? I'm not sure about the soulf word. I think
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contemplate is a better word to contemplate Peru's I love
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that word.
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Yes, well we might as well just go straight into it.
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And our first question today comes from Carrick.
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I think, hello Andrew and besa Fred Watson. This is
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Carrick cooling in from Loganay and Zealands. Why is that
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a quick question in terms of a episode I was
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recently listening to about the Moon being titally locked to
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pre made had a bit of a hypothetical question if
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we were to replace or somehow we're able to get
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the Earth to replace.
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A position with.
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Venus or even mercury, I would assume that eventually the
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Earth would become tightly locked with the Sun of sorts. Now,
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if that was to occur, or even if that wasn't
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to occur, what would happen with our atmosphere or with
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our oceans? Would they be slowly sucked off of the
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Earth and eventually we no longer have any liquid water
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on the Earth, or would the Earth essentially boil to
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the point where that would happen, you know, the water
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would boil off before the water was sucked off essentially.
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Just had a bit of a curiosity in relation to
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that as a bit of a hypothetical question. Otherwise, hope
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you have a lovely day or night wherever you are
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and give up a good work.
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Thank you, Thanks Kerk.
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We're in Australia, mate, so we're We're not far away,
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We're just across the ditch. So I think, Keric, you're
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going to be horribly disappointed with what will happen because
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we are exactly where we need to be.
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At the moment.
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Any closer. I don't want to think about it.
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What do you reckon for it? Well, yeah, that's right, yes,
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I mean you're right, Andrew the moving Exchanging places with
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either of the inner planets would not be a good
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outcome because our atmosphere is so delicately poised to be
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appropriate for living organisms at our distance from the Sun,
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so you change that. But it's an interesting thought about
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tidal locking, and mercury and Venus are kind of quasi
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tidally locked to the Sun. They're not like the moon
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is where it simply faces one side to the Earth.
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That's the real tidal locking. But they've got very peculiar
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rotation properties which are due to basically resonances of this kind,
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which is what unlocking, how the process works. So and
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of course they're both very different worlds from the Earth
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Venus with this horribly thick atmosphere kind of ninety times
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the pressure on Earth and horrible temperature once it four
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hundred and sixty degrees celsius something like that. You can
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imagine that swapping places with Venus, because Venus and the
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Earth might have at some stage been very similar planets.
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Not now, hence the name the Sodly System, which is
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the name we usually give to Venus.
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So it reminds me some time ago we did talk
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about Venus and Mars and Earth all at one stage
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possibly being livable planets.
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Yeah, in the history and yeah, but so you know,
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Venus has interesting attributes. Is highly volcanic. It's probably has
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water vapor in its atmosphere, but it's well vaporized. It's
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way above boiling point. The atmosphere of Venus is perhaps
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the most interesting bit because there are heights above the
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surface of Venus where the temperature is sort of earth like.
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It's fifteen degrees celsius, so except it's now seventeen degrees
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celsius average temperature certainly on one day two days last week.
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But the bottom line is that the Venus's atmosphere, it's
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not the really the bottom line. It's the top line
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because that's a place where life may have formed. And
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we've had a few interesting false alarms recently about the
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prospects Biomarchus being discovered in Venus' atmosphere. There's nothing certain.
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It's probably not the case, but that would be your
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best bet if you were on a planet that was
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you know, if you'd evolved on a planet like Venus,
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your best bet would have been to evolve as an
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aerial organism in the atmosphere. And so I think swapping
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the Earth around, you know, we'd be in big trouble.
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The Earth, the assertions will be will be lost, they'd
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be vaporiyed. The atmosphere would not be in good shape.
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You probably have a long the way greenhouse effect like
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Venus has got, and it would be nice at all.
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Well, you know, Venus and Earth are around about the
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same size. The other stark difference, I suppose is that
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Venus rotates in the wrong direction, doesn't it.
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That's that sort of resonance that I was talking about.
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It may maybe maybe it was clouded by something else
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in the early history of the Solar System, but it
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also may just be a phenomenon connected with tidal locking
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where you're slowing down the rotation. It's a very slow rotation.
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As you said, it's in the wrong direction.
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Yeah, so, Carrick, not a good idea. Everything you theorized
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is probably what would happen. Yeah, the oceans would vaporize,
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runaway greenhouse effect. Dogs and cats living together, it just
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wouldn't be wouldn't be very nice at all. In fact,
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I think dogs and cats are living together on Earth already.
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They're sort of doing this household, but it's generally a
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continuous standoff on the frame.
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Thanks Kerk, lovely to hear from you, and our next
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question comes from Brady. Hello from the great state of Florida.
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As we get closer to the Europa Clipper mission, I
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wanted to learn more about it, like how it will
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be searching for conditions that could create life. Also how
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long it will take to get there and how long
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until we start getting data. I can't wait to watch
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the launch in person. I may make the one and
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a half hour drive to be at Titusville.
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Keep up the.
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Great work and never quit the dad jokes, Brady. Thank you, Brady,
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at least someone appreciates them. You wrote a clipper. Yeah,
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we are not getting far away from a launch. I
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think it's slated for October. The tenth of October twenty
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twenty four is the launch window it is, indeed, So yeah,
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we're definitely getting ready for that one. And it's exciting
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because its primary goal is to search for the signs
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of life.
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That's that's right, And just to answer a lot of
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Brady's questions, it will go into or a Jukiter planned
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anyway on the eleventh of April twenty thirty, so we've
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got a six year rather less than six year journey.
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It's it's going to be a Falcon Heavy that will
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launch it, by the way as well. Oh wow, yeah,
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it's interesting stuff. Now the question about what it's going
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to do is well, rather a lot. It's actually one
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of the biggest planetary exploration spacecraft that's ever been launched.
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It's a very sizable piece of kit, a launch mass
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of about six tons thereabouts. It's full of instruments which
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are all designed to look at the surface of Europa
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in great detail and to probe beneath the surface as well.
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So it's really as you said, Andrew, its main goals
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are to investigate the habitability of Europa, whether there could
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be life there not whether there is life there, it
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could be life there, and look for landing sites and
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so you know, it's it's that's one of them that
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will be done from all of it. Of course, it's
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going to sense whether there is liquid water there, which
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we believe there is underneath the surface, what the chemistry
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of the of the materials that we find on Europa
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is all about, and what the you know, energy requirements
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are for for any chemical reactions to take place. So
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just just quoting from from this actually from the Wikipedia
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page on Europa. The objectives are, it says, to study
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first of all the ice shall and ocean, confirm the
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existence and characterize the nature of water within underneath the
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ice and processes of sub ice ocean exchange. That's an
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interesting one, how you know, material exchanges between the ocean
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itself and the and the ice the underneath of the
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ice layer, composition, distribution and chemistry, key compounds and the
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links to ocean composition. The geology, the characteristics and formation
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of surface features, including the sites of recent or current activity,
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is their tectonic activity in the ice layers of Europa,
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and so you know, the instrumentation for doing that. I
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think there is something like eleven different it's actually nine
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different instruments that will study Europe as interior and ocean
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and the geology and the chemistry and habitability the things
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we've just described there.
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I think that's a saxophone trumpet.
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As long as there's a guitar on board, I'm quite happy. Yeah.
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So look, just running down the list, Thermal imaging systems, mapping, imaging, spectrometer,
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that's very much. It's what's called hyperspectroscopy. Very much the
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stock in trainin of of you know, remote sensing from orbit,
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various imaging systems, and ultraviolet spectrograph. There's radar. This is
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something that I like, especially the acronym. The acronym is
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reason r E as r N and it's the radar
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for Europe assessment and sounding ocean to near surface. There
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you go, very nicely done. Interior characterization of Europe. Are
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using magnetroumetry. Another nice acronym ice mag two. You know,
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there'll be magnetometism board that will sense the magnetic field
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of Europe and that believed it or not is one
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of the key indicators of whether there's an ocean there
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and whether it's water and other plasma instruments, plasma instrument
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for magnetic sounding, mass spectrometer for planetary exploration, surface dust analyzer,
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gravity and radio science. These are using the radio anten
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to do other experiments to learn about how the spacecraft
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moves within Europa's gravitational field. It's going to have forty
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five flybys of Europa and we will no doubt learn
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a lot beyond twenty thirty. So I'm very interested, and
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I'm delighted that Brady might be able to watch the launch,
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you know, if he does call in and tell us.
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Yeah, jealous. We don't get to see many of them
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out of this country, but in some parts of the
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world it's yeah, you can get along and.
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Watch them fairly regularly these days in Florida. That's right.
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Yeah, absolutely, this is going to be an exciting mission
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for all of those reasons. And how quickly will it be,
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Like it'll take betwenty five and six years to get there,
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I guess once it gets into orbit and gets itself organized,
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and it's going to come in at a fairly close
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altitude at times sixteen miles twenty five kilometers, how fast
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will it be able to start sending us telemetry.
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I think we'll get that from the word go. We'll
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start very very quickly. I think you know, from the
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orbit and perhaps from some of the magnetometry. I think
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these will all show up for interesting results quickly. So yeah,
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there might be really really spectacular things coming from so Europe.
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Okay, very good, thanks Brady. Great to hear from you.
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This is Space Nuts with Andrew Dunkley and Professor Freed Watson.
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Let's take a quick break from the show to tell
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you about our sponsor, in Cogny, and I'll give you
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a particular URL very soon because as a space Nuts
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listener you'll get a special deal. In fact, it's a
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sixty percent discount on in Cogny exclusive to Space Nuts listeners. Now,
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what's in cognito all about? Well, and unfortunately, your personal
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information is a valuable commodity to all sorts of people,
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and in Cogny can help you reduce the risk of
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getting your personal information stolen and then sold, and it's
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as simple as giving them permission to do so. By
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signing up for incognit, you limit public access to your
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private information, you reduce the risk of identity theft significantly,
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and you keep your data from being sold. That's what
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they're in the business of doing, and they can do
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it for you. Try to do it by yourself, it
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will take you months or even years. At a small price,
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you can get it all done for you and just
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get that trouble out of your head. So go to
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in Cogni dot com slash space nuts. That's in Cogni
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dot com slash space nuts. Click get the deal and
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look at the price plans. Obviously, if you go for
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an annual plan and pay upfront, it'll be a lot cheaper.
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But you can do individual plans, family and friends plans.
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It's a very small price to pay for security. In
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Cogni dot com slash space nuts, click on get the
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deal to protect your personally information online. Now back to
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the show. Okay, we take being with the girl space nuts. Okay,
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