July 28, 2024
#438: Gravitons' Mysteries & The Sun's Hidden Twin
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Space Nuts Q&A: Gravitons, Dark Matter Twins, and Time...
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Space Nuts Q&A: Gravitons, Dark Matter Twins, and Time Dilation Mysteries
Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this engaging Q&A episode of Space Nuts, where they tackle listener questions about some of the most intriguing concepts in the universe.
Episode Highlights:
- Gravitons and Gravity: Gus from Issaquah, Washington, poses a thought-provoking question about the relationship between energy, mass, and gravity. Fred delves into the hypothetical particles known as gravitons and discusses their potential mass and the implications for our understanding of the universe.
- Dark Matter Twin: Rich from the UK suggests an intriguing idea: could our sun have a dark matter twin? Fred explores the plausibility of this concept and how it relates to the mysterious Planet Nine and the nature of dark matter.
- Time Dilation and the Early Universe: Sean from British Columbia wonders if time dilation could explain the unexpectedly large and well-formed galaxies observed by the James Webb Space Telescope. Fred explains the role of time dilation in cosmology and why it might not be the answer to this particular puzzle.
- Dead Stars: Jane asks how many stars in the observable universe are already dead. Fred discusses the lifespans of various types of stars and the vast number of stars that have already met their end.
- Absolute High Temperature: Anthony from Kilkenny, Ireland, inquires about the concept of an absolute high temperature. Fred clarifies why there isn't an absolute maximum temperature, contrasting it with the well-defined absolute zero.
Don't forget to send us your questions via our website... spacenuts.io
Support Space Nuts and join us on this interstellar journey by visiting our website support page. Your contributions help us continue our mission to explore the wonders of the universe. Clear skies and boundless exploration await on Space Nuts, where we make the cosmos your backyard.
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WEBVTT
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Hi there, thanks for joining us. This is a Q
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and A edition of Space Nuts. My name is Andrew Dunkley.
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Coming up, we're going to do some homework. Gus sent
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us a question a couple of weeks ago. It was
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so convoluted and complicated he gave up. But we'll really
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bit at that because he's actually come up with something
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very interesting. He might not have realized that we'll also
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be looking for the Sun's dark matter twin. According to Rich,
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other questions involving time dilation and dead stars have been
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sent to us, and a question we've done before we
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will revisit because Fred likes Anthony's accent. That's all coming
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up on this edition Space Nuts fifteen in channel ten
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nine ignition.
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Sequence Space Nuts or three two space notes A and
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I repot it.
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Bill's good here is once again to answer all of
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those questions and more, Professor Fred, what's an astronomer A
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large HIPH Fred.
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Let's start on an optimistic note that maybe we can
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maybe we can answer some of them.
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Yes, at least we have a homework department that can
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we can get We can always go back to them later,
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which which is what we're going to do today. Shall
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we just get stuck straight in.
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I think we ought to.
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Yes, all right, So our first job today is to
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answer some homework from Gus, who's sent in this question
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a few weeks ago.
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Hello, Professor Fred and Andrew.
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This is Gus Ever sent from Disakwa, Washington.
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I sent in a question for you guys previously, and
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you thought I was in we Western Australia. I've been
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thinking about gravity today and it came to my mind
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that if energy and mass are equippedent, then essentially shouldn't
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energy also create graph be at some level. I'm not
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sure if this is a related question or or extension
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or a separate question.
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Though.
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Additionally, if a body of any size is generating or
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it has mass and it is generating a gravitational.
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Field, does not that field itself have energy and mass?
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And would that field not create additional gravity by its
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simple existence? So if that's the case, or even kind
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of the case, my question is where does the energy
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and mass go? If or I have no idea where
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to go?
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Thank you? I love love the show and appreciate being
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able to ask. Thank you. Gus. Yeah, I kind of yeah,
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he ran out of puff, but.
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You know, we've we put this one on the back
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burner because there was a lot going on there, a
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lot of thinking, and Fred's done the homework and you've.
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Come up with an answer.
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In fact, you've suggested before we started that Gus might
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have been onto something.
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Yeah, I think it's doing pretty well with that sort
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of thinking. We did talk I think we covered part
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of this a little while ago. You spoke about if
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you if you've got, you know, a planet, and you
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increase its temperature by two hundred degrees celsius or something
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that actually contributes to its mask because you're putting energy
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in and so it would affect it's gravitational pool. But
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the nub of I think Gus's question comes down to
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the issue of whether the hypothetical particles, which we haven't
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yet detected and there is no theory to support them,
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but they are still doing the rounds. The hypothetical particles
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of gravity, which we call gravitons, I guess analogous to
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the fact that we call particles of light photons, which
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are certainly not hypothetical. We know a lot about them,
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and they certainly exist. They're definitely part of our big
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picture of the subatomic world. But gravitons aren't yet, but
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they are thought to exist. So that because gravity is
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one of the four fundamental forces of nature, all the
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others have particles associated with them, and so we expect
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gravity too as well. And eventually we were probably able
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to prove that gravitons exist and that they know that
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they are real, and that we can see evidence of them.
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So the issue that postulates the boils down to do
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gravitons themselves have mass? And the assumption has always been
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and this is because effectively that's what Einstein's relativity predicts,
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although it doesn't really talk about gravitons.
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But.
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The assumption has always been that gravitons are like photons,
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massless particles. They don't have a rest mass, that's the
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way to put it. So photons we know and don't
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have a rest mass. Gravitons are assumed not to have
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a rest mass either. But there is science that's going on.
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People are researching this and in fact i'm reading an
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article which is easy to find. It's on The Guardian's website.
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It's actually four years old, now four and a half
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years old, but it's about the work of one particular
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physicist who name His name is Claudier Dram, who's at
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Imperial College in London, and she has built a theory
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that postulates that gravitons have mass, and if they do,
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then they've got intriguing consequences and one of them is
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that they would have If they do have mass, then
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it would mean that their influence on very large distances,
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on very large scales is weaker, and that could account
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for the phenomenon that we see of the acceleration of
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the universe, the accelerated expansion of the universe, in other words,
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what we call dark energy. If you have mass, gravitons
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with mass, then that could explain the accelerated expansion of
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the universe. Fantastic thing, you know, that would be that
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would solve so many problems. However, and I'm going to
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quote from the Guardian article here because I love this
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this theory. It is what it says is despite successive efforts,
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previous versions of the theory had the unfortunate feature of
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predicting the instantaneous decay of every particle in the universe.
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So there is there's a drawback to it. And a
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quote from Claudia Iram, very clever people who'd worked on
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this and the arguments were very compelling. People thought it
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would be impossible to make it work. But well, there
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was a paper published back in twenty eleven which had
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a pretty hostile response from the you know, the scientific world.
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In other words, people saying, this is all ridiculous. It
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doesn't work. It means every particle in the universe decays instantaneously.
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So so it's still a work in progress. But the
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reason why it was in the news back in twenty
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twenty is that Claudier Durham was the recipient of a
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one thousand, sorry, one hundred thousand US dollar Blavatnik Award
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for young scientists, and it's one of you know, it's
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an award that is put in a place where people
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think it's going to the research is actually going to
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bear some fruit. She actually won the Adams Prize as well,
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which is Cambridge University very prestigious award. So it's still
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a theory. Massive gravity still a theory, but has attractive features.
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I mean, if you can explain away the accelerated expansion
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of the universe by having massive gravitons, that is brilliant,
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but especially if you can do it without everything else
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in the universe us decaying. So you know, it's interesting.
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And one of the other aspects is that you might
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be able to detect this by fairly subtle ways using
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gravitational wave detectors, and as they become more and more
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excuse me, more and more refined, and I guess the
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gold standard is going to be leaser that. What's it
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called large interferometric space. I can't remember what the A
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stands for, but it's an EASA project to have a
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space based gravitational wave observatory. It's if something like that
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had the sensitivity that we expected to have, then it
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may well be that we can one day say, well,
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gravitons have mass, and that would revolutionize our whole thinking
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about the universe. So Gus, you've done very well there
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in yeah an idea, even though you run out of
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steam as I would have done where where you were
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in the thinking. It's it's got some credibility.
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Laser intoferometer, space antenna.
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That's it. Thank you.
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Your answer to gusa's question is going to ask probably
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result in someone asking another question, which might be, Okay,
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we don't know that gravitons exist, or we just assume
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that we haven't identified them. But could gravitons be dark matter, uh,
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dark energy.
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For that matter.
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Well, well, yeah, that's what we're saying that they're saying
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there's no need for dark energy if you've got massive
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gravitons and they weaken their effect, weakens of the distance,
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So you don't need dark energy because the you know,
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the basically the gravitational pull of everything in the universe
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is weaker than we think it is, and that we
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could explain the accelerated expansion dark matter. Yeah, it's an
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interesting thought, except dark matter. Well, dark matter is something
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that's associated with normal mutter. I think I've got to
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think about that one a bit more. So there's more
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work from you, Andrew.
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Sorry about that. Yeah, okay, thank you, Gus. We finally
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got there. While we're talking about dark matter, here's a
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question from Rich in the UK, Hi both and Hugh
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in the studio. Great show, such a broad spectrum of information.
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You do a great job. Okay.
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My question harks back to a number of different episodes
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we've talked about the theory of our sun may have
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been born of a twin planet nine roaming about somewhere
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in there, and that dark matter is only measurable by
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its gravitational effects. So I put two and two together
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and came up with thirteen point seven. Is there any
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plausibility in the idea that the Sun has a dark
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matter twin somewhere in the vicinity, in the vicinity that
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could be demonstrating the effects we see on our Solar
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system instead of a planet nine rich from the UK,
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or maybe it's a town called Ah.
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I'm not sure. No, it's not like it's yes, so
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interesting idea. I mean, we've got no evidence of dark
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matter entities. Yes, stars for a star, planets for a second.
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And in fact, it was experiments done in the nineteen nineties,
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some of which were done here in Australia that ruled
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out the possibility of there being lots of dark matter objects,
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which we call black holes. Basically, it ruled out, you know,
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the dark matter was dense stars in other words, what
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were called black dwarf or rogue planets or black holes
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that we hadn't detected because they would have a signature
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on the stars beyond them, they'd have a gravitational lensing signature.
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And I think that will be the same if you
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had a dark matter planet, it would have a gravitational
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lensing signature, and nothing's been observed so far. It's true
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though that some people have suggested that perhaps Planet nine
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isn't a planet, perhaps it is a black hole, some
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tiny mass black hole something you know, Mutch, more than
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a star, which would suggest that it was a primordial
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black hole, one that was created in the Big Bang,
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not by the collapse of the star. So yeah, these
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are ideas I think that are floating through the astronomical
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community as well, So you're not thinking that far out
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of the box, except a dark matter planet is something
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that I don't think mainstream astronomy things could exist, so
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that might not be the exact answer.
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Yes, very good, Thank you, Rich. This is Space Nuts
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Andrew Dunkley here with Professor Fred Let's take a little
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break from the show to tell you about our sponsor
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won't pay up because they voluntarily gave the information out.
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It's a very nasty case, but this is what happens.
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So what do you do about it? Well, you can
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go in and clean it.
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Up yourself, but as fast as you do it, some
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other organization or individual has already taken your data and
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sold it again. It's estimated would take you probably two
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years to wipe the Internet of all your personal information
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if you went it alone, if you knew how to,
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so probably better to get someone to do it for you.
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The solution is simple. You sign up to in Cogni
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and they.
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Will do all the hard work for you.
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They'll clear all your personal data from the world wide
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web and they'll keep they'll keep cleaning it up in
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an ongoing fashion. All you have to do is sign up,
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fill out a bit of background information, give them permission
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to work on your behalf, and then you just go
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from there. And it's it's simple, it's inexpensive, and it
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